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Boletín Tarukari 3

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Boletín Tarukari 3 04 Opinión ¿Existe la pericia en investigadores chilenos, la voluntad política en servicios públicos y el financiamiento para proteger e investigar a los ungulados silvestres del Norte Grande de Chile? / Are we able to protect and do research on wild ungulates? Nicolás Fuentes-Allende 12 ¿Cómo proteger lo que no se conoce? Una travesía para conocer la flora de la región de Arica y Parinacota / How to protect something that you do not know? Juan González | Jorge Molina 18 Observando aves en la región de Arica y Parinacota: planicies litorales y valles / Birdwatching in Arica y Parinacota: coastal plains and valleys Fernando Medrano | André Vielma 26 Los animales en la arqueología de los Andes de Arica / Wildlife archaeology in the Andes of Arica Camila Castillo 34 COLUMNA Derechos de la Naturaleza y nuevos paradigmas prioritarios para una nueva constitución Editorial | TARUKARI Nº 03 CONSERVACIÓN EN SERIO La conservación de la biodiversidad representa Áreas Protegidas. No es que crea que la solución un enorme desafío para el país. Las diversas se encuentra especialmente en la institucionalidad iniciativas de investigación y conservación ambiental, mucho menos en los sucesivos existentes, con múltiples enfoques, muestran Proyectos de Ley sobre esta materia presentados un paisaje algo alentador, pero la verdad es por los gobiernos de Piñera y Bachelet, pero que falta bastante más que eso para lograr el resulta urgente una propuesta legal que regule objetivo de conservación. Por un lado, proyectos la dispersión actual en conservación, y entregue ejecutados en base a fondos concursables de recursos para la implementación de programas bajo financiamiento, con poca continuidad, potentes. En esta línea, aunque en otra área, que muchas veces se sostienen en base a la se acaba de hacer público el documento buena voluntad, incapaces de seguir una ruta elaborado por la Comisión Sindical Ciudadano que asegure el impacto esperable; por otro Parlamentaria denominado Propuestas para la lado, licitaciones públicas cuyos objetivos Reforma al Sistema de Evaluación de Impacto pretenden hacer milagros en algunos meses, con Ambiental, el cual esperamos sea un aporte. presupuestos efímeros. Debemos continuar haciendo conservación con La mayoría de las veces, si no tienes la posibilidad empuje y tesón. Cada vez con más experiencia de hacer un buen lobby político, o de contar y coordinación entre los distintos actores. Pero con el apoyo de una gran Fundación, debes hace falta más que eso, mucho más. A este paso, contentarte con pretender hacer conservación mientras seguimos golpeando puertas y buscando con un proyecto de 4 millones durante 6 meses, licitaciones en mercado público, terminarán donde ojalá salves una especie, resuelvas los de tronar Isla Riesco y de secar el Maipo, conflictos con la producción silvoagropecuaria, lloraremos la extinción del Picaflor de Arica, y generes publicaciones, organices un seminario, y continuaremos ignorando que existe un ciervo hagas educación ambiental. Medalla de oro al llamado Taruka en la precordillera de Arica y «all-around». Tarapacá. Tenemos grandes desafíos en la conservación de la naturaleza, los que parecen no tener cabida Tomémonos la conservación de la naturaleza en el presupuesto nacional. En lo institucional, en serio. Editor / andré vielma la visión que propone la CBD en las Metas de Asistente de edición / gabriela fuentealba Aichi, «para 2050, la diversidad biológica se valora, Diseño / paula bravo conserva, restaura y utiliza en forma racional, André Vielma, Editor Traducción al inglés / nicolás fuentes, erik sandvig manteniendo los servicios de los ecosistemas, Fotografía de portada / Pilpilén negro, andré vielma sosteniendo un planeta sano y brindando beneficios esenciales para todos», se nos escurre entre las manos, ahora mismo. reconocimiento / no comercial / compartir igual El pasado 21 de mayo no pocos esperamos, Este material puede ser distribuido, copiado y exhibido ingenuamente, una mención sobre el Proyecto por terceros si se muestra en los créditos. No se puede de Ley que crea el Servicio de Biodiversidad y obtener ningún beneficio comercial y las obras derivadas tienen que estar bajo los mismos términos de licencia que el trabajo original. Lo anterior aplica salvo cuando se señalen otros derechos. www.tarukari.cl | boletín tarukari 03 OPINIÓN ¿EXISTE LA PERICIA EN INVESTIGADORES CHILENOS, LA VOLUNTAD POLÍTICA EN SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS Y EL FINANCIAMIENTO PARA PROTEGER E INVESTIGAR A LOS UNGULADOS SILVESTRES DEL NORTE GRANDE DE CHILE? Nicolás Fuentes-Allende | ONG TARUKARI l Norte Grande de Chile (Arica y Tarapacá) en áreas protegidas (e.g. vicuñas en PN Volcán Ees una de las zonas menos pobladas del Isluga, PN Lauca y RN Las Vicuñas, González et país (aproximadamente 9.3 hab/km2, www.ine. al., 2016) y zonas agrícolas (e.g. tarukas en Putre, cl) con la mayor parte de la población viviendo Belén y Ticnamar NF, observación personal), la en sus urbes. Esto ha permitido que los grandes posible competencia con burros abandonados herbívoros que han habitado estos parajes durante (Equus asinus, Malo et al., 2016), y la transmisión miles de años, vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna), guanacos de enfermedades con ganado doméstico (Barrio y (Lama guanicoe) y tarukas (Hippocamelus antisensis), Ferreira, 2008), además del excesivo gasto de agua puedan seguir viviendo libremente. A pesar de en actividades mineras y agrícolas, han puesto su lo anterior, hoy en día su sobrevivencia no está conservación en duda. exenta de amenazas. La caza ilegal que sucede OPINION: REGARDING THE KNOWLEDGE OF CHILEAN RESEARCHERS, THE POLITICAL WILL AND THE AVAILABLE FUNDING: ARE WE ABLE TO PROTECT AND DO RESEARCH ON THE WILD UNGULATES OF NORTHERN CHILE? The far north of Chile (Arica and Tarapacá) is one of the least populated areas in the country (approximately 9.3 ind/km2 www.ine.cl), with a high proportion of these people living in urban areas. This has allowed vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna), guanacos (Lama guanicoe) and tarukas (Hippocamelus antisensis) to remain in the country as they did in the past. Nevertheless, their survival is currently under threat. Poaching in protected areas (e.g. vicuñas in Volcán Isluga NP, Lauca NP y Las Vicuñas NR, González et al., 2016) and agricultural areas (e.g. tarukas in Putre, Belén and Ticnamar, NF, personal observation), interspecific competition with feral donkeys (Equus asinus, Malo et al., 2016), disease transmissions from livestock (Barrio y Ferreira, 2008), and the overuse of water from mining and agricultural activities have become a threat to their conservation. In spite of it being known that these threats can affect their survival, it is not clear how severe these problems are and what tools we can use to diminish them. Therefore it should be a priority to Figura 1 | Vicuña en bofedal de Misitune, región de Arica y Parinacota / Vicuña at Misitune’s bofedal, Arica y Parinacota district. Foto / Photo: Nicolás Fuentes-Allende - 4 - - 5 - | boletín tarukari 03 ¿Existe la pericia en investigadores chilenos, la voluntad política en servicios públicos... | Si bien se reconoce que estas amenazas pueden publicado en revistas internacionales sobre su afectar la sobrevivencia de estos ungulados, no ecología en Chile (distribución, reproducción se tiene claridad de la magnitud del problema, y patrones de organización) fue elaborado por ni tampoco existen las herramientas que ayuden Sielfeld y Guzmán (2011), y no hay investigadores a disminuirlo. Debido a lo anterior se hace chilenos en el Grupo de especialistas en ciervos prioridad incentivar la investigación científica y de la UICN que trabajen con esta especie (www. la ejecución de planes de conservación para las icneotropical.org/home.htm). Por último, sobre tres especies nativas (vicuña, guanaco y taruka), el burro asilvestrado en la región sólo se ha como también monitorear la creciente población publicado un artículo científico (Malo et al., de burros abandonados en la zona, pero ¿existe la 2016) que trata el solapamiento espacial de esta pericia, la voluntad política y el financiamiento especie introducida con guanacos y vicuñas. para aquello? VOLUNTAD POLÍTICA PARA TRABAJAR POR LA PERICIA DE INVESTIGADORES CHILENOS EN PROTECCIÓN DE UNGULADOS SILVESTRES UNGULADOS DEL NORTE GRANDE DE CHILE Considerando los servicios públicos que tienen La suerte que tienen camélidos sudamericanos injerencia sobre la fauna nativa (CONAF, SAG, (vicuñas y guanacos) es distinta a la de la taruka. MMA), CONAF es el único organismo que está Los camélidos han sido ampliamente estudiados actualmente ejecutando un plan de conservación por más de 35 años en el país (Franklin, 1982), y de ungulados en la zona. Éste se centra en la pericia de investigadores chilenos en la materia disminuir la caza ilegal de vicuñas (González et es reconocida mundialmente. A modo de ejemplo, al., 2016) y desgraciadamente deja sin atender las el investigador Benito González (Universidad otras especies y amenazas (e.g. caza de tarukas en de Chile y miembro de TARUKARI) es el áreas agrícolas, sarna de guanacos, burros en áreas actual presidente del Grupo de especialistas en silvestres, entre otras). Por otro lado, si bien no camélidos sudamericanos de la UICN (grupo son planes de conservación, CONAF monitorea internacional que trabaja por la protección de una vez al año el número de animales que hay estas especies en el mundo, www.camelid.org), y en las áreas protegidas del Estado (SNASPE) además hay otros cuatro investigadores chilenos y para el caso especial de las tarukas, incluyen
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