Ancient Rome: the Glory of Rome
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Marcus Tullius Cicero, on Old Age (De Senectute) [44 BC]
The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Marcus Tullius Cicero, On Old Age (De Senectute) [44 BC] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. -
SPEECH in DEFENCE of TITUS ANNIUS MILO Marcus Tullius Cicero
52 BC SPEECH IN DEFENCE OF TITUS ANNIUS MILO Marcus Tullius Cicero translated by Charles Duke Yonge, A.B. Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 BC) - Rome’s greatest orator, philosopher, and rhetorician, he developed a style of speaking that was emulated for centuries thereafter. Cicero was influential in the development of Latin as more than just a utilitarian language. Speech in Defence of Titus Annius Milo (52 BC) - Milo, a candidate for consulship, and Clodius, a candidate for the praetorship, were in- volved in a streetfight in which Clodius was slain. Milo was tried for his murder. THE ARGUMENT Titus Annius Milo, often in the following speech called only Titus Annius, stood for the consulship while Clodius was a candidate for the praetorship, and daily quarrels took place in the streets between their armed retainers and gladiators. Milo, who was dictator of Lanuvium, his native place, was forced to go thither to appoint some priests, etc.; and Clodius, who had been to Africa, met him on his road. Milo was in his carriage with his wife, and was accompanied by a numerous retinue, among whom were some gladiators. Clodius was on horseback, with about thirty armed men. The followers of each began to fight, and when the tumult had become general, Clodius was slain, probably by Milo himself. The disturbances at Rome became so formidable that Pompey was created sole consul; and soon after he entered on his office, A.U.C. 702, Milo was brought to trial. This speech, however, though composed by Cicero, was not spoken, for he was so much alarmed by the violence of Clodius’s friends, that he did not dare to use the plain language he had proposed. -
Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
Civil War in Rome and the End of the Roman Republic
Civil War in Rome and the End of the Roman Republic © Student Handouts, Inc. www.studenthandouts.com Tiberius Gracchus and Land Reform The lower classes (plebeians) were suffering. 133 BCE – Tiberius Gracchus was elected as tribune He promised land reform of the plebeians Tiberius Gracchus told the people: “You fight and die to give luxury to other men…but you have not a foot of ground to call your own.” Wanted to limit the Wanted to rebuild the The patricians were not Tiberius Gracchus and amount of land each farming class by pleased with Tiberius hundreds of his followers person could own redistributing land Gracchus were murdered Gaius Gracchus and Reform Gaius was elected tribune in 122 BCE, about ten He also wanted land Gaius wanted even more years after his brother reform. than land reform. was murdered. Gaius wanted the Gaius proposed that Gaius wanted a public government to sell grain landless Romans be works program to employ to the poor at reduced settled in the provinces. the poor. prices. Gaius wanted to reform Riots erupted. In 121 the way that taxes were Gaius wanted to decrease BCE, he was killed along collected by publicans in the Senate’s power. with thousands of his the provinces. supporters. Differing Parties Continued to Argue Optimates Populares • Senatorial party • People’s party • Wanted to maintain • Had its strength in the position and the Comitia power of the (Assembly) wealthy patrician • Wanted reforms class Military Dictators Come to Power • Why did military dictators come to power? – Constant fighting in Rome between the rich and poor – Restlessness in the provinces – Slave rebellions (e.g., Spartacus) – Barbarian invasions (though not as serious as they became during the era of the Roman empire) – The people needed strong leadership Gaius Marius (ca. -
BELVEDERE Titus Annius Milo Védelmében1
2009/XXI. 3–4. BELVEDEREMERIDIONALE 65 SZemTanú MARCUS TULL I US CI C E RO Titus Annius Milo védelmében1 Fordította és jegyzetekkel ellátta Nótári Tamás I. (1) Noha attól tartok, bírák, hogy tolong körülöttünk, azon őrségek, amelyeket szégyenteljes, hogy egy hős férfi védelmé- minden templom előtt láttok – noha ezeket ben félve kezdjek beszélni,2 és legkevésbé erőszak elhárítására állítottak fel, mégis sem helyénvaló, hogy magát az állam sorsa olyan hatást keltenek, hogy mind a forumon, jobban aggasztja T. Anniust, mint a sajátja, mind a törvényszék előtt, ha hasznos és én azonban nem tudok ezen ügyhöz kellően szükséges, hogy az őrség oltalma vett körül, emelkedett lélekkel viszonyulni – eme szo- valamiképpen félelemmel szabadulunk meg katlan jellegű bíráskodás szorongással tölt félelmünktől. Ha úgy gondolnám, hogy el, hiszen bármerre is fordítsam tekintetemet, Milo ellen állították fel őket, meghajolnék a hiába keresem a régi forumi hagyományokat körülmények előtt, bírák, mert nem hinném, és a bíráskodás ősi rendjét. (2) Ugyanis – a hogy ilyen nagy fegyveres erő mellett helye szokástól eltérően – nem a polgárok gyűrűje volna a szónoklásnak. Bátorít, és megerősít öleli körül üléseteket, nem a szokott sokaság azonban a bölcs és igazságos Cn. Pompeius Szemtanú 66 BELVEDEREMERIDIONALE 2009/XXI. 3–4. döntése, hiszen nem tartaná összeegyeztet- erényetek és bölcsességetek által végre meg- hetőnek sem igazságérzetével, hogy egy bírói szabaduljunk a gyalázatos polgárok hosszas ítélet alatt álló vádlottat kiszolgáltasson a ka- zaklatásaitól. (5) -
The Lex Sempronia Agraria: a Soldier's Stipendum
THE LEX SEMPRONIA AGRARIA: A SOLDIER’S STIPENDUM by Raymond Richard Hill A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Boise State University August 2016 © 2016 Raymond Richard Hill ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COLLEGE DEFENSE COMMITTEE AND FINAL READING APPROVALS of the thesis submitted by Raymond Richard Hill Thesis Title: The Lex Sempronia Agraria: A Soldier’s Stipendum Date of Final Oral Examination: 16 June 2016 The following individuals read and discussed the thesis submitted by student Raymond Richard Hill, and they evaluated his presentation and response to questions during the final oral examination. They found that the student passed the final oral examination. Katherine V. Huntley, Ph.D. Chair, Supervisory Committee Lisa McClain, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee Lee Ann Turner, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee The final reading approval of the thesis was granted by Katherine V. Huntley, Ph.D., Chair of the Supervisory Committee. The thesis was approved for the Graduate College by Jodi Chilson, M.F.A., Coordinator of Theses and Dissertations. DEDICATION To Kessa for all of her love, patience, guidance and support. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to Dr. Katherine Huntley for her hours spent proofing my work, providing insights and making suggestions on research materials. To Dr. Charles Matson Odahl who started this journey with me and first fired my curiosity about the Gracchi. To the history professors of Boise State University who helped me become a better scholar. v ABSTRACT This thesis examines mid-second century BCE Roman society to determine the forces at work that resulted in the passing of a radical piece of legislation known as the lex Sempronia agraria. -
Aguirre-Santiago-Thesis-2013.Pdf
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE SIC SEMPER TYRANNIS: TYRANNICIDE AND VIOLENCE AS POLITICAL TOOLS IN REPUBLICAN ROME A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Arts in History By Santiago Aguirre May 2013 The thesis of Santiago Aguirre is approved: ________________________ ______________ Thomas W. Devine, Ph.D. Date ________________________ ______________ Patricia Juarez-Dappe, Ph.D. Date ________________________ ______________ Frank L. Vatai, Ph.D, Chair Date California State University, Northridge ii DEDICATION For my mother and father, who brought me to this country at the age of three and have provided me with love and guidance ever since. From the bottom of my heart, I want to thank you for all the sacrifices that you have made to help me fulfill my dreams. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I want to thank Dr. Frank L. Vatai. He helped me re-discover my love for Ancient Greek and Roman history, both through the various courses I took with him, and the wonderful opportunity he gave me to T.A. his course on Ancient Greece. The idea to write this thesis paper, after all, was first sparked when I took Dr. Vatai’s course on the Late Roman Republic, since it made me want to go back and re-read Livy. I also want to thank Dr. Patricia Juarez-Dappe, who gave me the opportunity to read the abstract of one of my papers in the Southwestern Social Science Association conference in the spring of 2012, and later invited me to T.A. one of her courses. -
Cicero-Milo-Lsf-As-Schools.Pdf
Extracts from Persuasive Language in Cicero’s Pro Milone Introduction for Teachers The material which follows consists of extracts from a 2013 book published by the Institute of Classical Studies, which will soon be available on-line on an Open Access basis. Access is also here provided to those sections of the book pertaining specifically to the selections from the speech on the current OCR syllabus (H043 & H443), in the hope that the linguistic focus of the work may make it useful for teachers guiding AS & A Level students through the complexities of Ciceronian Latin, even though the work was not originally designed with schools in mind. The main body of the book consists of a sentence-by-sentence analysis of the speech covering gram- matical structure and contribution to argument. This analysis is different in several respects from traditional commentaries, but shares with them a focus on language and on small details. It aims for a consistency in providing some information for every sentence in the text, specifically: • Each sentence is printed in such a way that the syntactic structure is to some extent visible on the page. • The number and type of clauses in each sentence is listed. • Each sentence is paraphrased and/or its function in terms of contribution to the argument is described. Similar consistency has not been attempted in providing comments on individual phrases; those that do appear tend to focus on themes important to the overall argument of the book, such as Cicero’s use of first- and second-person grammatical elements. The purpose of this tightly-focused analysis of language and content was originally, in research terms, to support an argument about the nature of the text which is outlined below. -
The Argei: Sex, War, and Crucifixion in Rome
THE ARGEI: SEX, WAR, AND CRUCIFIXION IN ROME AND THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Kristan Foust Ewin, B.A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2012 APPROVED: Christopher J. Fuhrmann, Major Professor Ken Johnson, Committee Member Walt Roberts, Committee Member Richard B. McCaslin, Chair of the Department of History James D. Meernik, Acting Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Ewin, Kristan Foust. The Argei: Sex, War, and Crucifixion in Rome and the Ancient Near East. Master of Arts (History), May 2012, 119 pp., 2 tables, 18 illustrations, bibliography, 150 titles. The purpose of the Roman Argei ceremony, during which the Vestal Virgins harvested made and paraded rush puppets only to throw them into the Tiber, is widely debated. Modern historians supply three main reasons for the purpose of the Argei: an agrarian act, a scapegoat, and finally as an offering averting deceased spirits or Lares. I suggest that the ceremony also related to war and the spectacle of displaying war casualties. I compare the ancient Near East and Rome and connect the element of war and husbandry and claim that the Argei paralleled the sacred marriage. In addition to an agricultural and purification rite, these rituals may have served as sympathetic magic for pre- and inter-war periods. As of yet, no author has proposed the Argei as a ceremony related to war. By looking at the Argei holistically I open the door for a new direction of inquiry on the Argei ceremony, fertility cults in the Near East and in Rome, and on the execution of war criminals. -
Julius Caesar
Working Paper CEsA CSG 168/2018 ANCIENT ROMAN POLITICS – JULIUS CAESAR Maria SOUSA GALITO Abstract Julius Caesar (JC) survived two civil wars: first, leaded by Cornelius Sulla and Gaius Marius; and second by himself and Pompeius Magnus. Until he was stabbed to death, at a senate session, in the Ides of March of 44 BC. JC has always been loved or hated, since he was alive and throughout History. He was a war hero, as many others. He was a patrician, among many. He was a roman Dictator, but not the only one. So what did he do exactly to get all this attention? Why did he stand out so much from the crowd? What did he represent? JC was a front-runner of his time, not a modern leader of the XXI century; and there are things not accepted today that were considered courageous or even extraordinary achievements back then. This text tries to explain why it’s important to focus on the man; on his life achievements before becoming the most powerful man in Rome; and why he stood out from every other man. Keywords Caesar, Politics, Military, Religion, Assassination. Sumário Júlio César (JC) sobreviveu a duas guerras civis: primeiro, lideradas por Cornélio Sula e Caio Mário; e depois por ele e Pompeius Magnus. Até ser esfaqueado numa sessão do senado nos Idos de Março de 44 AC. JC foi sempre amado ou odiado, quando ainda era vivo e ao longo da História. Ele foi um herói de guerra, como outros. Ele era um patrício, entre muitos. Ele foi um ditador romano, mas não o único. -
Letters of Marcus Tullius Cicero, with His Treatises on Friendship and Old
1^ THE HARVARD CLASSICS EDITED BY CHARLES W ELIOT LL D LETTERS OF MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO t It WITH HIS TREATISES ON FRIENDSHIP AND OLD AGE TRANSLATED BY E S SHUCKBURGH AND LETTERS OF GAIUS PLINIUS CAECILTUS SECUNDUS TRANSLATED BY WILLIAM MELMOTH REVISED BY F C T BOSANQUET WITH INTRODUCTIONS, NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS 'OR ELIOT'S FIVE-FOOT SHELF OF BOOKS' P F COLLIER & SON NEW YORK 'ilX^ Copyright, By 1909 P. F. CottiEK & Sow PA * CONTENTS PAGE ON FRIENDSHIP 7 Marcus Tullius Cicero ON OLD AGE 45 Marcus Tullius Cicero LETTERS 83 Marcus Tullius Cicero LETTERS 195 Gaius Plinius C^cilius Secundus I —HC IX INTRODUCTORY NOTE Marcus Tullius Cicero, the greatest of Roman orators and the chief master of Latin prose style, was born at Arpinum, Jan. 3, io6 B. C. His father, who was a man of property and belonged to the clas'S of the "Knights," moved to Rome when Cicero was a child; and the future statesman received an elaborate education in rhetoric, law, and philosophy, studying and practising under some of the most noted teachers of the time. He began his career as an advocate at the age of twenty-five, and almost immediately came to be recognised not only as a man of brilliant talents but also as a courageous upholder of justice in the face of grave political danger. After two years of practice he left Rome to travel in Greece and Asia, taking all the opportunities that offered to study his art under distinguished masters. He returned to Rome greatly improved in health and in professional skill, and in 76 B. -
'Do Now' Wednesday February 14Th
‘Do Now’ Wednesday February 14th (Provided Information to you!>>>) Ancient Roman Cultural Achievements: • Roman architectural styles are found throughout the world. • Roman law is the basis for legal practice in Europe, former European Colonies, and Latin America. • Roman roads, called the greatest engineering accomplishment of their time, are still used in some places today. • Roman art was the inspiration for many works during the Renaissance period. Which statement is consistent with the cultural influence of Ancient Rome on other civilizations? Based on this information, what importance does the Classical Roman world have most? Possible Answers... A Rome has had a lasting impact on the modern art period. B Rome has had an enduring impact on modern civilizations. C The Romans greatly influenced early African societies. D The Romans greatly influenced Greek society. Create a Timeline! Going from oldest to most recent! Include the following events on the timeline!!! 1) Ancient Sumerian Civilization 2) Beginnings of Neolithic Age 3) Ancient Egyptian Civilization Timeline Activity! 4) Ancient Indus Valley Civilization 5) Emperor Qin founds China 6) Ancient Yellow River Civilization 7) First Democracy created in Ancient Greece 8) Battle of Thermopylae between Greece and Persia (From the movie 300) 9) Oldest known cave paintings of man 10) Founding of The Roman Republic! 11) Birth of Christ 12) Founding of The United States of America! A brief explanation of each event somewhere on the timeline! I’m not looking for a paragraph, but show me you know what the event or place is. Choose 3 events and draw a picture of them on the back of your timeline! Think of B.C or ‘Before Christ’ as like a countdown to the birth of Jesus.