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This material is based upon work supported by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration under Cooperative Agreement No. DTFH61-97-X-00017. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the Author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.

COPYRIGHT © 2005 AAMVA. All rights reserved

This material has been created for and provided to State Driver License Agencies (SDLAs) by AAMVA for the purpose of educating Driver License applicants (Commercial or Non-Commercial). Permission to reproduce, use, distribute or sell this material has been granted to SDLAs only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without express written permission from the author / publisher. Any unauthorized reprint, use, distribution or sale of this material is prohibited.

In January 2015, an RV pulled into a truck stop in Virginia. Observant professional truck driver Kevin Kimmel recognized suspicious activity around that RV, which had pulled back by the truck line, and decided something was off. Instead of turning a blind eye, he made a call that brought law enforcement out to the scene within a few minutes. After interviewing the occupants of the vehicle, they discovered that a young woman, 20 years old, had been kidnapped from Iowa two weeks prior. She had been beaten, raped, her whole body burned by instruments heated on the RV stove, branded and starved. She was being sold by her traffickers, Laura Sorenson and Aldair Hodza, through sex ads on Craigslist, where men were purchasing her and then arriving at the RV to rape her. She was dying from malnutrition and the torture she was subjected to … had the call not been made that brought law enforcement out to that truck stop, doctors said she would have died within the next few days. Now a recovering survivor, this young woman calls Kimmel her guardian angel. He calls himself a Trucker Against Trafficking. Truckers Against Trafficking is a non-profit organization that has been working with the trucking industry since 2009 to provide the needed training and tools to enable members of the industry to both recognize human trafficking when they see it happening and to know what actions to take to enable law enforcement to effectively fight this crime. Through this training and these tools, truckers are becoming Everyday Heroes like Kevin Kimmel, who was also named TAT’s 2015 Harriet Tubman Award winner. One of the tools TAT provides is a wallet card with red flags to look for, questions to ask if you suspect someone is a victim and actionable information to report. This wallet card is available by App, from the appropriate App Store, on all smart phones, whether Android, iPhone or Windows format, as well as by emailing [email protected], for a version to carry in your wallet. Additionally, TAT provides a powerful, 26-minute training video on its website (www.truckersagainsttrafficking.org), which, when watched along with taking and passing a short test, certifies drivers as TAT-Trained, a designation which can go on your resume. Because professional drivers often find themselves in locations frequented and exploited by human traffickers, they are in a unique position to recognize the signs of human trafficking and to make the call that can lead to victim recovery and perpetrator arrests. Get your wallet card today. Be an Everyday Hero! Make the call (1-888-3737-888); save lives!

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2Q5RDG'ULYLQJ 6SHFLDO5HTXLUHPHQWVIRU7H[DV &RPPHUFLDO0RWRU9HKLFOHV Prologue

In 1989, the Texas Legislature established the Commercial 5. A vehicle that is owned, leased, or controlled by an air carrier, as defined by Texas Transportation Code Driver License Law to comply with the federal Commercial (TRC), Section 21.155, and that is driven or operated Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986. These laws were passed exclusively by an employee of the air carrier only on to reduce traffic accidents involving commercial motor the premises of an airport, as defined by the TRC, vehicles. Section

The following handbook was designed to assist you, the 6. A vehicle used exclusively to transport seed cotton professional driver, to pass the required knowledge and modules or cotton burrs. skills tests. Look for relevant study and review questions at the end of many chapters. Although comprehensive, this Different Classes of Commercial Driver Licenses handbook is not an exact reference to the Texas Commercial Driver License Law. The three (3) basic types or classes of Commercial Driver Licenses are described below. For further information, refer to Figure 1.2. This helps a person determine which Who needs a Commercial Driver License? class of license he/she needs and which section(s) of the

handbook to study. All drivers who operate a commercial motor vehicle are re- quired to have a Commercial Driver License. The law does CLASS A: provide for some exemptions. A driver that meets one or Any combination of vehicles with a gross combination more of the criteria listed below will not be required to have weight rating of 26,001 pounds or more, provided the gross a CDL. However, the driver is required to have a Class A, B, vehicle weight rating of the vehicle or vehicles towed or C Non-CDL License. exceeds 10,000 pounds;

Who is exempt from a CDL? CLASS B: (Certification form CDL-2 Any single vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of required) 26,001 pounds or more, any one of those vehicles towing Persons operating the following vehicles are exempt from a a vehicle that does not exceed 10,000 pounds gross Commercial Driver License: vehicle weight rating, and any vehicle designed to transport 24 passengers or more, including the driver; and a Class B

1. A vehicle that is controlled and operated by a farmer, license will be restricted to operating busses under 26,001 used to transport agricultural products, farm machin- pounds GVWR if the skills test is taken in a bus with a ery, or farm supplies to or from a farm, not used in the GVWR of less than 26,001 pounds; and operations of a common or contract motor carrier, and used within 150 air miles of the person’s farm. CLASS C: Any single vehicle or combination of vehicles that is not a 2. A fire-fighting or emergency vehicle necessary to the Class A or Class B if the vehicle is: preservation of life or property or the execution of

emergency governmental functions, whether 1) designed to transport 16 to 23 passengers operated by an employee of a political subdivision or including the driver; or by a volunteer fire fighter (this includes operators of industrial emergency vehicles). 2) used in the transportation of hazardous materials that require the vehicle to be placarded under 49 3. A military vehicle, when operated for military CFR, Part 172, Subpart F. purposes by military personnel, members of the Reserves and National Guard on active duty, Commercial Learner Permit (CLP) including personnel on full-time National Guard duty, A Commercial Learner Permit (CLP) will be issued to personnel on part-time training, and National Guard drivers who are applying to drive a commercial vehicle or military technicians. upgrading an existing commercial driver license. A CLP must be held for a minimum of 14 days prior to being 4. A recreational vehicle that is driven for personal use. allowed to take the CDL skills test. This applies to original applicants, upgrade in class or adding endorsements which require a skills test.

i While operating a commercial motor vehicle with a Applicants are not required to pass CDL knowledge or skills commercial learners permit (CLP), the applicant must have tests to obtain an FRSI CDL. However, by rule, the Depart- a licensed CDL operator, with the proper class of license, ment will require applicants for a Class B FRSI CDL to pass in the front seat. (See Endorsements and Restrictions the 20 question Class A-B Rules Test and a Skills Test in a sections.) Class B vehicle before the Class B FRSI CDL will be issued.

A CLP is valid for 180 days or expiration of the base An applicant for an FRSI CDL must have a good driving re- license or lawful presence, whichever is earliest. A CLP is cord and at least one year of driving experience in any type of eligible to be renewed one time, 30 days prior to expiration. vehicle. A driver who has not held any motor vehicle opera- tor’s license for at least one year will not be eligible for the FRSI CDL. Drivers who have between one and two years of driving In addition to the general driver license restrictions and en- experience must demonstrate the good driving record dorsements, a CDL holder may also have one or more of the requirements for their entire driving history. Drivers with more following restrictions or endorsements applied to his license . than two years of driving experience must meet the good driv- ing record requirements for the two-year period preceding their Endorsements and Restrictions for Commercial Driver date of application for an FRSI CDL. A good driving License: record is defined as:

1) No multiple licenses;

2) No driver license suspensions, revocations, disqualifications, or cancellations of any kind;

3) No convictions in any type of motor vehicle for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, leaving the scene of an accident, or committing any felony involving a motor vehicle;

4) No convictions whatsoever in any type of motor vehicle for serious traffic violations, i.e., speeding at 15 miles per hour or more above the posted speed limit; reckless driving, improper or erratic lane changes; following too closely; driving a CMV without a CDL in possession; or driving a CMV without a CDL; and For a complete listing of the driver license restrictions and endorsements, visit our web site at 5) No convictions in any type of motor vehicle for http://www.dps.texas.gov/DriverLicense/endrsRestrictions.htm accident-connected traffic law violations and no record of at-fault accidents. Farm-Related Service Industry (FRSI) Waiver

A holder of an FRSI CDL may not transport hazardous The Texas Department of Public Safety may waive the Com- materials in quantities requiring placarding except for the mercial Driver License (CDL) knowledge and skills tests re- following amounts: quired by TRC, Section 522.012, and provide for the issuance of a restricted CDL to an employee of a Farm-Related Ser- 1) Transport 1,000 gallons or less of diesel fuel; vice Industry (FRSI). Seasonal drivers of the following FRSI are authorized by federal and state regulations to obtain the 2) Transport 3,000 gallons or less of liquid fertilizer; or waiver and be issued a restricted CDL: (1) Farm retail out- lets and suppliers; (2) agrichemical businesses; (3) custom 3) Transport any quantity of solid fertilizer not harvesters (includes cotton modular operators); and (4) live- mixed with any organic substance. stock feeders. FRSI CDL’s shall be issued for Class B and Class C vehicles only (Class A vehicles are not included in the No other placarded hazardous materials shall be waiver). The FRSI CDL can only be valid for 180 days each transported by holders of an FRSI CDL. The FRSI CDL twelve month period as indicated on the license. confers the right to carry hazardous materials as listed above. No hazardous materials endorsement can be placed on an FRSI CDL.

ii An FRSI CDL driver may only be permitted to operate commercial motor vehicles within 150 miles of the 8) no rheumatic, arthritic, orthopedic, muscular, employer’s place of business or the farm currently being neuro- muscular, or vascular problems that would served. affect vehicle control, 9) no epilepsy or other condition likely to cause loss CDL sanctions/disqualifications apply to the FRSI CDL of consciousness, driver just as they do the unrestricted CDL driver. A driver who operates a commercial motor vehicle that is not 10) no mental, nervous, organic, or functional disease included in the farm-related service industry waiver or who or psychiatric disorder likely to interfere with vehicle violates the restriction on the FRSI is subject to a fine as control, provided in state law (TRC, Section 522.043), and suspension of driving privileges as provided in state law 11) vision 20/40 or better in each eye, not color blind,

(TRC, Section 521.294). 12) have good hearing,

The FRSI CDL has reciprocity in all states. 13) not addicted to drugs, and

An applicant for an FRSI CDL must meet all other CDL re- 14) not addicted to alcohol. quirements as provided by 49 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 383, TRC, Section 522, and Department administrative Completion of a form CDL-4 is required. regulations. This includes age (minimum age 18 intrastate commerce and age 21 interstate commerce), language, vi- INTRASTATE sion, and physical requirements. Applicants must complete the CDL-1F application form when applying for the FRSI CDL, The driver must reside in the state of Texas. renewing the FRSI CDL, or changing the seasonal validity period once each year and the applicant’s employer must The driver must be at least 18 years of age. complete the back side of the application each time. English language is not required. The fees for an FRSI CDL are the same as for a regular CDL. Intrastate drivers must meet all of the fitness requirements $60 for originals or renewals, $10 each time the seasonal listed above for interstate drivers unless exempted. validity period has to be updated (once each year). Intrastate drivers who do not meet the vision requirements of 49 CFR, Part 391 may be able to qualify for a vision waiver. A driver must have 20/40 or better distant vision General Requirements with or without corrective lenses in order to qualify for the The following are the general requirements a person must waiver. Applicants for a vision waiver must apply through the meet in order to apply for a Commercial Driver License. Department’s License Issuance Service, PO Box 4087, Austin, Texas 78773-0310. INTERSTATE Federal physical requirements of 49 CFR, Part 391, do not The driver must reside in the state of Texas. apply to the following commercial motor vehicle operators who will be required to hold a CDL, but they must meet state Drivers must certify that they meets the qualification medical and vision requirements. requirements of 49 CFR, Part 391, which are briefly:

A driver who operates a commercial motor vehicle in 1) be 21 years of age, intrastate commerce, not transporting property requiring

2) be able to read and speak the English language, a hazardous material placard, and was regularly employed in Texas in intrastate commerce prior to 3) no loss of limb that has not been waived, August 28, 1989. (CDL must be restricted to intrastate).

4) no impairment of hand, finger, arm, foot, or leg School bus drivers employed by a private or parochial that interferes with driving, school and school bus drivers employed by a company

5) no heart problems, that operates school busses under contract with a school while transporting school children and/or school 6) no respiratory dysfunction, personnel from home to school and from school to home. 7) no high blood pressure,

iii Persons operating a vehicle for a government entity. Sequence of the Knowledge exams: (This includes school bus drivers employed directly by a Texas Commercial Rules school district).   General Knowledge Persons occasionally transporting personal property not  Combination (if required) for compensation nor in the furtherance of a commercial enterprise.  Airbrakes (if required)  Double/Triple Trailer (if required) Persons transporting corpses, sick or injured people. Private transportation of passengers.  Passenger (if required)  School Bus (if required) Intracity zone drivers with limited exception who possess a DOT medical examiner’s certificate restricted  Tanker (if required) to intracity operation. (Medical certificate must be  HazMat (if required) presented to a DPS employee at the time of application). Safety Inspection The transportation of farm machinery, supplies, or both, to or from a farm for custom-harvesting operations on a Before the driver begins his skills test the examiner will farm or the transporting of custom-harvested operations conduct a safety inspection of the vehicle. This will include to storage or market. equipment requirements, liability insurance requirements, and registration requirements. If the vehicle does not pass Drivers operating motor vehicles controlled and inspection, the skills test will be postponed. operated by a beekeeper engaged in the seasonal The vehicle will be inspected for the following: transportation of bees.

The operation of a vehicle in intrastate operations used  Current liability insurance in oil or water well servicing or oil or water well drilling  Current registration and which is constructed as a machine, consisting, in general, of a mast, an engine for power, a draw works,  Inspection certificate and a chassis permanently constructed or assembled for  Headlamps (for bright and dim) such purpose. (CDL must be restricted to intrastate).  Two tail lamps (one for 1959 models or earlier)

 Two stop lamps (one for 1959 models or earlier) The operation of a mobile crane that is an unladen self- propelled vehicle constructed as a machine used to  Turn signals (1960 or later models) raise, shift, or lower weights. (CDL must be restricted to  Horn intra- state).  Exhaust system  License plate (current) (2) The completion of either form CDL-5 or CDL-10 is required.  Windshield wiper Commercial Driver License (CDL)  Rearview mirrors Medical Certification Requirements  Safety belt All Commercial Driver License holders must certify to their  Approved glass coating material (if applicable) Medical Certification Status. For additional information please  Clearance lamps visit our web site at  Side marker lamps https://www.dps.texas.gov/DriverLicense/medCertReq.htm  Side reflectors  Turn signals (all models) Tests  Hazard warning lamps A driver must pass certain knowledge and skills tests depend-  Fire extinguisher (if required) ing on the type of Commercial Driver License and/or endorse- ments he needs. These tests are described in Section 1.1  Flashing lights (school bus-two red alternately flashing lamps to the front and rear)  Reflective triangles (if required) Knowledge Tests  Full service brakes The knowledge tests are multiple choice and matching type  Hydraulic brake tests. A person must answer 80% of the questions correctly  Parking brake prior to taking the skills test.

iv Skills Tests The following factors will result in failure of the Road Test:

All drivers of CMV’s must have the knowledge and skills Having too many deductions (more than 30) necessary to operate a CMV safely. The required Skills Having or causing an accident Tests (road test) consists of three sections: Pre-trip vehicle Driving Dangerously inspection, basic vehicle control, and safe on-road driving Not cooperating skills. Each section of the skills test must be passed before Violating the law taking the next section. Section 11, 12, and 13 cover these required skills tests. Skills Test Exemptions

Basic Vehicle Control Test A driver is exempt from the skills test if he/she can certify to A driver will tested on the basic vehicle control skills meeting all of the following requirements: consisting of three of the following:

1. He/she is currently licensed.  Straight line backing

 Offset back/right 2. During the two-year period immediately prior to  Offset back/left applying for a Commercial Driver License, the driver  Parallel park (driver side) a. has not had more than one license;  Parallel park (conventional) b. has not had any license suspended, revoked, or Road Test cancelled; c. has not had any convictions for a disqualifying of- A driver must take a Road Test in the vehicle he plans to fense for any type of motor vehicle, such as: drive or one in the same class. The Road Test will consist of the following maneuvers:  Driving While Intoxicated (DWI)

Driving Under the Influence of Drugs (DUID)  Start   Blood/Breath Test Refusal (BBTR)  Quick Smooth Stop  Failed to Stop and Render Aid (FSRA)  Upshifting  Felony involving use of a commercial motor vehicle  Downshifting  The use of a commercial motor vehicle in the  Lane Change commission of a felony involving manufacturing,  Merge distributing, or dispensing a controlled substance  Use of Lanes  Any violation of state or local law relating to  Right-of-Way motor vehicle traffic control arising in connection with  Posture any traffic accident in which the aforementioned  Approach to Corner driver was at fault  Traffic Signals  Traffic Signs d. has not had more than one serious traffic violation:  Left Turns  Speeding 15 mph over the limit  Right Turns  Reckless driving  Intersections  Following too close  Railroad Crossing  Unsafe lane change  A violation of the law relating to traffic control  Curves arising in connection with a fatal accident  Roadside Stop/Start excluding parking, weight, and vehicle defect violations Pass or Fail  Driving a CMV without a CDL The official conducting the examination will guide the driver  Driving a CMV without a CDL in possession through the Road Tests. If the driver successfully performs the required maneuvers, they will be issued a Commercial 3. The applicant is regularly employed in a job Driver License. If not, they will be required to take the Road requiring the operation of a commercial motor Test again another day. vehicle and

v Application a. has previously taken and passed a skills test If an applicant does not pass the knowledge and skills tests given by a state with a classified licensing system on the date of the first application, the pending application will and the test was behind-the-wheel in a be retained in the driver license system for 90 days. If after 90 representative vehicle for that driver license days or 3 failures, all required tests have not been passed, the classification; or application will be cancelled and a new application, fee and

tests will be required. b. has operated, for at least two years immediately

pre- ceding application for a Commercial Driver License, a vehicle representative of the Fees commercial motor vehicle he operates or expects A CDL will require a fee of $60.00 for five years. If a driver to operate. already has a valid Texas driver license (Class A, B, or C) and

converts to a Commercial Drivers License, they will be given This exemption only applies to drivers whose two-year a $4.00 credit for each full year remaining on the current driving experience has been legal (properly licensed) and license. who have been driving vehicles that are exempt (fire- fighters, farmers, etc.). A $24.00 fee is required for an applicant who obtains a Com- mercial Leaners Permit (CLP). Texas Drivers Applying for a Commercial Driver License A $10.00 fee is required for an applicant who makes a change

in the class or type of license, endorsement, or restrictions, or A driver currently licensed in Texas must present their one that adds a class of vehicle(s) to a CDL. driver license, proof of their Social Security number (examples include: actual Social Security card, health The fee for a replacement (duplicate) license is $10.00. insurance card issued by governmental agencies, peace officer’s license issued by TCLEOSE, military identification Implied Consent card, DD-214, pilot’s license issued by FAA, certified

college or university transcript, IRS form W-2 Wage and A person who drives a commercial motor vehicle in this state Tax Statement, is deemed to have given consent to submit to the taking of one or more specimens of the person’s breath, blood, or urine for Form 1099-MISC, pay stub (stub must include name and the purpose of analysis to determine the alcohol concentration SSN) and Medicare or Medicaid card. A facsimile [flea or the presence in the person’s body of a controlled substance market] or metal Social Security card are not acceptable). or drug. Also they will be required to complete an application, a self- certification of medical status, and a Qualification Not all driver license offices offer skills tests. Office Certification form (CDL-4, CDL-5, or CDL-10) to certify that addresses and telephone numbers are located in the they meet or are exempt from certain physical telephone book under “Texas Department of Public Safety” qualifications, along with any other necessary certification or “Drivers License” or visit our website at forms previously mentioned. All the information necessary www.dps.texas.gov. to take and pass the required CDL tests is contained in the Texas Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Handbook. If a Disqualifications Texas driver is upgrading from a Class C license to a higher class license, he will be required to take the Texas If a driver refuses to submit to a Blood-Alcohol Content test Commercial Rules Test. (See Section 14 of this handbook, while driving a commercial motor vehicle, they will lose their page 14-1). Commercial Driver License for the period of time specified in the law. Other disqualifications that can cause a driver to lose a Commercial Driver License are explained in Section 1.2, Others Applying for a Commercial Driver License pages 1-2 of this manual.

If a person is applying for a Texas driver license for the first Reporting Convictions time, they will have to fulfill requirements in addition to those for a Texas driver. They will be required to complete an original Also explained in Section 1.2 is the requirement for a driver application for a Texas driver license and take any knowledge to report all traffic convictions to his employer. Any out-of- and/or skills tests required. The tests are derived from both the state traffic convictions must be reported by the out-of-state Texas Drivers Handbook and the Texas Commercial Motor licensing authority to the Department’s Enforcement and Vehicle Drivers Handbook. All necessary forms/hand- books Compliance Service. are available at any Driver License Office or visit our website at www.dps.texas.gov.

vi Are the Tests Difficult? The information contained in this handbook is very technical. A general working knowledge of commercial motor vehicles and their operation may not be sufficient preparation for the CDL tests. Even seasoned, professional commercial drivers NEED to study this handbook before making application for a CDL. (A person should also be familiar with the section titled Special Requirements for Texas Commercial Motor Vehicles. This same information is also found in Section 14 of this CDL Handbook). Where Do I Go?

Not all driver license offices offer skills tests. Office addresses and telephone numbers are located in the telephone book under “Texas Department of Public Safety” or “Drivers License” or visit our website at www.dps.texas.gov.

USA PATRIOT ACT 7+,6 The Uniting and Strengthening America by providing SECTION Appropriate Tools Required To Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot) Act was enacted on October 25, ,17(17,21$//< 2001.  Section 1012 of the USA of the USA PATRIOT Act /()7%/$1. amended 49 U.S.C. Chapter 51 by adding a new section 5103a titled “Limitation on issuance of hazmat licenses.” Section 5103a(a) (1) provides:

A State may not issue to any individual a license to operate a motor vehicle transporting in commerce a hazardous material unless the Secretary of Transportation has first determined, upon receipt of a notification, under subsection (c)(1)(B), that the individual does not pose a security risk warranting denial of the license.

Section 5103a(a)(2) subjects license renewals to the same requirements. Section 5103 a(d) requires the Attorney General, upon the request of a State in connection with issuance of a HME, to carry out a background records check of the individual ap- plying for the endorsement and, upon completing the check, to notify the Secretary (as delegated to the Administrator of TSA) of the results. The Secretary then determines whether the individual poses a security risk warranting denial of the endorsement. The background records check must consist of: (1) A check of the relevant criminal history databases; (2) in the case of an alien, a check of the relevant databases to determine the status of the alien under U.S. immigration laws; and (3) as appropriate, a check of the relevant international databases through Interpol-U.S. National Central Bureau or other appropriate means. vii Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System

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Section 1 - Introduction Page 1-1 Version: July 2017 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System

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Section 1 - Introduction Page 1-2 Version: July 2017 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System

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Section 1 - Introduction Page 1-3 Version: July 2017 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System

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Section 1 - Introduction Page 1-4 Version: July 2017 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System

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Section 1 - Introduction Page 1-6 Version: July 2017 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System

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Section 1 - Introduction Page 1-7 Version: July 2017 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System

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Section 1 - Introduction Page 1-8 Version: July 2017 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System

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Section 1 - Introduction Page 1-9 Version: July 2017 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System

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Section 1 - Introduction Page 1-10 Version: July 2017 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System

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Section 1 - Introduction Page 1-11 Version: July 2017 Commercial Driver’s License Manual – 2005 CDL Testing System

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6HFWLRQ±2QURDG'ULYLQJ  3DJH Version: July 2017 Section 14: Special Requirements for Texas Commercial Motor Vehicles

14.1 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS (PAPERS, PERMITS) Hazard Warning Signal Lights. When any truck, bus, truck tractor, trailer, semitrailer, or pole trailer 80 inches or more Papers. All commercial motor vehicles, truck tractors, trail- in width or 30 feet or more in overall length is stopped upon ers, or semitrailers must carry registration papers (receipt for a roadway or adjacent shoulder, the driver shall immediate- license plates) on the vehicles while operating on a public ly actuate electric hazard warning signal lights, flashers highway. These papers shall show the weight of the vehicle which flash simultaneously. These lights need not be dis- empty and how much it is registered to haul. played, however, by a vehicle legally parked inside the city limits or when stopped to receive or discharge passengers. Special Permits. If you wish to haul a load or move equip- ment that is heavier, longer, wider, or higher than the law Fire Extinguisher allows, you must obtain a special permit from the Texas Department of Transportation. A permit will not be granted if All school buses, buses, taxis, and other vehicles hauling the load can reasonably be dismantled. passengers for hire or lease, must carry a chemical type fire extinguisher of at least one quart capacity.

Commercial vehicles that are subject to the Federal Motor 14.2 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS (EQUIPMENT) Carrier Safety Regulations must be equipped with a fire extinguisher that is properly filled and located so that it is Flares, Fusees, or Reflectors. No person shall operate a readily accessible for use. The fire extinguisher must be truck, bus, truck tractor, or any motor vehicle towing a house securely mounted on the vehicle. (Note: Extinguishers, trailer, upon any highway outside the city limits or upon any when required, must meet the standards of 393.95 of the divided highway at any time from a half hour after sunset to Code of Federal Regulations.) a half hour before sunrise unless there shall be carried in such vehicle the following: at least three flares, or three red Lighting and Reflectors. Reflectors must be mounted not electric lanterns, or three portable red emergency reflectors. less than 24 inches nor more than 60 inches in height above During times when lighted lamps are not required two red the ground on every pole trailer and on trucks, buses, truck flags must be used in place of flares, lights, or reflectors. tractors, trailers, semitrailers which are 80 or more inches in Motor vehicles transporting explosives or any cargo tank width. truck used for the transportation of any flammable liquid or compressed flammable gases, or any motor vehicle using See diagrams for lighting and reflector requirements for your compressed gas as a fuel shall not use flares, fusees, or any type vehicle. signals produced by flame. D.O.T. approved triangular reflectors can be used in lieu of the above equipment. Under certain conditions, farm, fertilizer, and boat trailers are exempt from lighting requirements. Mobile homes being The first thing the driver of a disabled vehicle must do is put moved under permit are exempt from lighting and reflector out the proper flares, flags, or reflectors. requirements. For further information concerning lighting requirements for these vehicles request the Department’s publication on lighting and reflector requirements for trailers. This publication is available at any Department of Public TWO WAY ROADWAY Safety office or by writing to the Austin headquarters.

Special Requirements Page 14-1 DIVIDED HIGHWAY

VISION OBSCURED

Page 14-2 Special Requirements VEHICLE LIGHTING AND REFLECTOR REQUIREMENTS

ON EVERY TRUCK OR BUS LESS THAN 80” IN WIDTH

FRONT REAR

Special Requirements Page 14-3 ON EVERY TRUCK OR BUS 80” OR MORE IN WIDTH

FRONT REAR

Page 14-4 Special Requirements FRONT REAR

*Trucks manufactured or assembled prior to model year 1960 required to have at least one taillight.

Special Requirements Page 14-5 FRONT REAR

Page 14-6 Special Requirements ON EVERY TRUCK-TRACTOR

FRONT REAR

Special Requirements Page 14-7 ON EVERY TRAILER 80” OR MORE IN OVERALL WIDTH

FRONT REAR

Intermediate side marker lamp and reflector required only on trailers measuring 30 feet or more in length.

Page 14-8 Special Requirements ON EVERY TRAILER LESS THAN 80” IN WIDTH

FRONT REAR ON EACH SIDE

Special Requirements Page 14-9 5. Flashing Lights. Flashing lights are permitted on under 80 inches in width and manufactured prior to the emergency vehicles, on snow removal equipment, and year model 1960 need not be equipped with electrical on school buses when stopping or stopped for children turn signals unless the body or load of the vehicle or to board or alight. These lights are also allowed to be combination of vehicles extends to side more than 24 used by tow trucks under the direction of a law inches from the center of the top of the steering wheel, enforcement officer at the scene of an accident or or the rear limit of the body or load exceeds more than while hooking up a disabled vehicle in the roadway. 14 feet from the center of the top of the steering wheel.

6. Special Regulations for Certain Vehicles. When 9. Mud Flaps. All trucks and trailers with four or more operated on the highway at night all animal-drawn tires on the rear axle must be equipped with safety vehicles, implements of husbandry, road machinery, guards or mud flaps behind the rear wheels. These road rollers, and farm tractors not otherwise required flaps must reach to within 8 inches of the surface of the to have lamps or lighting devices must have a white highway and are for the purpose of preventing the light on the front visible for 1,000 feet and two red slinging of mud and slush. This provision does not lights on the rear visible for 1,000 feet, or one red light apply to pole trailers or to a truck tractor when it is to the rear visible for 1,000 feet and two red reflectors being operated alone and without being in combination visible for 600 feet. with a semitrailer.

7. Brakes 10. Lighting Requirements for Farm Tractors and Implements of Husbandry. Every farm tractor and a. Trailers, semitrailers, and pole trailers with a every self-propelled unit of farm equipment or imple- gross weight of 4,500 pounds or less are exempt ment of husbandry manufactured or assembled after from brake requirements. Trailers, semitrailers, and January 1, 1972, shall be equipped with the following pole trailers with a gross weight in excess of 4,500 lamps and reflectors: pounds and which do not exceed 15,000 pounds and operated at speeds of 30 miles per hour or less a. Two head lamps. are not required to be equipped with brakes. Trailers, semitrailers, and pole trailers with a gross b. One taillight mounted as far to left as practicable. weight in excess of 4,500 pounds and which do not exceed 15,000 pounds and are operated at speeds c. Two red reflectors. in excess of 30 miles per hour must have brakes acting on both wheels of the rear axle. d. Vehicular hazard warning lights (flashers) which show white or amber to the front, and red or amber b. Every motor vehicle, trailer, semitrailer, pole trail- to the rear. These lights must be activated when the er, and combination of such vehicles equipped with vehicle is being operated on any highway. See dia- brakes shall have the braking system so arranged gram. that one control device can be used to operate all brakes. This does not prevent the use of additional Slow Moving Vehicle Emblem control devices to operate brakes on the towed vehicles. Surge or inertia brake systems may be FRONT used on trailers and semitrailers with a gross weight of 15,000 pounds or less. HAZARD WARNING LIGHTS (FLASHERS) WHITE OR AMBER TO THE FRONT c. Under all conditions, the combination of vehicles must be capable of complying with the performance requirements. Generally, if the trailer and the com- bination is 3,000 pounds or less, the combination must be able to stop within 40 feet when traveling 20 miles per hour; if the trailer and the combination is in excess of 3,000 pounds, the combination must be able to stop within 50 feet when traveling 20 miles per hour.

8. Turn Signal Indicators. All motor vehicles, trailers, semitrailers, or pole trailers except motorcycles and certain trailers shall be equipped with electrical turn signal lights, except that passenger cars or trucks

Page 14-10 Special Requirements REAR overpass on his route.

3. Width. Vehicles including loads transported may not exceed 102 inches in width. (See exceptions.)

4. Maximum Lengths:

a. Single motor vehicle other than a truck tractor is 45 feet. (See exceptions on page 14-12).

b. A semitrailer may not exceed 59 feet when oper- ated in a truck tractor and semitrailer combination.

c. A semitrailer or trailer may not exceed a length of 28-1/2 feet each when operated in a truck tractor, semitrailer, and trailer combination.

11. Slow-Moving Vehicle Emblem. This emblem is d. No combination of vehicles, other than a truck now a requirement for all slow-moving vehicles. Slow- tractor-trailer combination may exceed 65 feet. (See moving vehicles are those designed to operate at a exceptions.) maximum speed of 25 mph or less, and the term includes all vehicles, farm and other machinery, and 5. Vehicle Combinations. No passenger vehicle or road machinery being drawn by animals or by slow- other motor vehicle with an unloaded weight of less moving motor vehicles. than 2,500 pounds may be coupled with more than one other vehicle. Not more than three vehicles may a. The use of this emblem is prohibited on any other be operated in a combination. than a slow-moving vehicle. It must not be used on other vehicles or on stationary objects. 6. Load Limits. The greatest weight allowed for any vehicle or combination of vehicles including the load is b. Exceptions. The following do not need the special 80,000 pounds. Load limits are based upon the size of emblem: the vehicle, the number and distance between axles, and also on the tire size. (See exceptions.) Under cer- 1) A vehicle being used in actual construction tain conditions, vehicles may legally exceed 80,000 work while traveling within the limits of a con- pounds by obtaining an oversize/overweight permit struction area marked as required by the State through the Texas Department of Transportation Highway Commission; Permit Office.

2) An implement or machinery being towed by a 7. Unloading and Additional Registration. If the slow-moving vehicle bearing an emblem if this gross weight of your vehicle is found to exceed the emblem remains visible. maximum gross weight allowed by law plus a toler- ance of 5%, you may be required to unload to the limit 12. Unlawful Equipment. It is unlawful to operate on provided by law plus the tolerance, or if the axle weight a highway any vehicle with wheels having cleats, lugs, is found to exceed the maximum allowed, the driver flanges, studs, spikes, or other extensions on the rim may be required to rearrange the cargo or unload the which would damage the road. This does not prevent vehicle to the limits provided. Trucks carrying live- the use of tire chains for safety. stock, timber or pulpwood, or agricultural products in their natural state from the place of production to the place of market or first processing shall not be required 14.3 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS-LIMITATIONS to unload any portion of the load. Trucks registered for (note Exceptions) less than the load they are hauling must secure addi- tional registration up to the legal limit from the nearest 1. Speed Limits. (Obey posted speed limits.) County Tax Assessor-Collector or the nearest practical point if hauling livestock or perishables. 2. Height. No vehicle, including the load it is hauling, may be more than 14 feet in height from ground to the 8. Extensions Over Front and Rear. No vehicle may top of the load. The driver is responsible for determin- carry a load extending more than three feet beyond ing that his load will safely pass under any bridge or

Special Requirements Page 14-11 the front nor more than four feet beyond the rear, the Interstate system when operated during daylight unless a special permit is obtained. When any load hours. extends more than four feet beyond the rear, there must be attached on the extreme rear of such exten- 2. A single motor vehicle used only to transport seed sion, a red flag at least twelve inches square during cotton modules, cotton, or equipment used in trans- daylight hours and at night a burning red light visible porting or processing of cotton may operate up to 120 for 500 feet. (See exceptions.) Motor vehicles or com- inches in width provided the vehicle is registered with binations thereof used exclusively for the transporta- a “Cotton Vehicle” license plate. Vehicles carrying tion of poles or pipes may exceed the length or exten- cylindrically shaped bales of hay may not exceed 144 sion limits over front and rear of a vehicle, except that inches in width. such vehicles may not exceed 65 feet in length and may be operated only between sunrise and sunset. 3. Motor buses with air brakes that have three or more axles or four tires on the rear axle may be 45 feet long; 9. Towing. When one vehicle is towing another, the otherwise 35 feet. drawbar, chain, rope, cable, or other connection must not be longer than fifteen feet from one vehicle to the 4. The length requirements for vehicles and combina- other. This 15-foot limit does not apply to pole trailers. tions of vehicles do not apply if they are operated only When a chain, rope, or cable is used as a connection, within city limits. a white flag not less than twelve inches square must be attached to it. 5. Load limits may vary according to the size of the vehicle, the number of axles and distance between the 10. Metal Tires. Vehicles, trailers, etc., weighing 5,000 axles, and the size of tires that the vehicle is equipped pounds or more, with metal tires, may not be operated with. on a highway without a special permit. 6. The State Highway Commission may lower load lim- 11. Transporting Loose Materials. No person shall its on farm- and ranch-to-market roads. Signs showing load or transport any loose material on or over the pub- limits allowed are posted to give notice of such action. lic highways, such as dirt, sand, gravel, wood chips, or other material except agricultural products in their nat- 7. A combination of vehicles, other than truck tractor ural state, that is capable of blowing or spilling from a combinations, of not more than 90 feet long may be vehicle unless: used from sunrise to sunset to haul poles, piling, and unrefined timber from the forest to a mill not more than a. The bed carrying the load must be completely 125 miles away. enclosed on both sides and on the front and on the rear by a tailgate, board or panel, and all must be so 8. For a fee of 120 per year, a combination of vehicles, constructed as to prevent the escape of any part of other than truck tractor combinations, of not more than the load by blowing or spilling. 75 feet long may be used to haul poles for electric power line maintenance from sunrise to sunset at a b. The top of the load must be covered with a can- speed not to exceed 50 mph. vas, tarpaulin, or other covering firmly secured to the front and the back to prevent the escape of any Exception to the rear extension. A load may extend part of the load because of blowing or spilling. This more than four feet beyond the rear of a trailer if the requirement does not apply to any load-carrying load consists of a motor vehicle that: compartment that completely encloses the load or to the transporting of any load of loose materials a. is designed and intended to be carried at the rear that are not blowing or spilling over the top of the of the trailer; load-carrying compartment. b. is used or intended to be used to load or unload a commodity on or off the trailer; 14.4 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS EXCEPTIONS TO STAN- DARD VEHICLE SIZE REQUIREMENTS c. does not extend more than seven feet beyond the rear of the trailer; or 1. Water well drilling machinery, highway building or maintenance machinery, farm tractors, and imple- d. complies with each applicable Federal Motor ments of husbandry or vehicles hauling same are Carrier Safety Regulation. exempt from width limitations on all highways except 9. A single motor vehicle used only to transport seed

Page 14-12 Special Requirements cotton modules, cotton, or equipment used in trans- turning, they should turn by one of these methods: porting or processing of cotton may not exceed a length of 48 feet. a. Approach the corner in the proper lane, about four feet from the curb (close enough to keep a car 10. Fire department vehicles are exempt from length, from passing on the right). As soon as the front width, and weight regulations. wheels pass the corner, turn wide to the right, swinging over the center of the side street if neces- 11. A combination of vehicles used to transport a com- sary, in order for the right rear wheel to clear the bine that is used for farm custom harvesting may have curb. an overall length of not more than 75 feet. b. If the street into which you are turning is narrow, it may be necessary to approach as above, then 14.5 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS OPERATING RULES swing left enough to place the right rear wheel in position to miss the curb (but not far enough away 1. Coasting. It is unlawful for a commercial motor to invite passing on the right), then turn sharply right vehicle to coast down any grade even with the clutch into the narrow street or driveway. disengaged while the transmission is left in gear. If it is necessary to shift to a lower gear, do so before start- You cannot watch too carefully when you are on ing down the hill. your own side of the road. This is even more true while turning in a large vehicle, when you must be 2. Following. When one truck is following another on the wrong side of the road part of the time. truck or vehicle, it must keep far enough back to allow another vehicle to overtake and enter the space 2. Safe Backing Practices. A large or long vehicle is between them safely. This does not prevent a truck much more difficult to back safely than a smaller one. from overtaking and passing another vehicle. These practices are recommended.

3. Railroad Grade Crossing. a. When you must back, get out and walk around your truck and make certain there is nothing behind. a. Outside a business district or residence district Then back immediately and watch carefully. any school bus carrying a school child and all other buses carrying passengers for hire must stop at all b. Use both rearview mirrors. You can’t see the right railroad grade crossings unless a traffic control sig- side while hanging out the left door. nal or police officer directs traffic to proceed. c. If necessary to back some distance, stop part b. All super-heavy equipment such as crawler type way, then get out and check your progress. tractors, steam shovels, derricks, rollers, etc., must stop for all railroad grade crossings. d. Try to have someone standing in a safe place to guide you by signaling. Trucks carrying explosives must stop at railroad grade crossings. These provisions do not apply to e. Park where you will not have to back to get away streetcar crossings, abandoned tracks, industrial from the parking place. switching tracks, or where a traffic signal or officer directs traffic to proceed. f. Never back around an intersection corner to turn around. 4. Vehicles Transporting Hazardous Materials. The Department has adopted the U.S. Department of g. If you have to back in or out of a driveway, where Transportation Hazardous Materials Regulations. possible, back into the driveway from the street so Copies of these regulations may be obtained from the that you can drive out forward and see where you U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. are going.

h. When backing over a sidewalk into a street, stop 14.6 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS SAFETY PRACTICES at the sidewalk to make especially certain that there is no child playing behind or close by. Stop again at 1. Right Turns with Large Equipment. Tractor-trail- the curb to make a last check on traffic before back- ers and long wheelbase trucks and buses, when turn- ing into the street. ing right, must have curb clearance for the rear wheels. Since they cannot stay in the proper lane while i. Don’t depend entirely upon your rear vision mirror.

Special Requirements Page 14-13 3. Safe Passing of Two-Wheeled Vehicles. 4. Nonresident truck owners may be issued 30-day Motorcycles and bicycles are lighter and more subject temporary registration permits for certain movements to wind effects than 4-wheeled vehicles are. Due to of farm products and machinery during harvesting sea- this, special care must be taken when passing. son.

a. Aerodynamic effects around a large vehicle can 5. Under certain conditions, temporary registration per- cause a two-wheeled vehicle to be suddenly pulled mits and reduced registration rates for special vehicles toward the larger vehicle by two or three feet, may be obtained. See your County Tax Assessor- depending on the relative speed between the two Collector or the Motor Vehicle Division of the Texas vehicles. You should always allow at least six feet to Department of Transportation for information. the left of the two-wheeled vehicle when you are passing. 6. Buyers temporary cardboard tags are recognized for 20 days; dealers metal registration plates may be used b. When passing a two-wheeled vehicle, do not on any dealer-owned motor vehicle, except for com- attempt to share the lane with that vehicle. Move mercial purposes -- vehicle inspection is required. into the next or oncoming lane to pass. If there is Manufacturer’s metal registration plate may be used oncoming traffic, then slow and follow the two- for testing purposes only -- vehicle inspection is wheeled vehicle until oncoming traffic clears. required. Dealers temporary cardboard tag may be used for demonstrating a vehicle for sale with motor vehicle inspection certificate attached, or for transport- ing or servicing vehicles without motor vehicle inspec- 14.7 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS REGISTRATION OF tion certificate. VEHICLES 7. Farm registered vehicles, in addition to use for farm 1. All vehicles must be registered in the county of res- and ranch purposes, may be used as a means of pas- idence. senger transportation for members of the family to attend church or school, to visit doctors for medical 2. The following vehicles are not required to be regis- treatment or supplies, or for other necessities of the tered or inspected or to display a license plate when home or family - but not for gainful employment. operated temporarily upon the highways: 8. The period for which out-of-state registration plates a. Farm tractors. are recognized in Texas after establishing residency or entering into gainful employment is 30 days. b. Farm trailers, farm semitrailers, and certain fertil- izer and cottonseed trailers weighing not more than 9. For registration applications and detailed informa- 4,000 pounds gross. tion, consult your County Tax Assessor-Collector or the Motor Vehicle Division of the Texas Department of c. Implements of husbandry. Transportation. Additional information may also be obtained from Department of Public Safety publica- d. Power sweepers. tions pertaining to commercial vehicles.

e. Certain golfcarts. 14.8 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FEDERAL REGULA- 3. The following vehicles when operated temporarily TIONS upon the highways are not required to be registered or inspected if the owner annually secures a distinguish- The Texas Department of Public Safety has adopted by ref- ing $5.00 license plate and complies with other special erence the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations, 49 conditions in the law: Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 390-393 and 395-397. The Department has also adopted the Federal Hazardous a. Machinery for drilling water wells and construc- Materials Regulations, Parts 171-173, 177, and 178. For tion machinery. detailed information concerning these regulations adopted by the Department of Public Safety, see Rule §3.59 and b. Farm trailers, farm semitrailers, cotton trailers, Rule §3.62 which are on file with the Texas Secretary of cottonseed trailers, and certain fertilizer trailers State. weighing over 4,000 pounds and not over 20,000 pounds gross.

Page 14-14 Special Requirements Truck Drivers Sharing the Road with Automobiles J Passing

Professional truck drivers can’t just be good truck drivers. The following are basic reminders truck drivers should follow You have to be better than anyone else on the road. Truck when passing and dealing with slower traffic: drivers have the responsibility not only to safely deliver the nations freight on time, but are industry’s front-line defense J Signals alone aren’t enough. Before making a move, against a bad image. Truck drivers should share the high- the professional truck driver makes sure that a lane ways with automobiles and adhere to the following guide- change or passing maneuver can be made safely and lines. without interfering with others.

J Tailgating J Don’t alarm a car driver by overtaking too closely before moving into the passing lane. Leave some extra Tailgating is the most common complaint car drivers have space before you pull back in. against truck drivers. It may not always be justified, but it is a frequent one. The professional: J Remember that a truck pushes a wall of air ahead of it. To avoid buffeting cars, keep as much space as pos- J Keeps a gap between his or her truck and the car sible between the vehicles you pass. ahead in heavy traffic because the truck needs more space to stop. Remember, your truck looms frighten- J Slow traffic and congestion are facts of life to the pro- ingly large in the mirror. fessional truck driver. Keep cool and lay off the horn and flashing of the headlights. J Maintains a four-second following distance on the open road. J School Buses, Recreational Vehicles, and Others

J Increases the distance of the gap to 6-8 seconds in The professional truck driver should be especially watchful bad weather (more reaction time) to compensate for for drivers of school buses, recreational vehicles, and driv- poor traction and actions of less experienced car driv- ers of rental trucks. These groups of drivers’ levels of expe- ers. rience vary a great deal. Therefore, truck drivers should:

J Remains alert to the driver who cut into the open Give school buses as much room as possible. Watch space in front of the truck. for frequent stops to load and un-load children. Remember, the driver can be distracted by the chil- J Knows that tailgating or forming convoys promotes dren on the bus. unsafe passes by groups of cars stacked up behind. If they do attempt to pass and don’t make it, you and oth- Realize drivers of RV’s and smaller vehicles pulling ers could be involved in a serious accident. trailers can be a problem because they may not have the professional skills or knowledge of the profession- J Speeding al truck driver. These vehicles are epecially suscepti- ble to turbulence from big trucks, so reduce your Speeding by trucks is a common cause of accidents and speed and give them plenty of room. Pass these vehi- another major complaint by motorists. Driving too fast for cles with care and as far to the left as safely possible. conditions - regardless of the posted speed - is dangerous. Remember, obeying the speed limit: J Hot and Cold

J Saves lives, injuries, and property damage. Summer driving has its own perils. Truck drivers should especialy be on the lookout for: J Increases fuel economy by as much as a mile per gal- lon at 55 mph rather than 65 mph. J Lost, fatigued motorists on vacation who may sudden- ly stop, or swerve across several lanes of traffic to an J Saves wear and tear on tires, brakes, and engines. exit.

J Allows sufficient time and space to stop after a hazard J Overloaded cars with poor visibility and/or drivers dis- is sighted. Remember, you stopping distance increas- tracted by kids and pets. es at a much faster rate than your speed. If you dou- ble your speed, your stopping distance will be four times greater.

Special Requirements Page 14-15 J Highway construction projects where roads suddenly turn into narrow lanes with confusing signs. Heavy equipment and pedestrians are often nearby.

J Winter ice and snow mean gearing down on grades to avoid wheel-spinning and brake lock-up which can lead to jackknifing. If you find a traffic jam-up and mul- tiple vehicle accidents, stay back and wait for them to clear before trying to get your rig through.

J Attitude

A good attitude is a professional truck driver’s badge of honor. Sharing the roads with automobiles must be a safety concern for the professional driver.

Test Your Knowledge

1. What should be the first action of the driver of a disabled truck or bus? 2. Clearance lamps, side marker lamps, or reflectors mount- ed on or near the front of a vehicle should be what color? 3. What is the greatest height allowed by state law for a vehicle including its load? 4. What should you do when hauling equipment that is wider, heavier or longer than the law permits? 5. What type of vehicle must stop at all railroad crossings?

These questions may be on your test. If you can’t answer all, reread Section 14.

Page 14-16 Special Requirements