DOCSLIB.ORG

Hitting the Reset Button an ERP Investigation of Memory For

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hitting the Reset Button an ERP Investigation of Memory For Brain Research 1642 (2016) 524–531 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Brain Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/brainres Research report Hitting the reset button: An ERP investigation of memory for temporal context Matthew M. Walsh a,b,n, Christopher A. Paynter a, Ya Zhang c, Lynne M. Reder a a Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States b TiER1 Performance Solutions, Cincinnati, OH, United States c University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States article info abstract Article history: This study explored how temporal context influences recognition. In an ERP experiment, subjects were Received 2 September 2015 asked to judge whether pictures, presented one at a time, had been seen since the previous appearance Received in revised form of a special reset screen. The reset screen separated sequences of successively presented stimuli and 14 April 2016 signaled a change in temporal context. A “new-repeat” picture was one that had been seen before but was Accepted 19 April 2016 to be called “new” because it had not appeared since the previous reset screen. New-repeat pictures Available online 21 April 2016 elicited a more negative FN400 component than did “old” pictures even though both had seen before Keywords: during the experiment. This suggests that familiarity, as indexed by the FN400, is sensitive to temporal Recognition context. An earlier frontopolar old/new effect distinguished pictures that were seen for the first time in ERP the experiment from all other pictures. The late positive component (LPC), which is typically greater for Familiarity old stimuli, was smaller for new-repeat pictures than for pictures seen for the first time in the experi- Recollection FN400 ment. Finally, individual differences in task performance were predicted by the differences in amplitude LPC of P3b that was evoked by the onset of the reset screen. P3b & 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. 1. Introduction contextual information (Curran, 2000; Duzel et al., 1997; Rugg and Yonelinas, 2003). Studies of memory using event-related potentials (ERPs) have In most dual-process models of recognition memory, famil- revealed two distinct ERP correlates of recognition. One of these is iarity is not sensitive to the context in which an item appeared the FN400, a negative deflection at frontal sites from 300 to (e.g. Diana et al., 2007; Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Jacoby, 1991; 500 ms, which is more negative for items judged new than for Montaldi and Mayes, 2010; Parks and Yonelinas, 2007; Reder et al., items judged old (Curran, 2000; Curran and Cleary, 2003; Duzel 2000; Yonelinas, 2002). However, there is some debate, even et al., 1997; Rugg and Curran, 2007; Rugg and Yonelinas, 2003; among dual-process theorists, about whether contextual in- Tsivilis et al., 2001; Yovel and Paller, 2004). The other is the late formation might contribute to familiarity in some circumstances. positive component (LPC), a positive deflection at parietal sites Some have suggested, for example, that familiarity is sensitive to the slowly changing global context defined by the experimental from 400 to 800 ms, which is more positive for items judged old setting (Mandler, 1980). In most studies of recognition memory, than for items judged new (Curran, 2000; Curran and Cleary, participants are asked to judge whether commonplace items were 2003; Duzel et al., 1997; Rugg and Curran, 2007; Rugg and Yone- encountered during the experiment. Familiarity judgments along linas, 2003; Tsivilis et al., 2001; Yovel and Paller, 2004). A common with the FN400 differ for old and new items, though all of the view in the literature is that these two components correspond to items have likely been encountered many times before the qualitatively distinct recognition memory processes (Rugg and experiment. Curran, 2007). The FN400 corresponds to a familiarity process that Behavioral work has shown that familiarity is also sensitive to provides information about whether an item has been seen, but local context (i.e., features that may vary from trial to trial). Pre- not the context in which it appeared. In contrast, the LPC corres- senting contextual features at test that have been seen repeatedly ponds to a recollection process that does involve retrieval of with other items during study increases spurious familiarity judgments (Diana et al., 2004). Additionally, instructing people to n encode contextual information along with items in a way that Correspondence to: Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Baker Hall, 455G, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States. promotes unitization increases the impact of context on familiarity E-mail address: mmw188@gmail.com (M.M. Walsh). judgments (Diana et al., 2008, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.047 0006-8993/& 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. M.M. Walsh et al. / Brain Research 1642 (2016) 524–531 525 The ERP methodology has been used to provide converging new, even if the picture had appeared several times in the pre- evidence that local context impacts familiarity. According to one vious block of trials. The perirhinal cortex is thought to be involved theory (Ecker et al., 2007a, 2007b), intrinsic (intra-item) con- in familiarity processing (see Diana et al. (2007) and Eichenbaum textual features such as object color are automatically processed et al. (2007) for reviews), and has been identified as a potential and bound to object tokens, whereas extrinsic features such as source of the FN400 (Curran et al., 2006; but see Rugg and Curran background shape are not (for a review, see Zimmer and Ecker (2007) for an alternate view). On the basis of those results, we (2010)). The absence of a match between the current stimulus and hypothesized that the FN400 in humans would also be sensitive to stored object tokens produces an FN400. Consequently, the FN400 when a stimulus last appeared relative to a signal that denoted the is only sensitive to intrinsic local context. In an experiment that start of a new block of trials. tested this theory, participants studied items presented in various In our modified version of the delayed-match-to-sample task, colors (Ecker et al., 2007a). At test, items appeared in the same subjects viewed a series of pictures of everyday items, along with color or in a different color. Subjects were asked to judge whether an occasional “reset” screen. With each presentation, they judged they had studied the object, ignoring its color. The FN400 was whether the picture had appeared since the most recent reset more negative when objects appeared in a different color than screen. The trials of greatest interest were those where a picture when they appeared in the same color. In a second condition of the that had appeared before was shown for the first time in the experiment, participants studied items presented on different current block of trials (i.e. new-repeats). The key question was background shapes. The manipulation of item-shape match during whether the FN400 to new-repeats would differ from the FN400 the test phase did not affect the FN400. Ecker et al. interpreted to other pictures that had already appeared in the current block of these results in terms of the differential impact of intrinsic and trials (i.e. old pictures). Both types of pictures had appeared in the extrinsic local context on familiarity processing. global context established by the experimental setting, but new- Subsequent studies have identified other contextual features repeats had not appeared since the reset screen. Therefore, if the that do and do not affect familiarity. The FN400 is sensitive to FN400 were more negative for new-repeat pictures than for old changes from study to test in object color (Ecker et al., 2007a), pictures, it would indicate that this component is sensitive to word font color (Nyhus and Curran, 2009), and object screen lo- temporal context. cation (Speer and Curran, 2007). The FN400 does not appear to be sensitive to the presence of a background shape (Ecker et al., 2007a), border color (Ecker et al., 2007a; Speer and Curran, 2007), 2. Results or superposition of an object upon a background image (Ecker et al., 2007b). Some of these results can be understood in terms of 2.1. Behavioral analyses the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic local context. However, it is often difficult to define which features are intrinsic Response accuracy and correct response times are shown in and extrinsic to a stimulus in advance. Table 1. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant dif- ference in accuracy across the four picture types, F(3, 57)¼30.50, 1.1. Is the FN400 sensitive to temporal context? po.001. Subjects responded more accurately to new-first pictures than to all other pictures (all po.001). Response accuracy did not Given that familiarity and the FN400 are influenced by at least vary across the remaining picture types (all p4.05). An ANOVA for some sources of contextual information, we asked whether the correct response times also revealed a main effect of picture type F FN400 is sensitive to temporal context. We manipulated temporal (3, 57)¼15.28, po.001. Responses to new-first and new-repeat context by presenting participants with sequences of images and pictures were slower than responses to old-first and old-repeat occasionally inserting a boundary – in the form of a “reset” screen – pictures (all po.01). Response durations did not different between between successive images. Participants were asked to judge new-first and new-repeat pictures, t(19)¼.43, p4.1, nor between whether each image had appeared since the last reset screen. old-first and old-repeat pictures, t(19)¼1.98, p4.05. Thus, the task involved location-based (i.e. temporal position re- lative to a boundary) rather than distance-based (i.e.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Emitted P3a and P3b in Chronic Schizophrenia and in First-Episode Schizophrenia
    Emitted P3a and P3b in Chronic Schizophrenia and in First-Episode Schizophrenia by Alexis McCathern Neuroscience and Psychology, BPhil, University of Pittsburgh, 2017 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of University Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2017 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH UNIVERISTY HONORS COLLEGE This thesis was presented by Alexis McCathern It was defended on April 3, 2017 and approved by John Foxe, PhD, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Michael Pogue-Geile, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh Stuart Steinhauer, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Thesis Director: Dean Salisbury, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine ii Copyright © by Alexis McCathern 2017 iii EMITTED P3A AND P3B IN CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA AND IN FIRST- EPISODE SCHIZOPHRENIA Alexis McCathern, BPhil University of Pittsburgh, 2017 Neurophysiological biomarkers may be useful for identifying the presence of schizophrenia and the schizophrenia prodrome among at-risk individuals prior to the emergence of psychosis. This study examined the emitted P3 to absent stimuli on a tone counting task in patients with chronic schizophrenia and newly-diagnosed patients. The P3 is biphasic, with the earlier peak (P3a) reflecting automatic orienting and the later peak (P3b) reflecting cognitive processing. Twenty- four individuals with long-term schizophrenia (minimum 5 years diagnosis; SZ) were compared to 24 matched controls (HCSZ), and 23 individuals within 6 months of their first psychotic episode (FE) were compared to 22 matched controls (HCFE). Participants were presented with standard sets of four identical tones (1 kHz, 50 ms, 330 ms SOA, 750 ms ITI).
    [Show full text]
  • ERP Peaks Review 1 LINKING BRAINWAVES to the BRAIN
    ERP Peaks Review 1 LINKING BRAINWAVES TO THE BRAIN: AN ERP PRIMER Alexandra P. Fonaryova Key, Guy O. Dove, and Mandy J. Maguire Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky Short title: ERPs Peak Review. Key Words: ERP, peak, latency, brain activity source, electrophysiology. Please address all correspondence to: Alexandra P. Fonaryova Key, Ph.D. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences 317 Life Sciences, University of Louisville Louisville, KY 40292-0001. a0fona01@louisville.edu ERP Peaks Review 2 Linking Brainwaves To The Brain: An ERP Primer Alexandra Fonaryova Key, Guy O. Dove, and Mandy J. Maguire Abstract This paper reviews literature on the characteristics and possible interpretations of the event- related potential (ERP) peaks commonly identified in research. The description of each peak includes typical latencies, cortical distributions, and possible brain sources of observed activity as well as the evoking paradigms and underlying psychological processes. The review is intended to serve as a tutorial for general readers interested in neuropsychological research and a references source for researchers using ERP techniques. ERP Peaks Review 3 Linking Brainwaves To The Brain: An ERP Primer Alexandra P. Fonaryova Key, Guy O. Dove, and Mandy J. Maguire Over the latter portion of the past century recordings of brain electrical activity such as the continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) and the stimulus-relevant event-related potentials (ERPs) became frequent tools of choice for investigating the brain’s role in the cognitive processing in different populations. These electrophysiological recording techniques are generally non-invasive, relatively inexpensive, and do not require participants to provide a motor or verbal response.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf/22/10/2289/1770340/Jocn.2009.21320.Pdf by Guest on 18 May 2021
    Characterizing the Spatio-temporal Dynamics of the Neural Events Occurring prior to and up to Overt Recognition of Famous Faces Boutheina Jemel1, Anne-Marie Schuller2, and Valérie Goffaux3 Downloaded from http://mitprc.silverchair.com/jocn/article-pdf/22/10/2289/1770340/jocn.2009.21320.pdf by guest on 18 May 2021 Abstract ■ Although it is generally acknowledged that familiar face recog- of familiar faces. Although the N170 and the N250 face-sensitive nition is fast, mandatory, and proceeds outside conscious control, responses displayed an abrupt activity change at the moment of it is still unclear whether processes leading to familiar face recog- overt recognition of famous faces, later ERPs encompassing the nition occur in a linear (i.e., gradual) or a nonlinear (i.e., all-or- N400 and late positive component exhibited an incremental in- none) manner. To test these two alternative accounts, we recorded crease in amplitude as the point of recognition approached. In scalp ERPs while participants indicated whether they recognize addition, famous faces that were not overtly recognized at one as familiar the faces of famous and unfamiliar persons gradually trial before recognition elicited larger ERP potentials than unfamil- revealed in a descending sequence of frames, from the noisier to iar faces, probably reflecting a covert recognition process. Overall, the least noisy. This presentation procedure allowed us to charac- these findings present evidence that recognition of familiar faces terize the changes in scalp ERP responses occurring prior to and implicates spatio-temporally complex neural processes exhibit- up to overt recognition. Our main finding is that gradual and all- ing differential pattern activity changes as a function of recogni- or-none processes are possibly involved during overt recognition tion state.
    [Show full text]
  • Stimulus Frequency and Masking As Determinants of P300 Latency in Event-Related Potentials from Auditory Stimuli *
    Biological Psycho&v 21 (1985) 309-318 309 North-Holland STIMULUS FREQUENCY AND MASKING AS DETERMINANTS OF P300 LATENCY IN EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS FROM AUDITORY STIMULI * John POLICH Department of Neurology, California College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717, U.S.A. Lawrence HOWARD School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717, U.S.A Arnold STARR Department of Neurology, California College of Medicine, University of Californra, twine, CA 92717, U.S.A. Accepted for publication 8 May 1985 The effects of target tone frequency, presence of a masking stimulus. and subject sex on the auditory ERP were studied with an ‘oddball’ paradigm. P300 latency became shorter (about 15 msec) as the difference between the standard (1000 Hz) and target tone frequency increased (1500, 2000, 4000 Hz) but became longer (about 10 msec) with the presence of a white noise masking stimulus. Similar results were obtained for both the P3a and P3b subcomponents of the P300 potential. No significant differences between the adult male and female subjects were observed. The role of stimulus parameters in applied testing situations is discussed. 1. Introduction The P300 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP) is a large (5-15 luv), positive-going waveform that occurs with a modal latency of about 300 msec in normal young adults. Although the neurophysiology underlying the P300 is still being explored (Halgren, Squires, Wilson, Rohrbaugh, Bab and Crandall, 1980; Okada, Kaufman and Williamson, 1983), the cognitive events associated with its generation have received considerable attention (Donchin, 1981; Donchin, Ritter and McCallum, 1978; Pritchard, 1981).
    [Show full text]
  • Superficial Slow Rhythms Integrate Cortical Processing in Humans
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Superfcial Slow Rhythms Integrate Cortical Processing in Humans Mila Halgren ,1 Daniel Fabó2 , István Ulbert3,4 , Joseph R. Madsen5 , LorandEr őss4,6 , Werner K. Doyle7, Orrin Devinsky7, Donald Schomer8, Sydney S. Cash1 & Eric Halgren9 Received: 30 August 2017 The neocortex is composed of six anatomically and physiologically specialized layers. It has been Accepted: 23 January 2018 proposed that integration of activity across cortical areas is mediated anatomically by associative Published: xx xx xxxx connections terminating in superfcial layers, and physiologically by slow cortical rhythms. However, the means through which neocortical anatomy and physiology interact to coordinate neural activity remains obscure. Using laminar microelectrode arrays in 19 human participants, we found that most EEG activity is below 10-Hz (delta/theta) and generated by superfcial cortical layers during both wakefulness and sleep. Cortical surface grid, grid-laminar, and dual-laminar recordings demonstrate that these slow rhythms are synchronous within upper layers across broad cortical areas. The phase of this superfcial slow activity is reset by infrequent stimuli and coupled to the amplitude of faster oscillations and neuronal fring across all layers. These fndings support a primary role of superfcial slow rhythms in generating the EEG and integrating cortical activity. Te human brain must coordinate and organize the activity of billions of neurons. Cortical oscillations, by rhyth- mically modulating neural activity, are a likely mechanism for accomplishing this1,2. Although the relationship of cortical rhythms to behavioral states has been studied for nearly a century, scientists still search for unifying principles governing neocortical oscillations. One commonly accepted principle is that slow rhythms coordinate activity across widespread neuronal pools, whereas fast rhythms mediate local processing3,4.
    [Show full text]
  • P3b Amplitudes Differences in Ultra-Rapid Visual Categorization Task of Food and Non-Food Items
    South Florida Journal of Development, Miami, v.2, n.1, p. 440-457, jan./ mar. 2021. ISSN 2675-5459 P3b amplitudes differences in ultra-rapid visual categorization task of food and non-food items DOI: 10.46932/sfjdv2n1-033 Received in: November 1st, 2020 Accepted in: December 30th, 2020 Tawhida Jahan Chairperson & Assistant professor, Department of Communication Disorders, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Cognitive Science, TU-Kaiserslautern, Germany E-mail: tawhida.jahan@du.ac.bd ABSTRACT P300, especially P3b, the third positive wave of EEG signal with near 350ms associated with occipito- patieto-temporal region of the brain, is mainly responsible for categorization of different objects. So, this study investigates the nature of amplitude and reaction time difference in ‘food’ and ‘no-food’ objects categorization task. Object categorization processes were investigated by measuring event-related potentials while participants were categorizing different ‘food’ and ‘no-food’ items. The EEG study of this experiment found no P3b amplitude differences for ‘food’ and ‘no-food’ category in the ultra-rapid categorization task. On the other hand, from the behavioral study we observed no significant difference in both reaction time (RT) and error rate (ER) in the above task. The result of this study is consistent with some previous experiments. For example, regarding the reaction, the findings can be compared with VanRullen & Thrope (2001) who also found no significant longer reaction time for ‘means of transport’ item in comparison with ‘animal’. The result of this study can also be interpreted from the perspective of ‘coarse-to-fine account’ hypothesis (Prass et al. 2013) which indicated that to recognize objects belong to basic level category one needs detail information with sufficient time.
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring the Amplitude of the N100 Component to Predict the Occurrence of the Inattentional Deafness Phenomenon Eve F
    Measuring the Amplitude of the N100 Component to Predict the Occurrence of the Inattentional Deafness Phenomenon Eve F. Fabre, Vsevolod Peysakhovich, Mickael Causse To cite this version: Eve F. Fabre, Vsevolod Peysakhovich, Mickael Causse. Measuring the Amplitude of the N100 Compo- nent to Predict the Occurrence of the Inattentional Deafness Phenomenon. AHFE 2016 International Conference on Neuroergonomics and Cognitive Engineering, Jul 2016, Orlando, United States. pp. 77-84, 10.1007/978-3-319-41691-5_7. hal-01503690 HAL Id: hal-01503690 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01503690 Submitted on 7 Apr 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Open Archive TOULOUSE Archive Ouverte ( OATAO ) OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. This is an author-deposited version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/ Eprints ID: 16107 To cite this version : Fabre, Eve Florianne and Peysakhovich, Vsevolod and Causse, Mickaël Measuring the Amplitude of the N100 Component to Predict the Occurrence of the Inattentional Deafness Phenomenon. (2016) In: AHFE 2016 International Conference on Neuroergonomics and Cognitive Engineering, 27 July 2016 - 31 July 2016 (Orlando, United States).
    [Show full text]
  • Auditory P300 and N100 Components As Intermediate Phenotypes for Psychotic Disorder: Familial Liability and Reliability ⇑ Claudia J.P
    Clinical Neurophysiology 122 (2011) 1984–1990 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Clinical Neurophysiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/clinph Auditory P300 and N100 components as intermediate phenotypes for psychotic disorder: Familial liability and reliability ⇑ Claudia J.P. Simons a,b, , Anke Sambeth c, Lydia Krabbendam a,e, Stefanie Pfeifer a, Jim van Os a,d, Wim J. Riedel c a Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, SEARCH, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands b GGzE, Institute of Mental Health Care Eindhoven en de Kempen, P.O. Box 909, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands c Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands d Visiting Professor of Psychiatric Epidemiology, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, UK e Centre Brain and Learning, Department of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands article info highlights Article history: A reliable N100 latency delay was found in unaffected siblings of patients with a psychotic disorder. Accepted 28 February 2011 P300 amplitude and latency were not found to be affected in siblings. Available online 1 April 2011 Short-term test–retest reliability of N100 and P300 components were sound across patients, siblings and controls, with the main exception of N100 latency in patients. Keywords: Electroencephalography Event-related potentials abstract Psychoses Schizophrenia Objective: Abnormalities of the auditory P300 are a robust finding in patients with psychosis. The pur- Test–retest poses of this study were to determine whether patients with a psychotic disorder and their unaffected Relatives siblings show abnormalities in P300 and N100 and to establish test–retest reliabilities for these ERP com- ponents.
    [Show full text]
  • The Figure Is in the Brain of the Beholder: Neural Correlates of Individual Percepts in The
    The Figure is in the Brain of the Beholder: Neural Correlates of Individual Percepts in the Bistable Face-Vase Image A Thesis Presented to The Division of Philosophy, Religion, Psychology, and Linguistics Reed College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Arts Phoebe Bauer May 2015 Approved for the Division (Psychology) Michael Pitts Acknowledgments I think some people experience a degree of unease when being taken care of, so they only let certain people do it, or they feel guilty when it happens. I don’t really have that. I love being taken care of. Here is a list of people who need to be explicitly thanked because they have done it so frequently and are so good at it: Chris: thank you for being my support system across so many contexts, for spinning with me, for constantly reminding me what I’m capable of both in and out of the lab. Thank you for validating and often mirroring my emotions, and for never leaving a conflict unresolved. Rennie: thank you for being totally different from me and yet somehow understanding the depths of my opinions and thought experiments. Thank you for being able to talk about magic. Thank you for being my biggest ego boost and accepting when I internalize it. Ben: thank you for taking the most important classes with me so that I could get even more out of them by sharing. Thank you for keeping track of priorities (quality dining: yes, emotional explanations: yes, fretting about appearances: nu-uh). #AshHatchtag & Stella & Master Tran: thank you for being a ceaseless source of cheer and laughter and color and love this year.
    [Show full text]
  • Event-Related Brain Potentials During Natural Sentence Processing
    BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 11, 354-373 (1980) Reading Between the Lines: Event-related Brain Potentials during Natural Sentence Processing MARTA KUTAS AND STEVEN A. HILLYARD University of California, San Diego Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from subjects as they silently read 160 different seven-word sentences, presented one word at a time. Each sentence was in itself a natural, meaningful phrase. Substantial intersubject var- iability was observed in the ERP waveshapes following the words. More than half of the subjects generated P3 components to word stimuli, but those who did showed similar responses to repeated control presentations of a single word. In addition, it was found that all but the first word in the sentence elicited an ERP with a significant left-greater-than-right asymmetry in the late positivity over temporo-parietal regions. The ERPs to the last words were associated with more late positivity than those to the preceding words. One quarter of the sentences, at random, ended with a word printed in a typeface that was different from that of the preceding words. This infrequent change in typeface elicited a complex ERP having three consistent late positive components. INTRODUCTION Reading is fundamental for the acquisition of knowledge in literate societies and a stalwart member of the three R’s Yet, we know astonish- ingly little about the neurophysiological mechanisms which enable us to read a sentence and comprehend its meaning. The only currently feasible approach to understanding normal human neurophysiology involves the recording of event-related potentials (ERPs) from the scalp. While this technique has the advantage of being nonintrusive, it provides a rather remote index of the complex neuronal activity patterns which underly human language processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissociating Activation and Integration of Discourse Referents
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/671933; this version posted June 14, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Dissociating activation and integration of discourse referents: evidence from ERPs and oscillations Cas W. Coopmans1,2 & Mante S. Nieuwland1,3 1Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands 2Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands 3Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Contact details: Cas Coopmans Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics Wundtlaan 1, 6500 AH Nijmegen, The Netherlands Tel.: +31-24 3521331 Email address: cas.coopmans@mpi.nl Author note: In accordance with the Peer Review Openness Initiative (Morey et al., 2016), all materials, data and analysis scripts are publicly available on the Open Science Framework (anonymized, view-only link for reviewers: https://osf.io/nbjfm/). 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/671933; this version posted June 14, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract A key challenge in understanding stories and conversations is the comprehension of ‘anaphora’, words that refer back to previously mentioned words or concepts (‘antecedents’). In psycholinguistic theories, anaphor comprehension involves the initial activation of the antecedent and its subsequent integration into the unfolding representation of the narrated event.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Memory Load for Faces Modulates P300, N170, and N250r
    Working Memory Load for Faces Modulates P300, N170, and N250r Helen M. Morgan, Christoph Klein, Stephan G. Boehm, Kimron L. Shapiro, and David E. J. Linden Downloaded from http://mitprc.silverchair.com/jocn/article-pdf/20/6/989/1759555/jocn.2008.20072.pdf by guest on 18 May 2021 Abstract & We used event-related potential (ERP) methodology to ex- was also found to modulate other ERPs. The amplitude of the amine neural activity associated with visual working memory N170 elicited by the target face decreased with load, and this (WM) for faces. There were two main goals. First, to extend N170 decrease leveled off at load 2, reflecting the behavioral WM previous findings of P300 load modulation to WM for faces. capacity of around two faces. In addition, the N250r, observed as Second, to examine whether N170 and N250r are also influ- an ERP difference for target faces that were present in the encod- enced by WM load. Between one and four unfamiliar faces were ing array relative to target faces that were absent, was also reduced simultaneously presented for memory encoding. After a 1-sec for higher WM loads. These findings extend previous work by delay, a target face appeared, and participants had to judge showing that P300 modulation by WM load also occurs for faces. whether this face was part of the previous face array. P300 Furthermore, we show, for the first time, that WM load affects the amplitude decreased as WM load increased, and this P300 sup- N250r and the early visual N170 component. This suggests that pression was observed at both encoding and retrieval.
    [Show full text]