La Ilusión De La Magia Oriental: ¿Una Pseudotraducción Cultural? Carlos Tomico Pérez

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La Ilusión De La Magia Oriental: ¿Una Pseudotraducción Cultural? Carlos Tomico Pérez CICLO DE ESTUDO: MESTRADO EM ESTUDOS LITERÁRIOS, CULTURAIS E INTERARTES ÁREA DE ESPECIALIZAÇÃO: RAMO DE ESTUDOS COMPARATISTAS E RELAÇÕES INTERCULTURAIS La ilusión de la magia oriental: ¿una pseudotraducción cultural? Carlos Tomico Pérez M 2017 Carlos Tomico Pérez La ilusión de la magia oriental: ¿una pseudotraducción cultural? Dissertação realizada no âmbito do Mestrado em Estudos Literários, Culturais e Interartes, orientada pela Professora Doutora Ana Paula Coutinho Mendes Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto junho de 2017 La ilusión de la magia oriental: ¿una pseudotraducción cultural? Carlos Tomico Pérez Dissertação realizada no âmbito do Mestrado em Estudos Literários, Culturais e Interartes, orientada pela Professora Doutora Ana Paula Coutinho Mendes Membros do Júri Professora Doutora Zulmira da Conceição Trigo Gomes Marques Coelho Santos Faculdade de Letras - Universidade do Porto Professora Doutora Maria Alexandra Ambrósio Lopes Faculdade de Ciências Humanas - Universidade Católica Portuguesa Professora Doutora Maria de Fátima Costa Outeirinho Faculdade de Letras - Universidade do Porto Professora Doutora Ana Paula Coutinho Mendes Faculdade de Letras – Universidade do Porto Classificação obtida: 19 valores A los ilusionistas de pasadas generaciones, cuya dedicación al arte nos sirve de ejemplo a los más vacilantes. Índice Agradecimientos ............................................................................................................. 10 Resumen ......................................................................................................................... 11 Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 12 Introducción .................................................................................................................... 13 Capítulo 1 – Bases para un acercamiento interdisciplinar .............................................. 23 1.1. Cuestionando los límites de la traducción: la traducción cultural ....................... 23 1.1.1. Definición y problemas ................................................................................. 23 1.1.2. Sistematización de la TC: Kyle Conway....................................................... 26 1.2. Lo falso en la traducción: la pseudotraducción ................................................... 32 1.3. Los estudios imagológicos como pieza articuladora ........................................... 37 1.4. El telón de fondo del orientalismo ....................................................................... 45 1.4.1. El orientalismo según Edward Said .............................................................. 45 1.4.2. El orientalismo en las artes escénicas: John MacKenzie .............................. 50 Capítulo 2. – Un recorrido intercultural en busca de la magia oriental .......................... 53 2.1. Las mil y una noches: un punto de partida ........................................................... 53 2.1.1. El alcance de una obra ................................................................................... 53 2.1.2. La magia de las Noches ................................................................................. 58 2.2. El sueño oriental de Lord Dunsany ...................................................................... 63 2.2.1. La ficción fantástica orientalista ................................................................... 63 2.2.2. Conjurando el sueño oriental......................................................................... 66 2.3. El ocultismo orientalizado en Galicia: el caso de Vicente Risco......................... 72 2.3.1. El orientalismo risquiano .............................................................................. 72 2.3.2. Do caso que lle aconteceu ao Doutor Alveiros ............................................. 76 2.4. El orientalismo mágico en el origen del cine ....................................................... 82 2.4.1. La ilusión del cinematógrafo ......................................................................... 82 2.4.2. Le Palais des Mille et Une Nuits ................................................................... 85 2.5. El ilusionismo y la recreación de la magia oriental ............................................. 89 2.5.1. La Edad de Oro del ilusionismo .................................................................... 89 2.5.2. El Egyptian Hall ............................................................................................ 92 2.5.3. The Levitation of Princess Karnac ................................................................ 96 2.5.4. Chung Ling Soo (William Robinson) ........................................................... 99 8 Conclusiones ................................................................................................................. 107 Referencias bibliográficas ............................................................................................ 119 Anexos .......................................................................................................................... 123 Imágenes ................................................................................................................... 123 9 Agradecimientos Mi más sincero agradecimiento a la Faculdade de Letras de la Universidade do Porto y a sus docentes por acogerme y brindarme la posibilidad de sumergirme en áreas del saber de las que atisbaba tan solo la superficie; un especial agradecimiento a la orientadora de este trabajo, la Profesora Doctora Ana Paula Coutinho Mendes por su motivación, su vastísimo conocimiento y su entusiasmo al transmitirlo; a mi madre y a mi padre, a quienes les ha tocado soportar mis idas y venidas, y lo han hecho con una paciencia y un cariño inagotables; y por último, pero no por ello menos importante, a mis amigos magos por recordarme que el arte al que nos dedicamos es mucho más que trucos. …. 10 Resumen El presente trabajo pretende presentar algunas aportaciones al estudio de la transmisión de la imagen de Oriente asociada a la magia en una selección de manifestaciones artísticas pertenecientes a la literatura, el cine y el ilusionismo de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. El corpus seleccionado abarca desde Las mil y una noches como un posible origen del imaginario de un Oriente mágico, pasando por una selección de narraciones fantásticas de Lord Dunsany, por el autor gallego Vicente Risco y por el cine de Georges Méliès, hasta las producciones de algunos de los ilusionistas más destacados del periodo de cambio de siglo. El análisis de dichas manifestaciones artísticas y de la transmisión de dicha imagen se realizará desde la perspectiva de la traducción cultural, articulada esta con las herramientas conceptuales y metodológicas brindadas por los estudios imagológicos, con la intención de buscar marcas indicativas de una correspondencia con el fenómeno de la pseudotraducción. Palabras clave: traducción cultural, imagología, pseudotraducción, ilusionismo. 11 Abstract The present work aims to present a contribution to the study of the transmission of the image of the Orient associated with magic through a selection of artistic manifestations from literature, cinema and illusionism from the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century. The selected works include The Arabian Nights as a starting point of the imaginary of a magical Orient, a selection of fantastic writings by Lord Dunsany, the Galician author Vicente Risco, Georges Méliès’s cinema, and the productions of some of the most renowned illusionists from the turn of the century. The analysis of those works will be addressed from the perspective of cultural translation, articulated by the conceptual and methodological tools provided by imagology, in order to search for clues that suggest a link with the phenomenon of pseudo-translation. Keywords: cultural translation, imagology, pseudo-translation, illusionism. 12 Introducción Nos elevamos en alas de la alfombra voladora de Aladino y atravesamos desiertos de dunas, deslumbrados por el sol implacable. (…) La noche en el desierto es absoluta y vale lo que mil noches. Es el ambiente perfecto para buscar dentro de nosotros mismos en busca de la respuesta a nuestras preguntas. Una noche tranquila e inquieta, una noche en el interior de nuestro destino. Las ciudades contrastan con la naturaleza pura y áspera. Al mismo tiempo, reflejan la voluntad de estos hombres de elevar la tierra hasta el cielo, como si hubieran frotado la lámpara de Aladino y su deseo fuera subir a las nubes y contemplar el horizonte a vista de halcón. Estas líneas pertenecen al folleto publicitario de la temporada 2017-2018 de una agencia de viajes, que ofrece un crucero de lujo por los Emiratos Árabes y Omán. A pesar de que dura tan solo siete noches, el título escogido por esta empresa para su producto es “Las mil y una noches”: “El nombre perfecto para un crucero inolvidable”, a través del cual los viajeros podrán disfrutar de “un equilibrio entre el pasado y el futuro, entre una naturaleza de belleza irresistible y una arquitectura modernísima, entre las milenarias tradiciones árabes y la suntuosidad del hotel de 7 estrellas Burj-Al Arab”. Resulta evidente que describir Oriente como la región de Las mil y una noches, una región capaz de impulsar el viaje hacia el autoconocimiento y la meditación, con las recurridas referencias a la alfombra mágica, a la conocidísima historia de Aladino y a su genio
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