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BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS OF THE BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUG AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING PROGRAMS by JOHN EDWIN CAMBRIDGE A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Entomology Written under the direction of Dr. George C. Hamilton And approved by _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey October 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS OF THE BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUG AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING PROGRAMS By JOHN EDWIN CAMBRIDGE Dissertation Director: Dr. George C. Hamilton This disseration investigates the behavior and selected monitoring methods of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The first chapter gives a comprehensive summary of the current and past research involving this insect and provides the basis for why the proceeding investigations were undertaken and how they added to the current body of knowledge about this important pest species. Chapter 2 explores the relationship between the number of hours past sunrise at which timed visual observations are conducted for H. halys and the detectable number of individuals on peach trees. The findings of this study show how the diel behavioral patterns of this insect cause large differences in the quantity observed at different times of the day (p<0.05; repeated measures). The variability of this metric associated with differences between observers is also investigated and shown to have a significant impact on the average number of H. halys seen per tree (p<0.05; repeated measures). Temperature was not found to be a useful indicator for estimating the number of visually observed H. halys (R2=0.0183; regression). Chapter 3 investigates the movement of H. halys within and between peach trees over the course of the diel cycle. The results indicate that nymphs of this species are most active from 7 to 10 hours past sunrise. Nymphs are found more on fruit and branches during this time and a higher proportion of individuals are found on the interior of the tree (p<0.05; loglinear model). This chapter also discusses the percentage of newly seen individuals at each time of day and how the count of previously seen insects increases once the sun sets (p<0.05; loglinear model). These findings also show that low numbers of H. halys were found to move between trees. Chapter 4 looks at H. halys attraction to various light sources. This study examined the difference in attractive pull resulting from alteration of the color and luminosity of a ii light source. The data also shows how different nymphal instars and adult genders are affected differently by the presence of a light source. The findings of this study support previous studies that white light is an attractive stimulus for insects but that reduced attraction can be observed at very low or high light intensities. Chapter 5 decribes a study that examines H. halys distribution as it overwinters in urban structures. This study found that this insect was observed more in the upper floors of the buildings investigated. The findings of this study agree with the current ecological understanding of this species as H. halys is known to be an arboreal species in its natural habitat. The results of this work are useful for making pest management decisions that aim to reduce diapausing populations within these types of structures. Chapter 6 looks at the feasibility of constructing and designing a tower-style black-light trap that has comparable catches to the industry standard model. This project resulted in the development of blueprints for in-lab-fabrication of clear-fin black light tower traps which cost ~1/10 the price of the market standard. The new trap caught equivalent quantities of insects (p>0.05; repeated measures) and the method for testing comparability of the traps to one another by way of a paired-trap, multi-site, partial season capture analysis is explained and the results outlined to highlight the equivilant trap capture diversity and sample species counts. This disseration concludes with remarks in Chapter 7 that restate the major findings for each study and relate them to the field as a whole. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank to multitude of people who helped me throughout my graduate experience. I believe it is safe to say that that I am directly responsible for several extra gray hairs sprouting around the department but I hope these are balanced by many more enjoyable memories. The patience and open mindedness of Dr. Hamilton and my other committee members cannot be overstated as they endured more than a few surprise projects, lab renovations, and incident reports. I was very fortunate to have been helped by so many students through my projects and they are each mentioned by name in the acknowledgment section of each chapter. Very little of the work I did would have been possible without their time and dedication. My family provided unwavering support (even when I was grumpy because of looming deadlines over the holidays) and for this, I am eternally grateful. iv Dedication I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my progeny. May you exist and thrive. v Publication Status The following chapters were previously published in peer- reviewed journals: Chapter 4: Cambridge, J., A. Payenski, and G. C. Hamilton. 2015. The Distribution of Overwintering Brown Marmorated Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in College Dormitories. Florida Entomologist. 98: 1257-1259. The following chapters were submitted for publication to peer reviewed journals: Chapter 2: Cambridge, J., A. Payenski, D. L. Ward, A. L. Nielsen, and G. C. Hamilton. Diel Sampling of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Peach Orchards. Chapter 3: Cambridge, J., A. Payenski, D. L. Ward, A. L. Nielsen, and G. C. Hamilton. Within Tree Movement of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Peaches. Chapter 5: Cambridge, J., L. Francoeur, and G. C. Hamilton. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Attraction to Different Light Stimuli. Chapter 6: Cambridge, J., A. Payenski, L. Francoeur, and G. C. Hamilton. Evaluation of a Non-Commercial Ultraviolet Light Trap for Use in Pest Monitoring Programs. vi Table of Contents Abstract ………………………………………………………………………… ii Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………… iv Dedication ………………………………………………………………………… v Publication Status ………………………………………………………………… vi Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………… vii List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………… ix List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………… x Chapter 1 Literature Review ………………………………………………… 1 Pest Status ………………………………………………………………… 2 Biology ………………………………………………………………… 11 Monitoring ………………………………………………………………… 17 Rearing ………………………………………………………………… 23 Management Options ……………………………………….……….……….. 24 Conclusions ………………………………………………………………… 31 References ………………………………………………………………… 32 Chapter 2 Diel Sampling of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Peach Orchards ………………………………………………………………………………………… 47 Introduction ………………………………………………………………… 48 Methods ………………………………………………………………… 50 Results ………………………………………………………………… 52 Discussion ………………………………………………………………… 54 Acknowledgments ……………………………………….……….……….. 59 References ………………………………………………………………… 59 Chapter 3 Within Tree Movement of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Peaches ……………………………………………………………………………………….... 68 Introduction ………………………………………………………………… 69 Methods ………………………………………………………………… 70 Results ………………………………………………………………… 73 Discussion ………………………………………………………………… 75 Acknowledgments ……………………………………….……….……….. 78 References ………………………………………………………………… 78 vii Chapter 4 The Distribution of Overwintering Brown Marmorated Stink Bugs in College Dormitories ………………………………………………………………… 88 Publication text ……………………………………….……….……….. 89 References ………………………………………………………………… 92 Chapter 5 Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Attraction to Different Light Stimuli ………………………………………………………………………………… 98 Introduction ………………………………………………………………… 99 Methods ………………………………………………………………… 101 Results ………………………………………………………………… 104 Discussion ………………………………………………………………… 105 Acknowledgments ……………………………………….……….……….. 109 References ………………………………………………………………… 110 Chapter 6 Evaluation of a Non-Commercial Ultraviolet Light Trap for Use in Pest Monitoring Programs ………………………………………………………………… 119 Introduction ………………………………………………………………… 120 Methods ………………………………………………………………… 122 Results ………………………………………………………………… 126 Discussion ………………………………………………………………… 127 Acknowledgments ……………………………………….……….……….. 129 References ………………………………………………………………… 130 Supplementary ……………………………………….……….……….. 141 Chapter 7 Conclusions ……………………………………….……….……….. 170 viii List of Tables Table 1, Chapter 3 Proportions of H. halys within the stage, surface, and height categories are given for at each sampling time (hours past sunrise) during 2014 and 2015 at CR and RAREC. All populations were <1 H. halys per tree at all times, characterizing these populations as low ……………..………81 Table 2, Chapter 3 Proportions of H. halys within the outside, direction, and previously seen categories are given for at each sampling time (hours past sunrise) during 2014 and 2015 at CR and RAREC. All populations were <1 H. halys per tree at all times, characterizing these populations as low ……………………82 Table 1, Chapter 6 Total

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