Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

Alternative products study – Asian immigrant foods

CASIDRA

Final report

August 2017

In partnership with Prof Peter Britz

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i TECHNICAL SUMMARY ...... ii 1 Introduction and purpose ...... 1 2 Research and analytical methodology followed ...... 1 2.1 Scope ...... 1 2.2 Method followed ...... 2 3 Estimate of Asian segment sizes ...... 3 3.1 Asian immigrants...... 3 3.2 South African Asians and related population groups ...... 9 3.3 Asian tourists ...... 11 3.4 Asian import markets ...... 14 3.5 Product preferences ...... 18 4 Findings on structure of the supply chain ...... 27 4.1 Production and processing ...... 27 4.2 Specialist Asian retailers and restaurants ...... 27 5 Summary of product suitability ...... 30 5.1 Areas of overlap with African immigrant foods ...... 30 5.2 Product assessment ...... 30 5.3 Spatial analysis ...... 31 6 Conclusions and recommendations ...... 35 7 APPENDIX 1: PRODUCT INFORMATION ...... 36 8 APPENDIX 2: WORKING LIST ASIAN RETAILERS AND RESTAURANTS IN CAPE TOWN 37 8.1 Retailers ...... 37 8.2 Restaurants ...... 38

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

How big is the Asian food market in SA and the W. Cape?

The Asian food market in South Africa is relatively small and therefore represents a niche opportunity. In terms of numbers of people, Stats SA estimates are:  Asian immigrants: 9,411 in W. Cape and 94,520 in SA (Census 2011); however, unofficial estimates indicate the SA total could be up to half a million  Asian/Indian population group: 1,375,834 in South Africa, of which only 60,761 were in the W. Cape; Coloured population group – 4.9m (2.8m in W Cape)  Asian tourists: Asian arrivals in SA of 251,495 in 2015; of this total 41% visited the Western Cape (~350,000 bed nights in 2016)

Together these could have a combined spend of ~R430m to R710m in the W Cape and around R7-8bn in SA . This compares to the estimates in the African immigrant food study of around R1.3 billion to R3.8 billion spend in the Western Cape.

More widely, major supermarkets such as Shoprite and Pick n Pay stock Asian vegetables in some of their stores in the Western Cape and SA. There are at least 200 mainstream Asian restaurants in the Western Cape. The 8 selected priority Asian countries imported US$235 billion of food-related items in 2015.

What is the structure of the supply chain?

The main outlets are specialist grocers and restaurants. There are also some informal traders, and sales through mainstream restaurants and supermarkets in areas of high Asian immigrant density. Some retailers are working directly with farmers, others buy from distributors. Specialist grocers and restaurants have less formal requirements, but there are still language and relationship barriers. For supermarkets the usual requirements apply e.g. standards, certification, consistency, payment terms.

Which products are more likely be opportunities for Western Cape producers?

The areas of overlap with African ingredients present a more significant opportunity given the combined market scale.

Tunnel production and irrigation is likely to be required to provide more year-round supply - but not all products have prices that will support this. Tunnel production is therefore more likely to work for producers with existing tunnels that are interested in diversifying their production. It is recommended that the initial focus is on annuals, to reduce risk and enable rapid testing of market response. This could include okra, choys, Asian eggplant, daikon radish, amaranth and hot chillies. Longer-term efforts would be required around assessing the viability of the processing opportunities (including pork floss and sweet potato noodles) and dam-based fish harvesting.

What are the support priorities?

Information sharing and market linkages are key requirements to realise these opportunities. It is recommended that a first step could be an information sharing session to network and experience different ingredients and foods. Another potential area of support is basic aggregation and consolidation systems or facilities, in order to overcome gaps in market information/relationships and fragmented production by small producers.

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz i

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

TECHNICAL SUMMARY

This summary provides an overview of production and processing related information for the higher-potential products relevant to Asian food.

CFPM = Cape Town Fresh Produce Market

Plant-based products:

PRODUCT CFPM CFPM Cape Yields in Reasons for inclusion and information on SPECIES 2016 tonnes Town Asia production requirements price sold retail tonnes/ avg (2016) spot ha prices (August 2017)

Okra R20.75 4.7 R70 to 11.78  Consumed across many Asian countries, Abelmoschus tonnes R90/kg and also consumed by African esculentus immigrants  Bruises easily and short shelf life and therefore an advantage to supply locally  Requires temperatures above 20oC daytime and 30-35oC for germination, temperatures should not go below 13oC; sensitive to frost (therefore likely to require tunnel production in W. Cape) Asian n/a n/a R24 to 27.31  Consumed across many Asian countries, eggplant R50/kg and also consumed by West and Central Solanum African immigrants (garden egg), as well melongena L as other “foodies”  Prefers average of 24°C but can also tolerate a decrease of up to 21°C (therefore might require tunnel production) Choys (Bok n/a n/a R20 to n/a  Consumed by Chinese consumers and choy, pak R30/kg “foodies” choy)  Quick time to harvest - 35 to 55 days Brassica rapa  Temperatures required are more suitable var. chinensis, to W. Cape conditions 15 to 20°C parachinensis Sweet potato R4.96 1,882 R7 to 15.85  Further investigation required of suitable Ipomoea R20/kg varieties (linked to existing efforts in W. batatas Cape)  Could be potential for some small-scale processing of extruded sweet potato noodles for Asian and crossover health/gourmet market Amaranth/ n/a n/a R25 to n/a  Consumed across many Asian countries, Chinese R40 / kg and also consumed by African spinach immigrants Amaranthus  Quick time to harvest (21 to 28 days) so cruentus lower risk for producers to test the market  Some existing small-scale production evident despite literature showing that requires temperatures above 25°C for optimum growth.

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz ii

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

PRODUCT CFPM CFPM Cape Yields in Reasons for inclusion and information on SPECIES 2016 tonnes Town Asia production requirements price sold retail tonnes/ avg (2016) spot ha prices (August 2017) Chillies/hot Hot Hot R120 to 17  Consumed across many Asian countries, peppers – chillies chillies R160/kg and also consumed by African Thai, bird not not immigrants and some mainstream eye, disaggr disaggr restaurants and consumers habanero, egated egated  Big price variation depending on supplier jalapeno and seasonality Capsicum  Requires average temperatures Frutescens/ between 18C and 30C for growth, chinense sensitive to frost. Daikon radish n/a n/a R20 to 30 to 50  Consumed by Chinese, Korean and Raphanus R40/kg Japanese (consumer and restaurant sativus var. market) Longipinnatus  Growing conditions more suitable to W. -Daikon Cape (temperatures above 10°C)  Quick time to harvest (56 to 70 days) so lower risk for producers to test the market Chinese ~100 R3.30 R16 to 23.19  Demand particularly from Chinese cabbage tonnes R45/kg consumers, but also African immigrants Brassica rapa sold  Short time to harvest, so lower risk for subsp.Pekine producers nsis  Available in both small and large varieties Pigeon peas n/a n/a R65/kg n/a  Consumed both fresh and dried  Requires average temperatures between 18ºC and 30ºC  Fresh price varies significant based on availability

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz iii

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

Animal and fish products:

Products Cape Town retail Reasons for inclusion and information on production spot prices requirements Land animal based products Sheep and goat, R50 to R95/kg  Irregular supply of lamb trotters particularly tripe  Supply of lamb tripe limited to specialist Indian and trotters butchers  Goat tripe and trotters currently scarce in Cape Town Pork floss R617/kg  Available only as a tinned product  Established pork industry in Cape, but not significant processing industry Water-based products Hake roe R60 to R98/kg  Eaten in a range of Asian countries  Currently irregular supply in W. Cape which does not meet the demand Tilapia R35 to R40/kg for  Overlap with African immigrant foods Oreochromis frozen, gutted fish  Already an accepted substitute fish with Asian mossambicus consumers (Nile tilapia/  Can withstand temperatures as low as 20oC, not Oreochromis cold-hardy niloticus niloticus  Landed import price of Chinese frozen whole is an alien gutted fish around R13/kg invasive species  SA aquaculture production cost in recirculating, only permitted temperature controlled systems is R40-50/kg, in closed therefore only harvesting from dams where there recirculation are existing populations could be viable, and systems) likely to be low margin  Overall fish productivity is expected to be 50kg/ha/p.a., an optimistic yield is 75kg/ha/p.a  Mozambique Tilapia recorded in 5 dams in W.C. Carp Average SA retail  Already somewhat accepted as a substitute fish, price: R10-20 for and overlap with African consumers whole, live fish  Prefers warmer temperatures, average between 18oC to 22oC but can tolerate 23oC-30°C, therefore marginal in W. Cape dam conditions Catfish R10 – R20/kg  Already somewhat accepted as a substitute fish, Characins, and overlap with African consumers Clarias  Prefers warmer temperatures, 18°C to 22°C, can gariepinus, and withstand temperatures as low as 16°C, therefore minnows (order marginal in W. Cape dam conditions Cypriniformes)  Numerous dams (5+) in W.C. are suitable for catfish production

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz iv

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017 1 Introduction and purpose

This report serves as the final output of the CASIDRA Asian Immigrant Food Study. 2 Research and analytical methodology followed

This section outlines the research and analytical methodology followed, and is in line with the research and analytical methodology that was set out within the inception report and refined based on the experiences as the project went forward. 2.1 Scope Asia can have a very broad definition, as shown in the map below.

In terms of the range of Asian regions included, it was agreed with the project steering committee to focus on South, Southeast and East Asia (i.e. excluding Middle East, North Asia), with a primary focus on Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, Chinese and Taiwanese (with a secondary coverage of Thai, Korean, Japanese, and Malaysian). In terms of product coverage, it includes fresh and processed Asian food items derived from plants, fish, seafood and seaweed, as well as land-based animals. Market segments covered include the following:  First generation immigrants  Asian South Africans (including Indian and Chinese South Africans)  Asian tourists to South Africa  Mainstream restaurants and supermarkets that provide Asian food/ingredients  Potential Asian export markets

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 1

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

2.2 Method followed The research and analytical approach followed for the supply and demand analysis included the following:

 Statistical analysis: - Stats SA data (immigrants and population group data from 2011 Census and 2016 Community Survey) - Other immigration estimates from UNHCR - FAO consumption data for Asian countries (primarily relating to staples and unprocessed agricultural produce) - SA Tourism data on international tourism arrivals - ITC Trade Centre data on relevant imports into Asian countries - Note: Reliable statistics on immigrant numbers are limited, and the results of this study are therefore only estimates and indicative.

 Literature review: - Scan for previous studies on Asian immigrants and food consumption patterns (including academic, HSRC) - Identification of alternative estimates of immigrant numbers - Research on patterns of immigrants, informal trade etc

 Interviews, group discussions, email input and participant observation - Coverage included Bangladeshi, Indian, Pakistani, Chinese and Taiwanese, and Korean participants - Interviews with consumers - Interviews with supply chain players (restaurants, supermarkets) - Interviews with Asian food experts

 Development of an analytical model - Adapting the Excel template that was developed for the African immigrant project - Estimating consumer numbers across the different segments - Estimating food consumption by Asian consumers in their home countries, and allocating a portion of that consumption to SA-based consumption - Estimating trade volumes

 Product analysis - Initial screening of products - Information gathering on each product, including names used in different countries, uses, production requirements and available information on economics (cost, prices, yields)

 GIS analysis - Comparison of information on production requirements with W. Cape and SA GIS model of temperature, altitude, pH, and rainfall - Output of maps to show examples of suitable areas from the extremes of the growing conditions - Note: As discussed with the Project Steering Committee, the GIS model data does not take into account microclimates, and the production requirements can also not fully take into account different between varieties and plant adaptation to local conditions

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 2

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017 3 Estimate of Asian segment sizes

The sections below cover each of the potential market segments: Asian immigrants, South African Asians, tourists, mainstream retail and restaurants, and exports to Asian countries. 3.1 Asian immigrants 3.1.1 Immigrant population size

There are two main domestic data sources to estimate international migration to and from South Africa: The South African Census – conducted in 2011 – and the 2016 Community Survey. Both surveys are administered and managed by Statistics South Africa. The Census asked questions on country of birth and citizenship and captures the current municipality and province of each respondent. Based on this data there were approximately 2.2 million foreign born people in South Africa1. This is more than estimates from the Community Survey of 1.6 million. According to Professor Moultrie the substantially lower estimates indicates a problem with the Community Survey (and that StatsSA has acknowledged that they are investigating this)2. Therefore, Census data will primarily be used, but Community Survey data are included for comparison.

The United Nations Population Division is another potential source. It estimates there were 3.14 million foreign-born people in South Africa in mid-2015, with 840,000 South Africans living outside the country. The UN estimates are derived from their own mathematical model, although country-level data are incorporated into their projections. It also includes refugee statistics provided by United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and estimates of undocumented migration to South Africa3. While the UN estimation suggests that that the Census data may be undercounting immigrants, it does not provide data in the detail needed for this exercise.

Of the 2.2 million immigrants identified in the Census, Asian-born immigrants only form a small part of this total. According to this data, roughly 253,325 of the immigrants reside in the Western Cape (about 12%), of which less than 10,000 people were Asian (using the narrower definition selected for this study). The vast majority of these immigrants live in Cape Town. This is small compared to community from Zimbabwe (64,679), Malawi (14,778), Namibia (13,520), and several other African countries. Note that there was also 33,184 unspecified people who did not disclose their place of birth.

The breakdown of from Asian countries is presented in the table below. Around 76% of Asian-born immigrants come from the top for countries – India, Bangladesh, China and Pakistan. Outside of these four Asian countries the number of Asian-born people living in the Western Cape is small.

1 Moutrie, T. 2017. ANALYSIS: What do we really know about international migration to & from SA? 2 https://africacheck.org/2017/01/08/analysis-really-know-international-migration-sa/ 3 https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataSources/

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 3

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

City of Western % of total WC South Africa % WC of total Cape Town Cape immigrants SA by country

India 2,246 2,516 1.0% 31,951 8% Bangladesh 1,162 1,907 0.8% 20,068 10% China 1,315 1,578 0.6% 14,512 11% Pakistan 891 1,108 0.4% 16,953 7% Republic of 500 570 0.2% 987 58% Korea Taiwan 546 546 0.2% 2,778 20% Province of China Thailand 267 326 0.1% 1,235 26% Indonesia 154 225 0.1% 745 30% Other Asian 759 1,060 0.4% 6,510 16% countries Total 7,560 9 411 4% 94 520 10%

While the census is the best nationally representative survey available, there are several issues that need to be kept in mind. Statistics South Africa does not offer the complete census data sheet to researchers, instead it offers a statistically representative sample of 10%. At a national level this is generally not a problem, but discrepancies can emerge when breaking the sample down further into demographics, municipalities, or provinces. For example, there are 84,975 Asian- born immigrants in the full census compared to 102,080 in the 10% sample4. This means the data should be treated with caution and any final decisions or recommendations should not be based on this data alone.

The table below compares top countries for the 2011 Census and 2016 Community Survey.

4 Moutrie, T. 2017. ANALYSIS: What do we really know about international migration to & from SA?

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 4

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

The Stats SA data are further distorted by some of the usual constraints faced by surveys. Individuals may not tell the truth on surveys. Immigrants may not honestly declare their country of birth out of fear of xenophobia or due to their current immigration status. This will bias the data. To deal with some of this bias additional data on refugees, asylum seekers, and undocumented immigrants are added to Census data.

Both statistics and expert input indicate that the majority of Asian immigrants are based in Gauteng.

Refugees and other-visa holders may well have been captured in the Census 2011. However, given the vulnerability of these groups they may have more incentive to avoid the Census or misrepresent their status. Therefore it is worthwhile to compare other data sources against Census results.

Unfortunately, the data tend to be incomplete. The Department of Home Affairs does not provide any information about the number of applicants for each status by province or by country of origin and neither does UNHCR data. The data also tends to be of poor quality. Africa Check, an independent fact checking organisation, called it “flawed, inaccurate, and sharply contradictory”5.

According to a recent portfolio presentation6, 1,082,669 asylum cases were lodged between 2006 and 2015. While this is a large number, the acceptance rate is low. According to the same presentation, 62,159 asylum applications were lodged in 2015. Of these, 2,499 only were approved for refugee status while 58,141 were denied. This is an approval rate of 4%.

Applying this approval rate to the total applications means that about 43,527 asylum cases were approved between 2006 and 2015.

The same presentation shows that only 1% (864) of asylum applications occurred in Cape Town in 2015. Most applications (75%) occurs in Gauteng, with the rest happening at centres in Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal. While it is possible that asylum seekers move to the Western Cape after receiving refugee status, it indicates that the refugee community in Western Cape is likely to be small.

Similar to the immigration pattern from the Census, the number of Asian-born refugees in South Africa is likely to be small. Also, citizens from the major immigration sending countries currently do not qualify for asylum status (e.g. China7, India) Pakistan may be the exception. It is likely that the most asylum applications will come from other parts of Africa.

This, combined with the low number of applications in Western Cape, means that asylum seekers and refugees are unlikely to significantly alter the overall calculation.

5 https://africacheck.org/reports/south-africa-home-million-refugees-numbers-dont-add/ 6 http://pmg-assets.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/160308Asylum.pdf 7 The Chinese government does not admit that this is a political crisis in China, therefore, Chinese immigrants do not have legitimate reasons seeking asylum in a foreign country. According to one of our interviewees, however, the ‘one-child policy’ is often used as the reason for asylum seeker applications. http://remi.revues.org/4878?lang=en#ftn25

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 5

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

Asian immigrants may also be in South Africa on one of the 10 possible temporary permits (e.g. work permits – including intra-company transfer) or permanent permits. According to StatsSA8 69,216 temporary residence permits were processed issued in 2014, of which 30% (21,156) was to Asian citizens. Again, this is mainly made up of citizens from India (6,195), China (5,739), Pakistan (4,551) and Bangladesh (3,103). Note that 22% of Asian temporary visits were for visitors visas which are likely to have a short duration, but 44% of the permits were for work and 24% was a relatives permit which indicates longer stays.

While StatsSA’s reports on immigration figures since 2012 are useful snapshots of specific years, they do not provide data on the overall numbers of people of specific nationalities who “live and work” in South Africa. Nor do they include accurate estimates of the numbers of undocumented or undocumented migrants to South Africa.

There are a range of wider unofficial estimates of Asian immigrants in South Africa which vary significantly:

China Estimates of Chinese immigrants in South Africa range from 200,000 to 500,000 (with indications that this number is possibly declining in current economic conditions).

In a 2008 paper, Mung9 identified three types of Chinese migrants to Africa: temporary labour migrants linked to public building works and large infrastructure development projects undertaken by large Chinese enterprises; small-time entrepreneurs; and transit migrants. The Migration Policy Institute identifies a fourth category of agricultural workers. The largest of these is temporary labour migration.

8 http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P03514/P035142013.pdf 9 Ma Mung, ‘Chinese Migration and China’s Foreign Policy’ in Journal of Chinese Overseas 4 (1) May 2008: 96-97

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 6

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

Labour migrants, a 2009 SAIIA paper argues10, can further be divided by profession. The majority are semi-skilled, but there a are also a small managerial and professional class employed in the financial, telecommunication and media sectors. Unskilled workers tend to return to China after their project is completed, but the manager class often remains as independent migrants. Property purchases in Cape Town seems to support this view. The average purchase price of sectional properties by Chinese individuals in the Cape Town Metropolitan area was US$ 66,929, while the average purchase price of freehold properties in the same area is US$ 114,68611. Out of 125 sectional title properties bought by Chinese individuals in Cape Town, only six were acquired prior to 2010. The remaining 119 were all bought after 2010. Chinese buyers who are purchasing property in Cape Town are mostly doing so by choice rather than as a requirement for their job placements in South Africa. Hisense investment in Atlantis is an example of this. The Centre for Chinese Studies cite an interview with Bond Street Property, who claimed that senior employees of Hisense reside in Century City’s Island Club (a high-end residential complex), while the junior staff mostly live in Parklands. While it is claimed that 95 per cent of their 600 employees are local South Africans (Wonacott, 2014), the remaining five per cent, who are the Chinese high-ranking officers, settle in South Africa on a long-term or permanent basis.

Bangladesh The Bangladeshi embassy estimates that “about forty thousand Bangladeshi expatriates live in South Africa. Most of them are engaged in small businesses and the majority of them are undocumented. A few hundred Bangladeshis living in South Africa are professionals, specially doctors, engineers, architects, accountants, etc.” 12 However, local area studies in Cape Town have shown a strong presence of informal Bangladeshi businesses, in particular in recent years running spaza shops13.

Pakistan Estimates range from 60,000 to 75,000 Pakistanis in South Africa14

Korea Most Koreans are located in Johannesburg, with a smaller community in Cape Town. By 2011, the Korean population of South Africa was estimated to be 4,186. Of South Korean nationals or former nationals in the country, 126 had South African nationality, 1,227 were permanent residents, 954 were international students, and the remaining 1,879 had other types of visas. Most resided in or Gauteng (2,240 people, 54% of all Koreans in the country) or Western Cape (1,800, or 43%). According to the OECD database the number of new Korean immigrants are roughly 700 – 900 per annum (some of which may be temporary e.g. students).

10 https://www.saiia.org.za/occasional-papers/132-chinese-migration-in-africa/file 11 Centre for Chinese Studies. 2016. Chinese presence in real estate in South Africa and Mauritius 12 http://bhcpretoria.org/bd-sa-relation/ 13http://livelihoods.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/spaza-shop-infographic-Part-2.pdf; http://livelihoods.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/SLF_Booklet_Lowres_Web.pdf 14 Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 7

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

Conclusion of Asian immigrant population estimates While reliable statistics are not available for Asian immigration most estimates indicate that Asian immigrants make up a small part of overall immigration into South Africa – mostly likely less than half a million in total (compared to SADC countries) and that the Asian immigration population in the Western Cape is likely to be relatively small compared to the African immigrant population.

The drivers of the future size of the Asian immigrant population in the Western Cape and South Africa, which may be impacted by:  SA immigration policy and enforcement  South African economic conditions – there are indications that Chinese immigrants have been leaving the country due to the economic downturn  South African political and social conditions – anti-foreigner sentiment may discourage new immigrants, or some immigrants may choose to leave South Africa as a result; South African political alliances with certain countries may also encourage immigration from those countries  Economic, political and social conditions in Asia, which may impact the push factors for immigrants to leave their countries of origin 3.1.2 Immigrant income and spend estimates

Incomes of Asian immigrants are spread across all income brackets, but more than 50% of individuals reported incomes below R76,800 per annum (or R6,400 per month). Note that the percentages may be skewed due to single income households (since the non-working partner reports an income of R0).

Low incomes are partly due to many migrants working in the informal sector. A Migration for Work Research Consortium (MiWORC) study found that 32.7% of international migrants are employed in the informal sector compared to 16.6% of “non-migrants” and 18.0% of “domestic migrants”. However, migrants still form a small part of the overall informal economy. A Gauteng Regional Observatory study found that less than two out of 10 people who owned a business in the informal sector in Johannesburg were cross-border migrants.

While the table below shows that Asian immigrants generally fall into low income categories, there is also a middle class and some high-income earners. Of those that self-reported in the Census, 25% of Chinese immigrants and 21% of Indian immigrants earned between R6,400 and R25,583 a month.

Country R0 - R19201- R76801 R307201- R614401- Unspecified N R19200 R76800 - R614400 or more R307200

China 29% 32% 25% 5% 2% 7% 1,109 Bangladesh 43% 42% 9% 1% 2% 3% 1,536 India 42% 21% 21% 5% 3% 9% 2,566 Pakistan 37% 37% 14% 2% 1% 9% 1,356 Philippines 32% 17% 36% 0% 3% 12% 77

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 8

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

Country R0 - R19201- R76801 R307201- R614401- Unspecified N R19200 R76800 - R614400 or more R307200

Thailand 55% 18% 15% 3% 1% 7% 92 Indonesia 38% 13% 22% 10% 3% 13% 60 Republic Of 54% 7% 13% 4% 1% 21% Korea 72 Taiwan 37% 15% 32% 6% 4% 5% Province Of 216 China Source: StatsSA Census 2011, own calculations (10% sample)

Conclusion on Asian immigrant food spend

Asian immigrants that participated in the Census – in particular Bangladeshis and Pakistanis - had relatively low income compared to the African immigrant group, and most are likely to have low spending power and be price sensitive. The Chinese and Indian groupings have slightly higher income. Using a similar spend on food per income bracket to the overall Income and Expenditure Survey – ranging from 30% in lower income brackets to 5% in higher income brackets - and the population estimates (including in some cases the unofficial estimates), food spend could roughly be estimated as followed. Note this estimate does not take into account inflation and changes in income since the Census.

Country Population estimate Estimated total food used spend (R) China 250 000 3 154 422 875 Bangladesh 40 000 370 307 740 India 32 000 358 504 496 Pakistan 70 000 669 766 230 Total SA R4 553 954 175 W. Cape at 10% of total R455 395 418

Different scenarios could be applied to the percentage of this food spend that relates to Asian ingredients. Using a range of 30% to 70%, spend would be in the Western Cape, for example, would be in the order of R140m to R320m.

This compares to the estimates in the African immigrant food study of around R1.3 billion to R3.8 billion spend in the Western Cape.

3.2 South African Asians and related population groups The Census data does not provide the full demographic picture as it only includes 1st generation immigrants (those not born in South Africa). Many immigrant families may have been here for more than one generation and may still maintain similar tastes and preferences to their country of origin. For example, according to the Census

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 9

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017 there are about 14,000 Chinese immigrants in South Africa. Other estimates, which based on identity rather than birth-place, are as high as 350,00015 to 500,000.

The table below shows Stats SA data on populations born in South Africa that could be relevant to Asian consumption, mostly notably the Indian and Asian population group, but potentially also the Coloured population group (given some overlap in cultural food preferences).

W Cape (2011) SA (2016) People % of W. Cape People % of SA population population Indian or Asian 60,761 1.0% 1 375 834 2.5%

Coloured 2,840,404 48.8% 4 869 526 8.7%

Source: Stats SA 2011 Census and 2016 Community Survey

The dominant cultural group within the Indian or Asian population group is Indian (estimates are that around 1.3m are Indian). Taiwanese South Africans population estimates are now less than 10,000. There are different extents to which South Africans from these cultural groupings still eat “traditional” foods on a regular basis.

Conclusion on Asian South African potential food spend

South Africans with Indian and other Asian heritage (including some of the Coloured population) add to the demand for Asian food ingredients. Taking the number of Indian/Asian Western Cape households and assuming a similar food spend based on population group income levels, Indian/Asian and Coloured South Africans could add an additional ~R200m to R300m of Asian food spend (this is highly dependent on the extent to which Coloured households consume Asian food ingredients – these numbers assume a conservative 1 to 2% of Coloured food spend is on Asian ingredients).

15 Park, Y. 2012. Living in between: The Chinese in South Africa; Sven Grimm, Yejoo Kim, and Ross Anthony with Robert Attwell and Xin Xiao, 2014. South African relations with China and Taiwan

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 10

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017 3.3 Asian tourists According to StatsSA 259,392 Asians travelled to South Africa in 201516. About 40% of these tourists also travelled to the Western Cape (104,643).

Asian tourists (using a wide definition) spent R1,6bn in South Africa in 2016. Using a similar spend profile to all tourists, around R230m was spent on food. However, it is unknown how much of this was spent on Asian ingredients. While many Asian tour operators do make use of Asian restaurants, they also give groups exposure to local cuisine. In addition, some of the ~R150m leisure spend would be on eating out – most Asian tourists surveyed including eating out as an activity.17

16 http://www.wesgro.co.za/pdf_repository/DPR%20Annual%202015.pdf 17 SA Tourism Index

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 11

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

The spend per night of Asian tourists is on par with American and European tourists (around R1,200 / night) and length of stay is above the average (11.8 vs. 8.3 in 2016).18

The Asian market is also considered a high growth tourism segment for South Africa (although 2015 was a poor year due to Ebola fears and changes in visa requirements). It is estimated that only 6% of Chinese citizens hold passports. This, along with rapid economic growth throughout most of Asia, means that it is a segment with great potential. In response, the Western Cape government and South African Tourism have tailored programmes to attract more Asian tourists. For example, In January 2016 the Department of Home Affairs announced that it would implement an Accredited Travel Company programme in China to process visa applications on behalf of travellers. This means that Chinese travellers to South Africa no longer need to make in-person applications at visa processing centres. In addition, Chinese nationals also no longer require transit visas to travel to neighbouring countries and two new visa facilities have opened (in Chengdu and Guangzhou).

Conclusion on Asian tourism

Asian tourists have substantial spending power and form a large segment of overall tourists, and represent a large potential growth area for the Western Cape.

Assuming a share of Asian tourist food spend in line with the province’s share of bed nights, this would equate to around R90m (not counting a share of the eating out portion of the leisure spend).

Serving these tourists – particularly tour groups which require hotels and restaurants to serve Asian cuisine – increases the potential market size for Asian food ingredients.

18 SA Tourism Index

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 12

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

3.3.1 Mainstream supermarkets and Asian restaurants

Major supermarkets such as Shoprite and Pick n Pay stock Asian vegetables in a selection of their stores in the Western Cape and SA. This is based on where they see demand from their customer base, whether from Asian South Africans, immigrants , or wider consumers exploring different tastes. As an example Pick n Pay usually stocks Asian vegetables in only 3 of around 70 food stores in the Western Cape – Vangate in Athlone, Kenilworth Centre and V&A Waterfront (although they have discussed widening this to other branches). There are at least 200 mainstream Asian restaurants in the Western Cape (see Appendix 2 for some examples identified to date). However, many of the mainstream Asian restaurants make limited use of “authentic” Asian ingredients (see supply chain section).

More widely, in the global context, Asian food is seen as a strong trend, as shown in the graph below19.

The strength of the Asian food trend is even extending into non-Asian fast food chains, e.g. offering Asian-inspired options for burgers and sandwiches. For example, there are currently at least 550 items sold at fast food restaurants around the US with Asian influence20.

19https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/02/03/the-fastest-growing-food-in-the- world/?utm_term=.a51b3d191d63 20 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/02/03/the-fastest-growing-food-in-the- world/?utm_term=.a51b3d191d63

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 13

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

Surveys have also shown that non-Asians are increasingly open to trying ethnic foods, although some are not confident in cooking these items at home. For example21: A Mintel survey of 2,000 Canadians found that 57% of respondents are more open to trying to ethnic foods now than they were a few years ago, and 72% turn to ethnic-inspired dishes to break the monotony at mealtime. In addition, 73% of Canadians said they like to experience other cultures through food. While ethnic food is gaining popularity, many consumers don’t think they have the cooking chops to make ethnic dishes at home. More than one-third (36%) said making ethnic foods is intimidating, and two in five think it’s difficult to find ingredients to make ethnic dishes. In addition, 61% of consumers generally try ethnic-inspired foods at restaurants before preparing them at home.

Given consumers’ hesitancy over cooking ethnic food at home, it’s not surprising that there’s interest in ethnic-inspired portable and pre-packaged products.

The report also looks at how foreign-born Canadians differ in attitudes towards ethnic foods compared to respondents who were born in Canada. Not surprisingly, foreign-born Canadians are almost twice as likely to agree that ethnic food is a standard part of their diet (24% vs. 13%). They’re also more likely to state agree that foods from a foreign brand are more authentic (45% vs. 38%).

3.4 Asian import markets

The 8 selected Asian countries for this study account for 17% of global food-related trade22, amounting to US$235 billion of imports annually. China is by far the largest importer and accounts for 7% of global imports.

The table below shows the top food-related imports of the 8 selected countries (combined). The main products are soya beans and its derivates, palm oil, wheat and maize, pork meat and beef. Other than soya these are not uniquely Asian ingredients. Other specific Asian food products may be imported in smaller volumes, and may be produced and consumed in the local market and therefore do not show up as prominently as major trade items.

Imports of 8 selected countries, Global trade % of global Product 2016 (US$'000) 2016 (US$'000) trade Soya beans 36,868,054 364,248,556 10% Palm oil and its fractions, whether or not refined 8,380,907 143,044,552 6% Maize (excluding seed for sowing) 6,228,956 184,659,083 3% Frozen meat of swine 5,856,120 69,621,228 8% Frozen, boneless meat of bovine animals 4,601,396 129,010,119 4%

21 http://www.marketingmag.ca/consumer/canadians-embracing-ethnic-eats-survey-175590 22 Defined here as all products in HS 01 – 23 (note this is a broad definition which also includes some feedstock and agricultural inputs such as seeds)

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 14

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

Imports of 8 selected countries, Global trade % of global Product 2016 (US$'000) 2016 (US$'000) trade Raw cane sugar, in solid form 4,575,801 87,609,375 5% Crude soya-bean oil, whether or not degummed 4,357,508 54,687,395 8% Food preparations, n.e.s. 4,302,194 237,395,746 2% Wheat and meslin 3,920,057 224,726,775 2% Crude palm oil 3,874,285 51,351,419 8% Wine 3,564,297 183,838,907 2% Food preparations for infant use 3,428,216 61,755,673 6% Low erucic acid rape or colza seeds 3,108,860 57,422,365 5% Oilcake 3,093,006 211,010,868 1%

With the exception of wine, South African exporters do not have a strong market presence in these products. The tables below show the main items per country where South Africa already has some market penetration (top 10 relevant imports from South Africa.

China

Relevant food imports into China are valued at US$27 billion annually. Of this US$89 million was imported from South Africa in 2015. Wine makes up the bulk of SA exports (45%), along with peaches (27%) and flours from fish (19%). South African market share tends to be low, with the exception of the preserved peaches category which have a surprisingly high market share.

Imports from Total China SA % of SA 2015 imports 2015 imports Type (US$’000) (US$’000) Wine 40,243 1,978,465 2% Peaches, incl. nectarines, prepared or preserved 23,996 25,462 94% Flours, meals and pellets of fish or crustaceans 16,830 1,797,562 1% Fats and oils of fish and their fractions, whether or not refined 3,201 100,789 3% Preparations for sauces and prepared sauces 1,042 92,271 1% Mixtures of fruit juices 780 35,030 2% Non-alcoholic beverages (excluding water, fruit or vegetable juices and milk) 509 318,468 0% Liqueurs and cordials 421 15,286 3% Sparkling wine of fresh grapes 358 61,270 1% Grape juice 237 16,580 1%

India

India imported US$20 billion worth of food-related products in 2015. Only US$21 million of this was from South Africa. Oranges (fresh, dried, and juice) forms the largest food export from South Africa.

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 15

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

Imports from Total Indian SA % SA 2015 (US$ imports 2015 of Type ‘000) (US$ ‘000) imports Fresh or dried oranges 7,938 28,294 28% Fresh pears 6,305 20,695 30% Fresh apples 919 209,944 0% Wine 864 14,891 6% Vegetable seeds, for sowing 787 73,789 1% Fresh plums and sloes 758 2,587 29% Orange juice, unfermented 697 916 76% Denatured ethyl alcohol and other spirits of any strength 629 147,638 0% Frozen orange juice 459 7,961 6% Preparations for sauces and prepared sauces 444 10,648 4%

Bangladesh

Total food-related imports were US$8 billion, but only US$28 million from South Africa. The main food imports include palm oil, soya-bean oil, durum wheat and raw cane sugar. Major South African food imports are shown below. The Western Cape already accounts for much of the food exports to Bangladesh. It is also interesting to note the high level of market penetration of many of these South African products.

Total SA % of Imports from Bangladesh imports SA 2015 imports 2015 Type (US$’000) (US$’000) Fresh or dried oranges 17,270 61,916 28% Fresh apples 9,856 86,541 11% Live animals (excluding mammals, reptiles, birds, fish) 479 513 93% Fresh or dried mandarins 269 5,588 5% Fresh or dried lemons 138 138 100% Wine 43 277 16% Meat and edible offal, salted, in brine, dried or smoked 32 33 97% Preparations of a kind used in animal feeding 29 292,926 0% Fresh pears 28 1,415 2% Sparkling wine of fresh grapes 25 246 10%

Pakistan Pakistan imported US$5 billion of food-related products in 2015, of which US$4.8 million was from South Africa. Pakistani imports from South Africa differ from the other countries above, with fruit products playing a smaller role. Some of the findings are surprising and may indicate some re-exporting (e.g. chocolate and black fermented tea).

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 16

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

Imports from Total Pakistan SA % SA 2015 imports 2015 of Type (US$‘000) (US$’000) imports Food preparations, n.e.s. 1,682 50,986 3% Soya sauce 555 1,808 31% Vegetable seeds, for sowing 487 32,852 1% Black fermented tea and partly fermented tea 311 449,222 0% Juice of fruit or vegetables, unfermented 275 4,387 6% Orange juice, unfermented 186 3,320 6% Sunflower seeds, whether or not broken 181 21,376 1% Chocolate 179 3,174 6% Grain sorghum, for sowing 124 670 19%

Conclusion on exports to Asian countries

South Africa has established trade links with these countries and Western Cape produce (e.g. wines and fruits) already have some market share. However, none of these are particularly Asian ingredients or food items, with the exception of mandarins, soya sauce (which may be a re-export) and possibly some of the other sauces. It is unlikely that food grown for the South African Asian market will be able to compete in the Asian market place in price sensitive staple foods. However, it may be possible to serve certain niche markets or leverage existing trade networks to expand the range beyond tradition exports (as seems to have been the case in Pakistan).

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 17

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

3.5 Product preferences This section is organised by first examining broad product preferences in the countries of origin as a foundation and then assessing factors that impact product preferences of Asian food in the South African and Western Cape context. Finally, some more specific product preferences that have emerged from the research are discussed. 3.5.1 Consumption patterns in countries of origin

FAO consumption data allows some insight into local consumption practices by country. This data combines import, production, inventory and export data to determine the amount a certain food that was consumed locally in any given year.

The table below shows the top 10 consumed (in descending order) by country23. Using the FAO data provides greater evidence of the traditional diets than relying on the trade statistics shown above (as it includes local production data). Vegetables, fish and rice play a large role, along with meats (already identified in trade data).

Rep of Bangladesh China India Japan Malaysia Pakistan Korea Thailand

Vegetables Vegetabl Vegetables Rice , Other Milk es, Other Rice Milk , Other Rice

Potatoes Rice Rice Milk Wheat Wheat Rice Sugar cane

Vege- tables, Vegetabl Milk Wheat Other Rice es, Other Sugar Wheat Fruits, Other

Sugar Vegetables, Wheat Potatoes Wheat Wheat Sugar cane Beer Other Vege- tables, Fruits, Poultry Other Pigmeat Other Beer Meat Potatoes Pigmeat Sugar

Fresh-water Fish Beer Potatoes Potatoes Milk Maize Milk Beer

Pelagic Fruits, Beverages, Fruits, Other Fruits, Other Sugar Pigmeat Fish Other Fermented Milk

Vege- Poultry Fruits, tables, Onions Milk Bananas Meat Other Other Fruits, Other Bananas

Sugar Tomatoes Onions Eggs Eggs Rice Onions Poultry Meat

Sweet Bovine Aquatic Bananas potatoes Tomatoes Sugar Maize Meat Plants Cassava

In order to make the data comparable across countries it is calculated as kg per capita per year. It is instructional to use this data to determine the major consumption habits, shown below (sorted on regional average consumption). However, it should be noted that these categories tend to be wide in scope (e.g. wheat and products) and critically relies on production and inventory data which is

23 Note that milk refers to all milk products (excluding butter), similarly potatoes, wheat, maize and cassava categories refer to the raw food as well as its derivatives.

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 18

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017 not always accurate (e.g. Chinese vegetable consumption seems high – indicating almost a kg a day of vegetables is eaten per person).

The table shows disparities across countries in terms of food preference. Pig meat consumption is higher in South Korea and Japan (consistent with higher incomes) as well as China, but remains relatively low in other countries which tend to have higher Avg Rep. consumption of per person Product Bangladesh China India Japan Malaysia Pakistan Korea Thailand in the region Vegetables, Other 16.5 303.6 62.3 82.0 50.7 13.2 172.4 47.9 93.6

Rice 171.7 77.5 69.5 59.9 81.3 12.3 85.2 114.6 84.0 Milk - Excluding Butter 21.9 33.2 84.5 72.1 25.3 183.1 29.1 29.4 59.8 Wheat and products 17.5 63.1 60.6 45.0 51.0 113.6 50.8 10.9 51.6

Fruits, Other 15.1 36.1 27.0 10.2 16.8 14.1 28.2 57.6 25.6 Potatoes and products 46.4 40.8 24.4 21.0 11.0 15.3 14.8 4.9 22.3

Sugar 5.5 6.7 20.9 16.2 43.0 26.1 21.8 37.7 22.2

Beer 0.0 36.3 0.4 28.3 8.8 0.0 41.7 30.4 18.2

Pig meat - 38.6 0.3 20.6 7.8 - 32.8 13.0 14.1 fish or chicken consumption. It is also notable how much less the average person in poorer countries (e.g. Bangladesh and Pakistan) consume compared to higher income countries (e.g. Japan).

The FAO data can also be used to explore consumption of products that may not be readily available in South Africa. These are listed below along with their average consumption per person by country (again sorted on average consumption across countries). Note that the average consumption per person of these products are much lower than the “staple” foods listed in the table above.

This table also highlights some regional disparities in consumption and product preferences. For example cassava products are popular in India and Malaysia, but forms a fairly small part of consumption in Bangladesh. Soybeans are important in Chinese, Korean and Japanese diets, but is not popular in India or Malaysia. Fish consumption levels vary significantly between countries (e.g. Korea, Bangladesh and China have high fish consumption; Korea has high seaweed consumption).

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 19

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

Average consumption per person Rep of of in the Product Bangladesh China India Japan Malaysia Pakistan Korea Thailand region Freshwater Fish 16.26 15.87 3.48 5 7.34 1.37 1.34 8.32 7.37

Pelagic Fish 0.48 0.39 0.54 13.05 19.06 0.31 13.85 9.92 7.2

Demersal Fish 0.6 3.4 0.3 7.3 12.1 0.19 17.45 1 5.29 Aquatic Plants 0 9.24 0 0.92 0 0 22.41 0 4.07

Crustaceans 1.14 3.9 0.33 7.13 5.56 0.01 3.37 1.43 2.86 Cassava and products 0.15 1.88 5.54 0.08 2.04 0.01 0.11 13 2.85

Soyabeans 0.61 3.87 0.39 7.34 0.04 0 8.35 2.13 2.84 Pulses, Other and products 3.69 0.66 10.06 0.06 1 4.38 0.19 2 2.76 Marine Fish, Other 0.73 1.44 0.39 5.75 10.93 0 0.45 0.21 2.49

Roots, Other 0 1.14 1.76 0.98 2.64 1.92 5.15 1.94

Butter, Ghee 0.2 0.12 3.03 0.57 0.32 3.9 1.3 0.17 1.20

Beans 0.3 0.08 3.04 1.37 1.34 1.04 1.03 1.27 1.18 Mutton & Goat Meat 1.33 3.09 0.58 0.14 0.94 2.46 0.14 0.05 1.09 Aquatic Animals, Others 0 0.67 0 0.26 0.27 0.69 1.28 0.45

Dates 0 0.11 0.25 0.01 0.6 2.28 0 0.01 0.40

Yams 0 1.04 0.05 0 0.27

Ricebran Oil 0.02 0.07 0.45 0.53 0.03 0.42 0.24 0.25

Sesame seed 0.34 0.09 0.37 0.01 0.43 0.1 0.22

Within these product groupings, there are clearly differences in the specific product preferences, which are dealt with later in the report.

3.5.2 Factors impacting Asian product preferences in South Africa

As was mentioned in the African immigrant food study, there are a range of factors that impact the selection of food products over and above price and quality. These include:  Familiarity of foods, confidence in cooking with these foods, and associations: based on country of origin, number of years /generations out of the country, culture/ethnicity, family food history, extent to which cooking skills with these ingredients have been passed on etc. In some cases younger generations may have assimilated, or do not want to be seen as different; however, some may also be revitalising their interest in their cultural roots.  Belonging/community, celebrations and religious events: foods can be used to provide a reminder of home and reinforce a sense of identity or belonging. Foods can also serve a social purpose within the community from a country of origin or region

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 20

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

o Some foods have specific meaning for religious and cultural events e.g. mandarins for Chinese New Year to symbol wealth24, limes are used for Tamil ceremonies o Visiting restaurants serving the same cultural grouping can serve as community-building spaces o Note that research has indicated that Chinese communities in South Africa mostly come from only a few coastal regions within China (e.g. Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Fujian), which also have very specific food traditions25.  Availability of specific foods: o Foods that might be readily available (home-grown, wild harvested or affordably available) may not be available in South Africa o If staple foods are significantly more expensive they may shift from being a staple to being used in smaller quantities or only for special occasions o Similar foods may be substituted if the preferred traditional option is not available e.g. Western broccoli, cabbage and spinach, marrows, alternative mushroom species, sheep for goat meat, different fish species  Available food preparation and cooking facilities, energy and time: o Many immigrants in the Western Cape do not have access to the same facilities as they might have had at home e.g. they may have to share kitchen facilities; many also have limited time available to prepare labour- intensive foods given their businesses or work situations, as well as different family structures in some cases (e.g. young male immigrants who do not have their families with them) and therefore may not purchase related ingredients, or might rather eat at restaurants

3.5.3 Product preferences in the Western Cape and South African context

The section below highlights some key findings on preferences for the main 4 countries, with a particular focus on items that are not readily available in the Western Cape:

China and Taiwan  First generation immigrants and Chinese and Taiwanese South Africans: Mostly price sensitive, but some higher income immigrants seeking premium products.  There has been some assimilation in younger Chinese South Africans resulting in less consumption of Asian ingredients, but also efforts to revitalise interest in Chinese and Taiwanese food. But many of these are not available locally or are expensive, therefore products that were staples can become special occasion foods, and there is substitution in W. Cape because of lack of ingredients e.g. broccoli, spinach, kingklip, catfish, button mushrooms, ginger  Fresh products include choys, mung bean sprouts, tofu, gourds, lotus root, bamboo shoots, taro, okra, chillies, Asian cabbage, Asian spinach, Chinese mushrooms (e.g. shiitake), Chinese brinjals, mustard leaves, garlic chives, ginseng, daikon radish, shallots, goji berries, Chinese dates/jujube, star fruit, pomelos, mandarins (fresh and dried peel), Asian pears, jackfruit, dragonfruit, green apple guavas, wax apple, gooseberries, groundnuts, fresh seaweed, pork belly and mince, cuttlefish, crab, prawns, fish roe.

24 http://www.butterfingers.co.za/clemengold-for-the-chinese-new-year-2017 25 See http://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/chinese-food/eight-cuisine.htm; https://chinesepod.com/blog/eight-culinary-traditions-of-china-and-the-dishes-you-have-to-try/

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 21

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

 Chinese tourists: Tour operators often stopping at large Chinese restaurants that accommodate large groups and large family tables. Abalone is a speciality – some have live abalone in tanks

India  First generation immigrants: Strong vegetarian tendencies for religious reasons  Indian South Africans: There is still a strong Indian cooking culture, but some ingredients are substituted because of lack of availability or cost (or only eaten on special occasions). As availability is less in the Western Cape than in KZN, there is typically more adaptation and substitution here, but there is still interest in getting these ingredients if possible (although some of the younger generation are not as familiar).  Food prepared in the home is very different from Indian food available in restaurants, with many more Indian vegetables included  Key fresh ingredients include okra/okro/bhindi, gourds (bottle, loofah, calabash, snake, ivy, ash, pointed, spiky), various beans (tiny, double, beans, ghadra/barlotti, butter, pumpkin leaves), arum lily leaves, pigeon peas, various chillies, fenugreek leaves/methi, moringa/drumstick leaves, taro/madumbi root and leaves, green mealies, raw groundnuts, coriander, garlic, ginger, soft cooking potatoes (Up to Date (UTD) and BP 1), coconut, green bananas, green mango, Indian gooseberries, paneer, ghee/clarified butter, fish roe (often hake), sheep trotters and tripe, fish, crab, prawns

Bangladesh:  First generation immigrants: Mostly sensitive to price and preparation time. Similar vegetable ingredients to Indian, but higher level of consumption of fish – including barramundi Bhetki/Barramundi, Ilish/Hilsa, Katla Katol/Indian Carp, Common carp, Lotey/Bombay Duck/lizard fish, Mola Carplet, Putitor Mohashoul/Golden Mahseer, Magur/Walking catfish, tilapia, basa/Vietnamese catfish, cuttlefish (frozen imports or local substitutes). Some frozen imported green vegetables are consumed but are expensive and not as good quality as fresh.  It seems that most Bangladeshis in South Africa are first generation immigrants

Pakistan  First generation immigrants are mostly sensitive to price and preparation time.  Differences with other Indian subcontinent preferences include use of pomegranate seed and lime.  There is also higher meat and dairy consumption than other parts of the subcontinent (with halal considerations)

The map below shows the low meat consumption of some Asian countries e.g. Bangladesh and India on average only consume around 4kg of meat per person p.a.26

26 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/world-according-to-meat-consumption/

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 22

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 23

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

See Appendix 1 for further information on products and species.

In terms of mainstream retail and restaurants preferences, a limited number of Asian ingredients have become mainstream e.g. sprouts, coriander, ginger, garlic, chillies. Others are still considered “niche” or “exotic” ingredients e.g. choys, Asian cabbage, okra, curry leaves, Chinese and Thai eggplant, madumbis/taro, various gourds and beans. Retailers have indicates that non-Asian consumers are typically not well-informed about how to prepare some of the ingredients which limits their consumption. However, there are certain clusters of “foodies” interested in trying new ingredients and cuisines.

Sushi restaurants in the Western Cape and South Africa overall typically have only tuna, salmon and prawns, rather than a wide variety of fish species, and are not using fresh wasabi or ginger.

There is significant overlap with African ingredients, including some leafy greens and herbs, Birds eye chilli, okra, types of beans, gourds, taro/madumbi, catfish, goat and fresh/live chicken.

Comparison: Asian immigrants in North America

Studies in North America found that Asian immigrants are willing to pay more for ethnic produce across all income groups27. This, along with the large size of Asian communities, has led to investments by local producers and retailers to capture some of this market. For example, Loblaws (a major retailer in Canada) recently bought T&T – a Chinese grocery store with Western-style operations28. Farmers have also responded, for example the Vineland Research and Innovation Centre, a Canadian research centre, have decided to narrow their focus to three ethnic vegetables: round Indian eggplant, long Asian eggplant and okra. The hope is that these can be profitably grown in the local area29.

27 https://www.joe.org/joe/2010december/rb2.php 28 http://www.canadiangrocer.com/top-stories/ethnic-retailing-is-moving-from-niche-to-mainstream-column-69817 29 http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/demand-grows-for-exotic-veggies-as-nation-s-palate-changes-1.1991190

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 24

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

Asian immigrants in North America typically visit two or more stores as part of a planned trip – usually one ethnic grocer and one mainstream30. Up to 90% Chinese Canadians and 80% of South East Asian Canadians visited an ethnic store along with a general retailer. Nielsen, a research group, also noted that Asian shoppers in Canada were five times more likely to do quick trips, often buying food for only one day31. Shopping trips are also seen as a ‘family outing’ compared to the general population.

Determining what the customer wants is especially critical in finding niche markets for Asian vegetables, as different ethnic groups prefer different sizes, colors, maturity level, and other characteristics of the same vegetable32.

Vegetable demand from Chinese immigrants in North America include:

Ethnic Adopted Preferred group country food Alternative names Scientific name Source Pak Choy/ Baby Brassica rapa sub- FarmStart Chinese Canada Bok Choy Bok Choy specie: chinensis (2008) Gai ian/ kai ian/ Brassica Chinese gai ion, Chinese oleracea: FarmStart Chinese Canada Broccoli Kale Alboglabra group (2008) Solanum FarmStart Chinese Canada Aubergine Brinjal melongena (2008) Choy Sun, Yu choy, Yai tsoi, Cai xin, Hokkien chai sim, Chinese Flowering Chinese Brassica rapa sub- FarmStart Chinese Canada Greens Cabbage specie: chinensis (2008) Solanum lycopersicum, syn, lycopersicon FarmStart Chinese Canada Tomatoes lycopersicum (2008) East Coast Baby Pak Brassica rapa L. Govindasamy Chinese (US) Choy ssp chinensis et al (2010) East Coast Oriental Solanum Govindasamy Chinese (US) Eggplant melongena L. et al (2010) East Coast Smooth Luffa aegyptiaca Govindasamy Chinese (US) Luffa Mill. (or L. et al (2010) East Coast Glycine max (L.) Govindasamy Chinese (US) Edamame Merr. et al (2010) East Coast Napa Brassica rapa L. Govindasamy Chinese (US) Cabbage ssp chinensis et al (2010) East Coast Oriental Spinacia Govindasamy Chinese (US) Spinach oleracea L. et al (2010)

30 http://www.bppgcreative.ca/grocer/Nielsen_EthnicOpportunity_May2013.pdf 31 http://www.bppgcreative.ca/grocer/Nielsen_EthnicOpportunity_May2013.pdf 32 https://www.uky.edu/Ag/CCD/introsheets/asian.pdf

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 25

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

East Coast Brassica rapa L. Govindasamy Chinese (US) Pak Choy ssp chinensis et al (2010) East Pisum sativum L. Coast Snow var. Govindasamy Chinese (US) Peas Macrocarpon et al (2010)

Determining what the customer wants is especially critical in finding niche markets for Asian vegetables, as different ethnic groups prefer different sizes, colors, maturity level, and other characteristics of the same vegetable33.

Vegetable demand from Indian and south Asians in North America includes:

Ethnic Adopted Preferred group country food Alternative names Scientific name Source Lady finger, Bhindi South (India), Huang Abelmoschus FarmStart Asia Canada Okra Sukui (China) esculentus (2008) South Solanum FarmStart Asia Canada Eggplant melongena (2008) Bitter gourd - Karela (India), South Kugua (China), Momordica FarmStart Asia Canada Bitter melon Carilla, Balsamino charantia (2008) South Palongshak FarmStart Asia Canada Spinach (Bengal) Spinacia oleracea (2008) Solanum lycopersicum, syn, South lycopersicon FarmStart Asia Canada Tomatoes lycopersicum (2008) East Solanum Asian Coast Eggplant melongena L. var. Govindasamy Indian (US) (Raavayya) Raavayya et al (2010) East Solanum Asian Coast Eggplant melongena L. var. Govindasamy Indian (US) (Bharta) Bharta et al (2010) East Asian Coast Ridge Luffa acutangular Govindasamy Indian (US) Gourd/Luffa (L.) Roxb. et al (2010) East Asian Coast Fenugreek Trigonella foenum- Govindasamy Indian (US) Leaves graecum L. et al (2010) East Asian Coast Mint Leaves Govindasamy Indian (US) (Spearmint) Mentha spicata L. et al (2010)

There is significant overlap between these vegetables and the ones that have been raised in the Western Cape research.

33 https://www.uky.edu/Ag/CCD/introsheets/asian.pdf

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 26

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017 4 Findings on structure of the supply chain

Asian food is supplied through various channels in the Western Cape, including home grown, specialist grocers/retailers and restaurants, vertically integrated distributor/retailers, markets, mainstream supermarkets and restaurants. Each of these channels is described below. Please see Appendix 2 for examples of Asian retailers and restaurants.

4.1 Production and processing

Through the research project, various examples of existing production of Asian vegetables have been raised, including Philippi, along the N7, Stellenbosch. In some cases Asian vegetables are one of many crops for diversified farmers). There are also some small-scale organic producers e.g. tsatsoi, boy choy, kohlrabi34. This has included at least one black farmer – Ismail Motala produced various Asian vegetables (various gourds, pumpkins and marrows, beans) that were supplied to the Cape Town Fresh Produce Market, but is now shifting across to pear production. Seeds are sometimes sourced internationally, or stored from previous season’s production. Harvesting is labour-intensive.

However, there is significantly more production in KZN and Gauteng, in terms of volumes, the variety of goods produced, and availability throughout the year.

Asian consumers may grow small volumes for their own consumption e.g. curry leaves, chillies. However, in the Western Cape this is a small share of supply, as compared to in for example KZN or home countries (due to seasonality and many crops being more suited to subtropical conditions).

There is only a small amount of agro-processing or food manufacturing related to Asian foods in South Africa. These include spices producers, and Clover which produces ghee in its Frankfort (Free State) facilities. There is also some small-scale production of paneer and tofu supplying both large retailers and smaller outlets, including Asian retailers/restaurants and health shops.

4.2 Specialist Asian retailers and restaurants

Specialist retailers Specialist Asian retailers and restaurants are typically owned and run by Asians immigrants or Asian South Africans, although there is some overlap across countries of origin (e.g. shops serving the Indian subcontinent overall). Some retailers also have small restaurants e.g. Indian shop in Rylands has a few tables.

A significant share of retailers’ stock is imported (e.g. dried grains/pulses and noodles, spices and sauces, frozen fish and vegetables). In many cases these imports are brands from the country of origin e.g. Vadilal Foods35. However, there is some supply of Asian ingredients from within the Western Cape e.g. sprouts, Chinese

34 For example, see availability at http://www.wildorganics.co.za/vegetables-salads-herbs-and-greens 35 http://www.vadilalgroup.com/pfd/

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 27

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017 cabbage, bok choy, Chinese radish, mushrooms, and tofu. These are grown by both Asian and non-Asian farmers, both in the W. Cape and elsewhere in South Africa.

Restaurants In the case of restaurants, dried goods are largely imported e.g. noodles and lentils. However, similar to specialist grocers, some Asian vegetables are sourced locally, as well as farmed abalone from Hermanus (for higher end restaurants). Restaurants also use substitute “mainstream” vegetables (such as tomatoes, carrots, onions), fresh fish, ostrich, lamb, duck, etc. They source from a range of places, including “basics” from Cape Town fresh produce market (including choys, sprouts, Asian spinach, garlic, ginger etc), as well as more specialist items from distributors (e.g. Golden Harvest, Fresh Grow Trading, N1 Chinese Supermarket).

Local vegetables supply is highly seasonal. Some restaurants and retailers are working directly with farmers, others rely on distributors. In some cases the production or processing is being done by Asian farmers/producers (e.g. Chinese farm on N7 producing Chinese cabbage and radish); in other cases the production is by South Africans (e.g. duck).

Few of these specialist outlets seemed to be proactive about seeking out alternative local supply, instead waiting to be approached by suppliers. Input through interviews is that local availability is far more limited than KZN or Gauteng (e.g. KZN: markets in Chatsworth, Phoenix, small fruit and veg stores; Cyrildene market).

There are some geographical clusters e.g. Rylands for Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani retail and restaurants, Parklands and Milnerton for Chinese and Taiwanese.

Vertically integrated distributor/retailers There are some specialist companies trucking goods consumed by Indian South African from KZN. For example Time Link Cargo is a major trucking, distribution and warehousing company that also has a shop called Indigo supplying Durban Indian items to Indian South African living in Cape Town e.g. processed lamb and mutton items such as sheep tripe and trotters , lamb burgers and sausage, fish roe, crab, Indian rice etc.

Fresh produce markets One or two agents at the Cape Town fresh produce Market sometimes supply Asian vegetables from local growers, including okra, kohlrabi, chillies and coriander36.

There is also an informal market in Gatesville in Athlone that stocks Asian vegetables seasonally.

Mainstream supermarkets Mainstream supermarkets that stock some Asian vegetables include Shoprite, Pick n Pay, Fruit & Veg City and Woolworths. Supermarkets that stock some Asian vegetables in selected branches are typically trucking these from KZN or Gauteng due to seasonal local supply and national purchasing arrangements with preferred suppliers. These suppliers are HACCP certified and can supply produce through certified packing sheds. For example, the Pick n Pay buying office for fresh produce is based in Johannesburg, although there is a coordinator between branches and purchasing based at head office in Cape Town.

36 Prices can be viewed at http://www.ctmarket.co.za/daily-prices/

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 28

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

Supermarkets can often reduce the trucking cost as a share of product cost by combining with other orders (trucking nevertheless contributes to a higher unit cost of items which makes them less affordable to consumers).

Some interviews indicates that there are cases where retailers are keen to have a more reliable local supply of Asian vegetables; they have explored stocking more Asian fresh produce in the past.

Mainstream Asian restaurants Asian restaurants serving mostly serving a wider non-Asian clientele (e.g. Indian, Chinese, Thai and sushi chains restaurants) are using limited “authentic” Asian ingredients. They are typically selecting somewhat Westernised recipes and/or substituting readily available goods, such as Western varieties of broccoli or spinach, lamb rather than goat, and readily available chilli varieties. In part this is related to needing consistency of supply and pricing to keep items on their menu, in other cases it seems related to familiarity of the customers with the ingredients.

Comments and conclusions

The specialist Asian suppliers and restaurants have less formal constraints to local supply than mainstream retailers. However, overall there is interest in competitively priced, all-season local supply of fresh ingredients (the supply chain for dried and frozen goods is relatively well established and competitive). Languages are also a challenge in supply chain linkages (not all specialist retailers and restaurants are comfortable to conduct business in English).

The limited linkages between local farmers and the various Asian food channels points to the need for market linkages and aggregation/consolidation support.

There is also a need for information sharing to clarify requirements (given the different names used for ingredients across different cultures) and to share information on uses/preparation in order to boost use.

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 29

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

5 Summary of product suitability

5.1 Areas of overlap with African immigrant foods

The main areas of overlap with African immigrants foods identified are:  Amaranth  Okra  Gourds  Asian cabbage (used as a substitute in the case of African immigrants)  Chillies  Eggplant varieties (e.g. baby/Asian eggplant)  Mustard greens  Pigeon peas  Tilapia, catfish and carp  Sheep and goat products, in particular tripe and trotters

However the retail channels have significant differences (with limited overlap around mainstream retail and informal traders). There may therefore be greater scope for coordination around the production and aggregation end of the supply chain.

5.2 Product assessment Please see Appendix 1 for detail on specific products/species.

The research indicates that the better opportunities are likely to be fresh annual or short-term perennial products to the Western Cape market. Products were assessed based on:  Consumption by a significant portion of the Asian food market  Short time to harvest to reduce the risk of testing out new products  Some locations in the W. Cape with potentially suitable production conditions  Overlap with African immigrant foods

Based on this assessment, the higher potential plant products are:  Okra  Asian eggplant  Choys (in particular bok choy)  Amaranth/ Chinese spinach  Daikon radish  Chillies/hot peppers – Thai, birds eye, jabanero  Chinese cabbage  Fresh pigeon peas

In terms of fish, many of the preferred Asian species are subtropical and are not suited to W. Cape production conditions, or are not present at sufficient scale for fishing (e.g. cuttlefish). One example, Bhetki or Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) is not found in SA waters but there was recently a proposal to farm it in indoor recirculation systems in KZN. However, the economics of farming in recirculation systems are not favourable except for very high value species, and the price is likely to be too high to compete with frozen imports. There may nevertheless be some possibilities around

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 30

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017 the following substitute species (as with the findings of the African immigrant study, in a low cost dam harvesting model can be used rather than high cost aquaculture):  Tilapia  Common carp (Cyrpinus carpio) as substitute for Indian carp/Katla/ Katol (Catla catla)  African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) as a substitute for Magur/walking catfish (Clarias batrarchus)

In addition, there appears to be unmet demand for hake roe, which may require further investigation of the supply chain for industrial hake by-products to improve distribution of roe. Similarly, farmed abalone to Asian restaurants represents a small but high value opportunity.

There are some potential processed product opportunities that will require further investigation to assess specific technical and financial viability, including:  Sweet potato noodles (small-scale extrusion, mostly likely requiring higher starch varieties)  Pork floss (small-scale production)  Naturally cleaned sheep and goat trotters and tripe

In almost all cases, production is likely to require tunnels and irrigation in order to enable year-round production. The higher prices for okra, daikon etc, could be more conducive to this cost structure. In general, it is likely to be more realistic for existing tunnel producers to diversity into these crops rather than creating new tunnel facilities.

Based on the analysis, it is likely to be difficult to compete on:  Dried goods – such as rice and lentils - as these are low value commodity products  Imported commodity frozen fish (e.g. from Bangladesh and China)  Fresh Asian vegetable markets into the rest of South Africa or exports given: − The lack of a significant production advantage − The well-established supply industries and relative advantages on growing conditions for sub-tropical species. 5.3 Spatial analysis

As indicated in the research method, the GIS analysis has some limitations given that the available GIS data do not take into account microclimates, and product requirement information does not fully allow for differences between varieties and adaptation to local conditions.

Therefore, the emphasis of the GIS analysis outputs was to show the range of possible locations based on the extremes of required production conditions. This should not be seen as definitive but rather as a starting point.

At the one end of the extremes are the very tropical and sub-tropical products. For these there are only a small number of locations in the North of the W. Cape that appear suitable based on available information. The amaranth and pigeon pea maps below are examples of this. However, in practice some of these crops are being grown more widely (Phillipi, Atlantis, up the N7), therefore the opportunity areas could therefore potentially be wider.

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 31

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

At the other end of the continuum are crops such as the choys which are suited to more moderate temperatures, and could therefore grow in summer months across much of the Western Cape (see map below). However, as mentioned above, tunnel production would be ideal if possible to enable year-round supply, which is the greatest gap in the market at present.

GIS analysis for amaranth

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 32

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017 GIS analysis for pigeon peas

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 33

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017 GIS analysis for bok choy

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 34

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017 6 Conclusions and recommendations

Based on the findings of this project, Asian foods represent a limited or niche opportunity, but this could be greater if considered in combination with African immigrants, and the crossover market of “foodies” who may also increasingly consume Asian ingredients.

The following priority support areas have been identified: 1. Information sharing and market linkages.  The recommended first step is an information sharing and networking meeting bringing together a selection of people from both Asian and African suppliers and retail/restaurants to exchange information, compare foods, network etc.  There could also be further information exchange with other regions that are attempting similar diversification e.g. Ontario

2. Basic aggregation and consolidation facilities:  This is needed to overcome gaps in market information/relationships and fragmented production by small producers.  This could be as simple as a small HACCP-approved garage pack house and shared bakkie service.  Alternatively suppliers and buyers could explore the SMS-based system used by some players in the African immigrant food system (producers SMS buyers when products are ready to harvest, and trader/buyers collect directly from the farm)

3. Specifically in the case of abalone, the main issue is easing the regulatory burden for sales of farmed abalone in local Asian restaurants)

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 35

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017 7 APPENDIX 1: PRODUCT INFORMATION

See separate PowerPoint presentation.

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 36

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

8 APPENDIX 2: WORKING LIST ASIAN RETAILERS AND RESTAURANTS IN CAPE TOWN

8.1 Retailers

96 Chinese Supermarket 94a Monte Vista Boulevard, Monte Vista 021 558 0199 Atlas Traders 104 Wale St, Schotsche Kloof, Cape Town 021 423 4361 Azen Foods Unit 3 Pil-Air Park, Airport Industria 021 385 0002 Cape Spice Emporium 176 Imam Haron Rd, Claremont, Cape Town 021 671 9786

Ding Ho Asian Foods Unit 2 V.R.P Park, Track Crescent, Montague Gardens 021 555 2426 Fargo 3 Malta Road, Malta House, Salt River, Cape Town 021 447 6620 Grand Royal China Chinese Shop Cape Grand China, Racecourse Rd , Milnerton

Supermarket Indigo Corner Old Paarl Road and Hadley Road, Brackenfell, Cape Town 021 3006831 Korea Mart 451 Premier Centre, Main road, Observatory 021 448 3420 Lian Shin Supermarket Chinatown in Ottery (on the corner of New Ottery road and Woodlands road) Lian Shin Supermarket Sable Square, Bosmansdam Rd, Century City

Live Mart Unit 5 Ringer Park, No.1 Printers Way, Montague Gardens 021 551 7960 Mainland China Supermarket Grove Building, Grove Ave, Claremont 021 683 7298

Mun Fong Chinese Supermarket Fruit & Veg City Centre, Monte Vista Boulevard, Monte Vista 021 558 7840 Myriad Chinese Supermarket 126 Main road, Sea Point 021-434-2325 N1 Chinese Supermarket Shop 68, N1 Value Centre, Goodwood, Cape Town, 7460 021 595 2092 New Asian Spice Supermarket 186 Main Rd, Sea Point, Cape Town, 8000 021 434 0598 Opera Food Market 107 Repulse Road, Rylands 021 691 1144 Rylands Suparette 14 Pine Rd, Rylands, Cape Town 021 637 4717 Sake House Food Store 15 Old Stanhope Road, Claremont (next to Sake House Restaurant) 021-674-7534 Shayona 53 Pine Road, Rylands 021 637 2132 South Asia Chinese Supermarket 48A Main road, Sea Point 021 434 0654 Spice City 24 Reen Ave, Athlone Industria, Cape Town 021 699 0554

Taste of Asia Gabriel Road, Plumstead 021-555- 2160/2/3 Tian Tian Chinese Supermarket Porterfield Road, Blouberg Tong Lok Supermarket 18 Link Road, Parklands 021 556 8722 Wembley Markette Belgravia Road, Athlone 021 696 1430

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 37

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

8.2 Restaurants

Anapurna Cnr Bill Bezuidenhout and Willie van Schoor Avenues Bellville, 021 914 6117 Cape Town| Bihari Ground Floor, Southern Sun Hotel, Main Rd, Newlands, Cape 021 674 7186 Town Bollywood café 217 Long St, CBD, Cape Town, 8001 021 422 2844 Bombay Brasierie Taj Cape Town, 1 Wale St,, Cape Town City Centre, Cape 021 819 2000 Town Bukhara 33 Church St CBD City Bowl, Cape Town 021 424 7000 Cape to India Shop No. 1, Gleemor House, 11 Belgravia Rd, Belgravia Estate 021 697 0196 Chai-Yo 65 Durban Rd, Mowbray, Cape Town 021 689 6157 Chef Pon's Asian kitchen 12 Mill St, Oranjezicht, Cape Town 021 465 5846 Curry Quest 89 Durban Rd, Mowbray, Cape Town 021 686 3157 Dynasty Sushi 178 Main Rd, Sea Point, Cape Town 021 434 0065 Eastern Food Bazaar 96 Longmarket Street, Cape Town 021461 2488 Food Inn India 156 Long St, Cape Town City Centre, Cape Town 021 422 5060 Galbi 210 Long St, Cape Town City Centre, Cape Town 021 424 3030 Haiku 58 Burg St, Cape Town City Centre, Cape Town 021 424 7000 He Sheng 269 Main Rd, Sea Point, Cape Town 021 433 0739 Hot Stuff Carlton Rd, Claremont, Cape Town 021 683 2335 Izakaya Matsuri 6, The Rockwell, 32 Prestwich St, Green Point, Cape Town 021 421 4520 Jewel of India Cape Royale Hotel, 47 Somerset Rd, Green Point, Cape 021 434 2116 Town Kabab Mahal 315 Main Rd, Sea Point, Cape Town, 8005 021 434 0008 Korean Soju 265A Main Road, Sea Point, Cape Town 072 736 7845 Kushi Indian restaurant 315 Main Rd, Sea Point, Cape Town, 8005 021 433 2069 Kyoto Garden 11 Kloof Nek Rd, Gardens, Cape Town 021 422 2001 Maharaja 1 Kloof Nek Rd & Woodside Rd, Tamboerskloof, Cape Town 021 424 6607 Maharaja vegetarian 6, Rondebosch Court, Fountain Square, Rondebosch, Cape 021 685 7891 restaurant Town Marigold 9 Huguenot Rd, Franschhoek 021 876 8971

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 38

Asian Immigrant Foods – Final Report August 2017

Masala Dosa 167 Long St, Cape Town City Centre, Cape Town 021 424 6772 Mezbaan Hilton Cape Town City Centre Hotel, Buitengracht St, Cape 021 481 3700 Town Moksh Indian 20 Malmesbury Rd, Welgelegen 2, Cape Town 021 558 7522 Mr Chan's 17 Regent Rd, Sea Point, Cape Town 021 439 2239 Namaste India V & A Food Market, Dock Rd, V & A Waterfront, Cape Town 021 408 7600 Obi Shop 2, 14 Long Street, Cape Town 021 418 4040 Saigon Kloof St, Gardens, Cape Town 021 424 7670 Sawadee 12 Rheede St, Gardens, Cape Town, 021 422 1633 Seoul 72 Regent Rd, Sea Point, Cape Town 021 439 3373 South China Dim Sum 289 Long St, Cape Town City Centre, Cape Town 078 846 3656 Thali Restaurant 3 Park Rd, Gardens, Cape Town 021 286 2110 The Burner 2 Eendrag St, Bellville Lot 6, Bellville South, Cape Town 021 951 5826 The Indian Chapter Carnaby Centre, 9 Marine Cir, Bloubergstrand, Cape Town 021 557 5524 The Raj Shop 4, The Promenade, Victoria Rd, Camps Bay, Cape 021 438 4555 Town Vandiar's indian cuisine 14 Dunkley St, Gardens, Cape Town 021 462 6129 Vintage India 10 Hiddingh Village, C/o Hiddingh Ave and Mill St, Gardens, 021 462 5106 Cape Town Wangthai 6, Sunstays, Lagoon Gate Drive, Milnerton, Cape Town Yindees 22 Camp St, Gardens, Cape Town 021 422 1012

Malay Restaurants Bo kaap Kombuis 7 August St, Schotsche Kloof, Cape Town 021 422 5446 Biesmillah Cnr Wale and Pentz Sts City Bowl, Cape Town 021 423 0850 BiBis Indian Broad Road, Wynberg 021 797 1054

Prepared by Kaiser EDP and Prof Pete Britz 39