Emerald Ash Borer Development Across a Latitudinal Gradient: Implications for Biocontrol
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University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Entomology Entomology 2020 EMERALD ASH BORER DEVELOPMENT ACROSS A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOCONTROL Sarah Pellecchia University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2020.159 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Pellecchia, Sarah, "EMERALD ASH BORER DEVELOPMENT ACROSS A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOCONTROL" (2020). Theses and Dissertations--Entomology. 55. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/entomology_etds/55 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Entomology by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. 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Sarah Pellecchia, Student Dr. Lynne Rieske-Kinney, Major Professor Dr. Kenneth Haynes, Director of Graduate Studies EMERALD ASH BORER DEVELOPMENT ACROSS A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOCONTROL ________________________________________ THESIS ________________________________________ A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the College of Agriculture, Food and Environment at the University of Kentucky By Sarah Pellecchia Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Lynne Rieske-Kinney, Professor of Entomology Lexington, Kentucky 2020 Copyright © Sarah Pellecchia 2020 ABSTRACT OF THESIS EMERALD ASH BORER DEVELOPMENT ACROSS A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOCONTROL Emerald ash borer, EAB, (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) is an invasive beetle that kills ash trees. It was accidentally introduced from China, and has rapidly expanded across North America, now occupying much of the eastern US. Four classical biocontrol parasitoids have been released to help mitigate its spread and impact: Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang, Spathius agrili Yang, S. galinae Belokobylskij and Strazanac, and Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang. These parasitoids have been deployed throughout EAB’s invaded range, but there has been limited recovery of the parasitoids from their release sites in southern states. I evaluated whether this lack of establishment might be linked to life cycle asynchrony between the parasitoids and EAB. EAB can have a 2- or 1-year life cycle, with the 2-year appearing more common in the north (~>40°N) and 1- year more common in the south (~<40°N). I evaluated EAB development across a latitudinal gradient from Georgia, Kentucky, and Michigan, and assessed parasitoid establishment in Kentucky. Evidence of a 2-year life cycle was found as far south as 34°N in Georgia. There is little evidence of parasitoid establishment in Kentucky. These findings suggest that latitude may not be the sole factor influencing EAB life cycle in North America. KEYWORDS: A. planipennis, Fraxinus, Natural Enemies, Biological Control, Establishment Sarah Pellecchia (Name of Student) 05/12/2020 Date EMERALD ASH BORER DEVELOPMENT ACROSS A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR BIOCONTROL By Sarah Pellecchia Dr. Lynne Rieske-Kinney Director of Thesis Dr. Kenneth Haynes Director of Graduate Studies 05/12//2020 Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank everyone who has made this degree possible. First, I want to thank my advisor, Dr. Lynne Rieske-Kinney, and my committee members, Dr. Kenneth Haynes and Dr. Daniel Potter, for their guidance and the knowledge they each poured into me. To my lab mates and the undergraduate workers: Flavia Pampolini, Beth Kyre, Hannah Hollowell, Mary Wallace, Zach Bragg, Holly Foster, Kylie Bickler, and Theo Walden, thank you for all the hours you put into helping me collect and process my data. Your help was invaluable. Thanks for your support. Thanks to all the landowners that graciously allowed me to use their land to conduct my research, including the late Lee Crawfort, Raven Run Nature Sanctuary, Taylorsville Lake State Park, Tom Dorman State Nature Preserve, and Leone Hall Price Park. Thanks to Eva Loveland and Aviv Brokman for all of their statistical help, which I am immensely grateful for. I would also like the thank Dr. Eric Chapman for his instruction in teaching me insect taxonomy, further helping me with identifications, and making connections with experts. Thanks to all my friends and family; thanks for praying and encouraging me. I especially want to thank My Le and my mom, Barbara Pellecchia, for being there for me every step of the way, through the highs and lows. Lastly, I want to thank Jesus, my God, for giving me the strength to fight when I wanted to quit, for giving me the assurance I needed along the way, for placing the perfect people in my life, for consistently granting me peace when I needed it, for all the lessons I’ve learned along the way and the growth that came with each. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1. ...................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2. ...................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4 Methods........................................................................................................................... 8 Latitudinal variation in EAB life cycle and parasitism ............................................... 8 Parasitoid recovery and endemic hymenopteran community ................................... 10 Ash assessment ......................................................................................................... 11 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................ 12 Results ........................................................................................................................... 12 Latitudinal variation in EAB life cycle and parasitism ............................................. 12 Parasitoid recovery and endemic hymenopteran community ................................... 14 Ash assessment ......................................................................................................... 16 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 16 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................. 33 APPENDIX A: Vegetation censusing coordinates ....................................................... 34 APPENDIX B: Ichneumonoid morphospecies ............................................................. 35 APPENDIX C: Other arthropods found in rearing bins ............................................... 37 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 38 VITA ................................................................................................................................. 42 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Partial life table showing stage-specific mortality of emerald ash borer in Michigan (42N latitude), Kentucky (38N latitude), and Georgia (34N latitude) ............................................................................................................. 20 Table 2.2 Abundance of Ichneumonoidea and Non-Ichneumonoid Parasitoids captured in yellow pan traps at three sites in central Kentucky based on means from each site-year combination.