News, Vol. 26, No. 1

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Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Zimbabwe News, Vol. 26, No. 1

Alternative title Zimbabwe News Author/Creator Zimbabwe African National Union Publisher Zimbabwe African National Union (, Zimbabwe) Date 1995-01-00? Resource type Magazines (Periodicals) Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe, Angola, South Africa, China, U.S.S.R. Coverage (temporal) 1995 Source Northwestern University Libraries, L968.91005 Z711 v.26 Rights By kind permission of ZANU, the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front. Description Editorial. Letters. National News: Opposition to ZANU PF defined. Central Committee standing committees established. General election directorate formed. Politburo deputies announced. Naiveties in the struggle for gender equality. Ex-detainees want recognition. ZANU PF conducts door-to-door campaign. Traditional healers increase search for AIDS cure. Biographies: Peter Musende - ZANU PF chairman, Mashonaiand East. Afonso Dhiakama - master of theatrics. Alfred Nzo- SA Minister of Foreign Affairs. Aziz Pahad - South African deputy minister of Foreign Affairs. Regional News: Poll that puts us to shame. Deputies elected to the Mozambican Assembly. A post-mortem of the Mozambican elections. Rural water management conquers drought. Features: Parental and child care in China. New job opportunities for the disabled. Hearing aids for deaf and normal ears. International news: Soviets funded Italy's communists. Iraq's showpiece school system crumbles under sanctions. Canada missed chance to save Gandhi. DPRK releases song praising Kim Jong Il. US expands reservists role. Cuba, an idea that has to be saved. China to have social security system by 2000. Special Reports: Angola: Peace brings hope for economic development. A

http://www.aluka.org new theory on the origins of man. Talking Point: Well done ZESA. Inconsistencies in US foreign policy on nuclear weapons. Sport: All Africa Games. Chronology of Diego Maradona's soccer career. Lenox Lewis breaking the mould. Format extent 44 page(s) (length/size)

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http://www.aluka.org ZANU PF

ZANU PF E l, Department of Information and Publicity, 14 Austin Road y, Peace and Development Volume 26, No. 1, 1995, Registered at the GPO as a Newspaper Qenerat etecion direciuafe formed 1ufat wafe gtuagemen i

Zimbabwe News 1: 7 Official Organ of ZANU PF 0AE~ Zimbabwe News is the official organ of the ZimbabweAfrican National Union (ZANU PF) and is produced on the authority of the Central Committee by the Department of Information and Publicity, Jongwe Printing and Publishing Co., No. 14 Austin Road, Workington, Harare. World Copyright, Central Committee (ZANU PF). Editorial Council: Cde. N.M. Shamuyarira, Cde. C.C. Chimutengwende, Cde. C. Ndhlovu, Cde. S. Kachingwe, Cde.A. Sikhosana, Cde. M. Munyati. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 26 No. 1, 1995

Editorial ZANU PF must guard against complacency With the country's fourth general elections scheduled for March this year, the Party is advised to ensure that serious preparations for the polls, especially the selection of its candidates through primaries for the general eletctions, are done in time to give theprimary elections winners and the Party as a whole enough time to campaign. Organisation and conclusion of the primaries reflect the fulfilment of ZANU PF's long term aim of incalculating the principle of democracy into the minds and political ethos of Zimbabwe. As a revolutionary Party, ZANU PF unflinchingly subscribes to the tenet that democracy begins with the participatory involvement of the masses. Party members, sympathisers and well-wishers will be bound by internal Party democracy in support of the wishes of the majority and vote for the candidates who are democratically elected by the grassroot masses for the forthcoming Parliamentary elections. While it is obvious that ZANU PF candidates will walk over their opponents, the Party is faced with the mammoth task of organising a vigorous election campaign aimed at yielding a resounding victory. Since 1980, ZANU PF has emerged victorious in all elections and it has an outstanding record of one success after another. The certainty of victory, however, must not lead the Party into being overconfident - it must set itself to achieve a record turnout for the elections. / Apathy and complacency. on the part of the supporters can be the Party's real opposition. In the light of the above, there is need for the Party machinery to be consolidated both in material and personnel terms in preparation for the polls. There is also need for voter mobilisation for the more voters there will be, the better the chances of a resounding victory, and hence the campaign should stress the voters' duty to cast their votes. The Party and its government's, programmes and performance have always been in the interest of the people. While this is public knowledge, the Party still needs to devise a vigorous programme which should be double-pronged as it seeks, on the one hand, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the people-oriented nature of the policies it has been pursuing and desires to continue pursuing, and on the other hand, to raise high hopes and expectations on the part of the majority of the people of a better future if they vote for its policies and programmes. ZANU PF continues, and will forever continue to justify the confidence and trust of the masses by tirelessly striving for the satisfaction of the wishes of the majority. Victory is certain. 10 . 2 ZIMBABWE NEWS. VOLUME 2s No. I s the count-down to the national It is unfortunate that innocent people ctions is now on and the con- have been the victims of the Reverend's testing parties gear up for cam- cunningly calculated money-making paigning, one wonders what is in store machinations. He has been exposed as for the voters. Present indications dearly the most unscrupulous Machiavellian inshow that there will not be any marked triguer. His refusal to vacate the farm difference between the previous elec- was cleverly woven in order to divert the tions and the forthcoming one. This is attention of the homeless Zimbabweans not surprising considering the inescapa- and portray the government as the ble truth that the so- called opposition wrong-doer. Now it's all over bar the parties have not been able to come up shouting! with any new socio-economic policies of national importance so as to woo the voters. If anything, the minority parties have degenerated into inconsequential microscopic groupings. The so-called mergers which have been formed have disintegrated and crumbled. One would have thought that the leaders of these opposition parties would come to their senses and realise that they are doing the nation a disservice and irreparable harm. They are, in fact, insulting the intelligence of discerning voters as they continue to waffle and babble about how bad ZANU PF is both as a political party and as a government. The Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole elects to square up against government by establishing a squatter camp near the capital city. He is now stinking rich with the money he has been collecting from his "tenants", innocent Zimbabweans whom he has exploited over years and have now been jettisoned to lighten the Reverend's sinking vessel. On top of that, he adopts a defiant and contumacious stance when ordered to vacate Churu .farm by law officers. No legitimate, popularly elected government can tolerate an individual who operates an illegal business venture. Mr. Sithole knew exactly that what he was doing at Churu farm was illegal in terms of the law of the land. He has made enough money to last him a lifetime even if he chose to live the life style of the Rich and Famous on Malibu Island. And it is his defiarice of the law which has kept him in the limelight rather than his political ideology. Good riddance now that the law has finally taken its course. But what sticks out as a sore thump is that the Reverend stands impeached in the eyes of the nation, albeit in the abstract sense. Now he will have only his clansmen to beguile. And when the man of God talks of a government of "national unity", it becomes clear that the Reverend has reached an advanced stage of senescence. He is so desperate to have his name inserted in the annals of history as having been a government minister in an independent Zimbabwe. In any case, wasn't he part of the shortlived "government" of the so-called -Zimbabwe? That deed carved for him a niche in the history of this country, albeit a history sanguined With innocent blood. Therefore the talk of a government of national unity is absurd in the extreme. One notices that the so-called opposition parties have a pre-occupation of lambasting and blaming the ruling party. That has become their collective ideology. Oddly enough, Reverend Sithole, Edgar Tekere and Bishop Muzorewa, lead porties that are tribally-based while the Forum Party of Zimbabwe draws its support largely from the business Community and other disgruntled and opportunistic. individuals. But then, this party has, too, been clefted by tribalism which could be seen simmering even as its formation was taking place (only shrewd analysts would notice that). Under normal circumstances, one wouldn't expend one's energy talking about these retrogressive and neocoloniastic organisations. But the problem is that they make so much noise as to raise the national blood tern- perature, and this is more dangerous to progressive people than it is to the retrogrades themselves. The crescendo of flimsy and banal accusations against the ruling party is reaching its highest peak as the election date approaches. Ironically, there are certain organisations which have appointed themselves referees. What is appalling about their refereeing is the unbridled bias against ZANU PF. I feel these organisations could do the nation a good favour by advising the opposition parties to conduct themselves responsibly. Engaging in petty politics and nit-picking are poor electioneering strategies. The persistent din of accusations against the ZANU PF government emanating from some non-governmental organisations is not going to help the pathetic performance of these tribally-based, clannish parties. They are a nuisance and their existence ought to be declared anathema to national unity. The support these parties get from some non-governmental organisations gives them (the parties) a false sense of hope. But unless and until they undergo a tangible metamorphosis in the direction of national politics, then no matter what amount of verisimilitude they show, none of them has a hope in hell of making any political impact nationally. This is more so when the opposition parties enlist the services of non- governmental organisations (local or foreign) as their spokespersons. In view of all this, the call for a government of national unity can only be attributed to someone who is non compos mentis. We are not in a war situation, neither is ZANU PF a minority party. ZANU (Ndonga), FPZ and Edgar Tekere's and Bishop Muzorewa's parties are ineffectual nonenties. Come election time and the celebration tintinabula will be sounding in the ruling Party's camp, as it will be "aut ZANU PF nullus." not because of vote-rigging or any chicanery but because there is no effective opposition, period. Martin Stobart Bulawayo ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1 irst Secretary and President ol ZANU PF, Cde. President , has expressed hope that the Delimitation Commission will condude its exercise in good time so that the Party could proceed with its preparations for next year's election campaign effectively. In his address at the first meeting of the Central Committee after the National People's Congress, Cde. Mugabe said that with the election manifesto committee now constituted, it was important for ZANt PF to plan for and proceed to establislj the ground organisational machin ry in the provinces and constituencies. Elaborating, he told the meeting: "In this regard, it is necessary that we know soon and precisely the number and geography of our constituencies as well as the Party structures and personnel in them, so each constituency can be assigned a definite number of effective local organisers or campaigners to take charge of the campaign in it, obviously as co-ordinated, firstly from the provincial top, and secondly, as supervised by the Central Committee through the machinery set i.p and managed by the Politburo." He noted that obviously, the programmes and performance of the Party in government has always been the best part of ZANU PF's election campaign. "However, when the election moment arrives, the Party in government still has to devise a vigorous programme which should be double-pronged, as it seeks, on the one hand, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the people-orientated nature of the policies that the Party has been pursuing and desires to continue pursuing, and on the other hand, to raise high hopes and expectations on the part of the majority of the people, of a better future if they vote for our policies and programmes," he said. He stressed that elections were about winning votes saying that the Party must always aim to win every seat. "The more voting voters there will be the better the chances of a resounding vic- His Excellency, The Presiden and First Secretary of ZANU PF Cde. Robert G. Mugabe tory, and hence our campaign should also clearly stress the voters' duty to cast their votes," he said further expressing hope that the Party's election strategy would thus seek to stimulate and arouse a high degree of interest and enthusiasm on the part of the voting public. "Such interest and enthusiasm can only be aroused around the variety of subjects (issues) and speakers that we carefully propose for the campaign. "One hopes that our Youth and Women's Leagues will be sufficiently equipped and strengthened to mount a most exciting, mobilising campaign whose effect will attract even the most reluctant voter to join forces with ZANU PF and thus getting people massively to vote for it," the President told the meeting. While pointing out that ZANU PF was confident of a sweeping victory, President Mugabe warned against being overconfident. He said apathy and complacency oo the part of the supporters should be regarded as the real opposition likely to face the Party. "I cannot see any political opposition group making any real political headway at present," he stated. Turning to the backlog of work facing the Party, Cde. Mugabe noted that the most serious one was uncompleted restructuring of the Party in all provinces. He said that basing provincial representation at Congresses on the population census figures cannot be condoned as a proper constitutional procedure. This method was adopted by the Party during the 1989 Congress and again at the 1994 Congress as the only workable solution because the Party had not completed the restructuring exercise in provinces. "Let us, therefore, begin now to undertake the necessary organisational programme, beginning by conducting a thorough and on-the-ground inventory of the physical structures (district and branch organs) of each and every province in order to satisfy ourselves about the validity of these structures so we can proceed to establish the amount of work that still needs to be done in each and every province, as well each and every district. "At the end of the exercise, all our countless members must finally be correctly identified with their branch and district organs, themselves falling within their respective provinces," he explained. The President said that if the exercise was carried out properly, there certainly would be no need in the future to resort to population census statistics in determining the size of provincial representation at Party congresses. The other function, he said, which remained unfulfilled was the discussion and approval of the Resolutions that were submitted to the Central Committee. He attributed this failure to lack of time during the Congress. "As you will recall, we got the approval of Congress to have these resolutions submitted to this Central Committee for the necessary debate and approval *.. I hope we shall soon be in a position to discharge this responsibility," he said. 13 ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1 N , ational Ne .s 7

,Central Committee standing committees establised he ZANU PF Central Committee has established nine standing committees among them the National Disciplinary Committee to be chaired by Cde. , the Party's national it chairman. The standing committees were announced at the Central Committee meeting held af"the Party headquarters in Harare on Friday, December 2, 1994. The standing committees are as follows: Standing Committees of the Central Committee of ZANU PF 1. The Finance and Economic Standt ing Committee 1 Cde. E.D. Mnangagwa (Chairman), Cde. 1 S. Vuma, Cde. S.G. Mugabe, Cde. K. Nyagura, Cde. B.T.G. Chidzero, Cde. K.K. Kangai, Cde. I.S.G. Mudenge, Cde. C. Msipa, Cde. G. Machinga, Cde. R. Sibanda, Cde. R.C. Hove, Cde. D.I.G. Karimanzira, Cde. Mai C. Chizema, Cde. K. Mohadi, Cde. T.V. Lesabe, Cde. N.K. Ndlovu, Cde. A. Chambati, Cde. A. Damasane, Cde. S. Nkomo 2. The Political and Policy Standing Committee Cde. M.E. Mahachi (Chairman), Cde. E. Ncube, Cde. J. Mahofa, Cde. G. Chipadze, Cde. C. Chimutengwende, Cde. Mai V. Mwashita, Cde. J. Tungamirai, Cde. W. Mangwende, Cde. T.V. Lesabe, Cde. R. Nyandoro, Cde. G. Marange, Cde. K. Bute, Cde. R.C. Hove, Cde. D. Ndlovu, Cde. Rev. Masiane, Cde. C. Msipa, Cde. S.. Nkomo, Cde. N. Shamuyarira, Cde. M.M. Mataure, Cde. .L..Nkomo, Cde. S.K. Moyo 3. The National Security Standing Committee Cde. S. Sekeramayi (Chairman), Cde. Z.W. Duri, Cde. A. Chimbudzi, Cde. T. Muduwa, Cde. V.W. Gava (Zvinavashe), Cde. N. Zikhali, Cde. D. Dabengwa, Cde. Mai Dhlamini, Cde. E. Masawi, Cde. S. Mujuru, Cde. 1. Tungamirai, Cde. N. Thuthani 4. The Social Services Standing Committee Cde. W.H. Mabhena (Chairman), Cde. D.I.G. Karimanzira, Cde. T. Mathuthu, Cde. K. Matimba, Cde. O.C.Z. Rushesha, Cde. E. Xaba, Cde. S.U. Sakupwanya, Cde. N. Kazviyo, Cde. B. Gezi, Cde. H. Murerwa, Cde. E. Chikowore, Cde. T. Dongo, Cde. Mai T.V. Lesabe, Cde. E. 5. The Land and Rural Development Madzongwe, Cde. Mai J.T.R. Mujuru, Cde. Standing Committee S.K. Sibanda, Cde. J.L. Nkomo, Cde. O.A. Cde. N.K. Ndlovu (Chairman), Cde. .R.C. Gara, Cde. P.D. Parerenyatwa, Cde. H.S.M. Ushewokunze Continued on next page ANU PF has formed an election directorate to spearhead the Party's campaign for the general elections in 1995. The directorate was formed when the Central Committee met in Harare at the Party headquarterss on Friday, 2 December. The following is the full list of the directorate: 1. Secretary for Finance ...... Comrade E.D. Mnangagwa 2. Secretary for Commissariat and Culture ...... Comrade M.E. Mahachi: Chairman. 3. Secretary for National Security ...... Comrade S.T. Sekeramayi 4. Secretary for Information and Publicity ...... Comrade N. Shamuyarira 5. Secretary for Production and Labour ...... Comrade 6. Secretary for Women Affairs ...... Comrade T. Lesabe 7. Secretary for Youth Affairs ...... Comrade J. Tungamirayi 8. Secretary for Legal Affairs ...... Comrade E. Zvobgo 9. Secretary for Education ...... Comrade J. Mujuru 10. Secretary for Transport and Welfare ...... Comrade W.H. Mabhena Sub-Committee attending to specific function: Primary Elections: Cde. M.E. Mahachi (head), Cde. 1. Tungamirayi, Cde. T. Lesabe. Information and Publicity: Cde. N. Shamuyarira (head), Cde. J. Nkomo (Manifesto), Cde. T. Mujuru (Campaign material, publicity). Legal Matters: Cde. E. Zvobgo (head). (Nomination papers), Cde. S. Sekeramayi (Vetting of candidates to check on their preivous convictions). Transport: Cde. W. Mabhena, Cde. T. Mujuru (Study transport and making sure all transport is in good condition during the campaign period. NOTE: Any member of the Central Committee can be co-opted into the Directorate as and when it is necessary. Provincial Election Directorate: Membership: Provincial Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary, Treasurer, Political Commissar, Secretary for Security, Women's League chairperson, Secretary for Women's League, Youth League chairperson, Secretary for the Youth League, Members of Politburo in the province. In terms of article 10 item 4 (iii) the provincial election directorate reports to the provincial co-ordinating committee, that is provincial election directorate is the sub-committee of provincial co-ordinating committee which is the sub-committee of the national election directorate. Constituency Campaign Committee: -Membership: The Party candidates and their agents; allParty district chairmen in the constituencies including Women and Youth League districts; all the political commissars from the main and the two wings; the chairman shall be elected by the district chairman and the candidate. NOTE: The campaign committee can include any Party member or members into their committee. ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1

Central Committee standing committees established N Continued from previous page Hove, Cde. Mai O.C.Z. Rushesha, Cde. Mai T.V. Lesabe, Cde. S. Mugabe, Cde. J.L Nkomo, Cde. E. Garwe, Cde. A. Damasane, Cde. K.K. Kangai, Cde. D.I.G. Karimanzira, Cde. S.K Moyo, Cde. C. Msipa, Cde. E. Masawi, Cde. S. Mombeshora, Cde. R. Sibanda 6. The Legal Affairs Standing Committee Cde. E.J.M. Zvobgo (Chairman), Cde. , Cde. N. Goche, Cde. N.C. Makombe, Cde. E.D. Mnangagwa, Cde. L. Senda, Cde. I. Chombo, Cde. J. Chidza, Cde. C. Ndebele, Cde. P.A. Chinamasa, Cde. M.E. Mahachi, Cde. Mai A. Masuku, Cde. D. Ndlovu, Cde. S.K. Sibanda, Cde. G. Chambwe/Muriri, Cde. D. Madzimbamuto 7. Women's Affairs Standing Committee Cde. T.V. Lesabe (Chairperson), Cde. O.C.Z. Rushesha, Cde. A. Masuku, Cde. S. Mugabe, Cde. S.B. Mahofa, Cde. T.K. Hungwe, Cde. M. Dongo, Cde. R. Musungo, Cde. S. Kachingwe, Cde. V. Mwashita, Cde. E. Madzongwe, Cde. M. Mahachi, Cde. M. Chinamasa, Cde. Z. Duri, Cde. K. Mohadi, Cde. J.L. Nkomo, Cde. C. Ioi. Chimutengwende, Cde. S. Mujuru, Cde. WNW E. Chikowore, Cde. D. Dabengwa, Cde. R.C. Hove, Cde. J.T. Mujuru 8. Youth Affairs Standing Committee ' Cde. J.T. Tungamirai (Chairman), Cde. K. Mohadi, Cde. N. Zikhali, Cde. J. Chidza, m Cde. R. Chirongwe, Cde T. Muduwa, Cde. M. Chinamasa, Cde. S.B. Mahofa, Cde. E. Xaba, Cde. M. Dongo, Cde. T.V. Cde, oseph Msika ZANU PF Nalional Chairman 1 Lesabe, Cde. T.K. Hungwe, Cde. K. 9. National Disciplinary Committee . cy appointed the tollowing members ofNyagura, Cde. G. Chipadze, Cde. A. Sik- the Central Committee as members of hosana, Cde. E. Ncube, Cde. D. Dabeng- - In terms of Article 7 of the Party Consti- -the National Disciplinary Committee. wa, Cde. S. Sekeramayi, Cde. S. tution on the establishment of the NaMudenge, Cde. S. Mujuru, Cde. O.C.Z. tional Disciplinary Committee of the Cen- Cde. 1. Msika (Chairman), Cde. M.E. MaRushesha, Cde. G.M. Machinga, Cde. A. tral Committee to be chaired by the hachi, Cde. S.T. Sekeramayi, Cde. T.KX Masuku Party National Chairman, the Presiden- Hungwe he deputies to the departmental The deputy secretary for administratiok Child Welfare is Dr. Stanley Sakupwanya htik secretaries in the Politburo who is Cde. Simon Khaya Moyo, who is also and not Sydney Sakupwanya as reportwere not appointed at the recent the Deputy Minister of Industry and ed in the same media. The deputy secreNational People's Congress were an- Commerce, and not Cde. Sikwili Moyo taries were announced by the ZANU PF nounced in Harare when the ZANU PF (a non-constitu-ncy Member of Parlia- presidency at the Central Committee Central Committee met in ordinary ses- ment) as reported in the local press. meeting. sion on Friday, December 2. - The deputy secretary for Health and _Continued on next page A ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1I he struggle to raise the status of Twomen is a progressive one and needs the support of men and their participatory involvement.. However, such a revolutionary commitment does ' not need some feminist zealots to spell out strategies as is the case at present. in any revolutionary undetakn, zealots are always guilty of distorting tactics and strategies. Let us look at the case of zimbabwe to illustrate this point. The ZANU PF government has passed no less than 20 laws aimed at formalising the upliftment of the status of women in Zimbabwean society. The most important legislation has been the Age of Majority Act and the Maintenance Act. Instead of putting these two Acts to advantage by following their provisions responsibly, feminist zealots have distorted the letter and spirit of these two progressive legislations and turned them into obscene laws for feminist aggrandisement. Miintenance Under the Maintenance Act, gender equality is affirmed in the provision that the spouse taking custody of minor children of the failed marriage is entitled to maintenance allowances from the other party. Before the passing of this Act, large numbers of divorced women had been forced to bring up children in their custody under great hardships while their ex-husbands were not legally bound to provide financial support. Now that this supportive' Act is in place, irresponsible women across the country are divorcing their husbands, one after another and getting maintenance from each one. This writer knows of more than 10 different women each of whom receives maintenance allowances from more than three different ex-husbands. The Maintenance Act has been turned into a money-spinning commercial undertaking by irresponsible women for whom the Act was passed to bring about social justice. There is a story in Chivhu where an ex-wife was murdered after the maintenance-paying exhusband had discovered that $3 500 had been squandered in carousals at a rural growth point when the needl child scrounged for a livelihood. Growing numbers of married women are employing a variety of tricks designed to trap their husbands into situations of divorce inevitability. One woman in Eastlea, Harare, staged one of these tricks when her husband was stone-drunk. She arranged with another unmarried woman and left a letter on the bed saying that she had to rush to the countryside Politburo deputies announced Continued from previous page The full list of Politburo deputies is published below: Department Administration Finance Commissariat .&'Culture External Relations National. Security Information & Publicity Transport & Social Welfare Production & Labour Woman's Affairs Youth Affairs Economic Affairs Legal Affairs Education Health & Child Welfare Deputy Secretary S.K. Moyo S. Vuma E. Ncube W. Mangwende WZ. Duri C. Chimutengwende D.LG. Karimanzira E. Madzongwe O.C.Z. Rushesha KC. Mohadi A. Chambati C. Ndebele S. Mudenge S.U. Sakupwanya Province Mat. South Midlands Bulawayo Harare Manicaland Mash. Central Math. East Mash. West Manicaland Mat. South Mash. West Midlands Manicaland to bring her aunt who had been reported "seriously ill". Her unmarried accomplice went to sleep in the bed in which the stone-drunk husband was lying. The following morning, the cunning wife' returned with her "seriously ill" aunt and started a scene witnessed by horrified neighbours. The matter led to a divorce and the wife took all the household valuables including an expensive colour television set and also demanded custody of three minor children. The ex-husband is now saddled with a monthly maintenance bill amounting to $900. Lobola Feminist zealots have distorted the Age of Majority Act to mean female licence to live outside marriage, ignore lobola customs and generally live independent of parental control as long as one has reached the age of 18. Many young girls are deserting their parental homes and running away to live with boyfriends in concubinage, avoiding being lawfully married. However, when relationships between boyfriend and girlfriend become sour to the point of unbearable suffering for the errant girl, she heads for her parental home or commits suicide. One can go on narrating feminist distortions of family laws, customs and practice in this country after gender equality supportive legislation had been passed by the ZANU PF g6vernment. Our concern now is to explain the cuase for the distortions and suggest solutions. Sociological studies reveal the existence of countless societies in all the regions of the world. There are, even, the existence of great differences between and among societies in one and same country. Faced with such differences, legislators and social engineers should take cognisance of the effect of cultural ihcompatibilities to any revolutionary changes. Therefore, the level of cultural traditions is the real area from which to start. Otherwise, the proposed social changes will be resisted by a wide crosssection of the population.' Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1 Naiveties in'the struggle for' gender equality By MalachiaM. Basvi Madimutsa

Naiveties in the struggle for gender equality,.. Continued from previous page Approach The source of any revolutionary change is directly determined by the extent to which preparations for the changes have been made among all the people targeted to put the changes into practice. This approach being the only correct approach, proponents of changes should do the groundwork of working among the masses educating, informing, and themselves learning from the masses, about the conseqAences of the proposed changes. This educative approach is dismissed by feminist zealots whose impatience for clique and elitist publicity drives them to the press and to Parliament. This elitist opportunism has the naivety to hope for successes from the top without the participation of the masses at the bottom. Thus, the struggle for gender equality will be waged but Its practical success will remain confined to a pipedream, if the masses at' the bottom are ignored and left untouched. Some women at the top of the struggle for gender equality are demanding for equality in all areas indiscriminately. Because they cannot biologically achieve their desired goal of sharing with men the burden of pregnancy, they demand that men do the job of washing nappies and baby-feeding. This is not division of labour in the home buit an abnormality of the greatest disturbance in the marital home. Aberrations in demands for gender equality are the result of absence of proper education in implementing the issues on the agenda. Feminist groups and their male supporters have been organising numerous conferences, seminars, and symposia in cities without any thought for the participation of rural women. Curiously, feminist zealots are .quick to refer to the condition of rural women in support of the fact that male society is parasitic on female labour but they leave rural women out of their conferences and seminars. The just ended women conference in Dakar, Senegal, was unique in that the majority of participants, though very educated, were spinsters of the unmarrying types, divorcees and widows. Our own Zimbabwean delegation at the Dakar conference reflected this unfortunate type of feminist representation when more women without husbands formed the bulk of the delegation. be waged like any other social, pOlit!Cj and revolutionary struggle. It must led by those with better credentials thar the mere misfortune of having. nO l 1.c4..U -del ine s x a * he ex-political prisoners and exdetainees are appealing to the government for recognition of the contributions they made to the war of liberation. The organisation for ex-detainees which is now a welfare organisation castigated the government for non-recognition of their war effort. The ex-political prisoners, detainees and restrictees secretary general Mr. J. Mzimela told a news conference after a meeting which was attended by members residing in and around Bulawayo, that the war veterans have been classified as people who were in the war front and literally fought against the Rhodesian tregime ut there were those who provided everything, from food and medical supplies to intelligence information who also died along side war veterans. He noted that whatever benefits including compensation for former combatants, had eluded the former detainees and political prisoners simply because they did not carry arms. As a result of being left out by the government in recognising the role of former combatants, members of ZEPDRA were living in abject poverty since some are not working at all, said Mr. Mzimela. Meanwhile the plans to source funds to assist the destitute and the old former detainees and political prisoners are well advanced, he said. El ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1 Frustration This unfortunate style of feminist representation leads to resolutions being passed which are directed against male society out of psychological.frustration and not out of social require-. ments. This is why a growing number of men are insinuating themselves into such women conferences in order to steer deliberations away from becoming platforms for venting female frustration upon all men indiscriminately. One female legislator in the Zimbabwe Parliament once caused understandable horror among her male colleagues when she suggested the speedy castration of men.who commit rape against women. It should be understood that cases of rape are not confined to male perpetrators. There are cases of frustrated females who commit rape against small boys. In Chitungwiza, a case was reported in which a 21-year-old young lady raped a toddler and infected him with a venereal disease. If castration of males is adopted in rape cases, what should be the form of punishment when the offender is female? The struggle for gender equality should The other day, one unmarried feminj leader argued for a majority of feal Members of Parliament in Zimbabwe be cause the country has more people of her gender than men have of theirs. President Mugabe answered this kind of illogical reasoning when he asked delegates attending the annual conference of ZANU PF's - Women's League why they do not elect a majority) of women to Parliament seeing that women are the majority among the electorate. No women delegate was able to offer a satisfactory explanation. The key to gender equality is found in the intellectual pockets of the women I themselves. As long as the educated elite among women arrogate to them-. selves the right to make decisions, formulate strategies and tactics without in. volving the majority of their sisters in high density areas and in the country. side, the key will remain locked inside without being used to unlock doors.0 IN116011.11 in the absence of an effective cure for i THIV/AIDS, it has become imperative Ito enlist the support of traditional healers in education campaigns as they ' are highly respected and influential in their communities. SMany health'programmes, for example, have included traditional healers in their j, primary health care activities in the fight against Aids. There are two systems of health care delivery, modem medicine and traditional medicine by faith healers, herbalists, midwives and 2spiritualists. Faith healers use prayer and holy water to heal, herbalists use herbs and drugs for different ailments, traditional midwives are trained to work as birth at! tendants and spiritualists depend on ancestral spirits for healing powers. Aids and its attendant need for constant medical attention coupled with in- Health Minister- Dr. creased hospital fees has forced people to opt for traditional healers, most of whom charge relatively lower prices by comparison. A Zimbabwean n'anga (traditional heal- ZANU PF conducts door-to-door campaign ashonaland Central - The M ZANU PF Mashonaland Central Youth League has been carrying out a door-to-door campaign in the province and so far, the youth wing has covered Bindura, Chipadze and Chiwaridzo high density suburbs. According to the provincial information officer, who is also the provincial youth chairman, Cde. Lovemore Tibugare, the exercise has gone on very well and other areas covered include Shamva and Mvurwi. "We have targeted small towns and mines ... The response is very good because the exercise is done peacefully," he said in statement to this magazine adding that noone was harassed as alleged by ZANU (Ndonga) member, Tabeth Musonza in the press. "Tabeth was never harassed. She was only frightened of thousands of youths who passed near her house singing and dancing. They never talked to her. They were not even aware that she belongs to Ndonga. We only read about it in the press." Cde. Tibugare also stated that the youth wing from October 28-30 held its provincial conference to review progress made so far in the year and map out strategies for the forthcoming general elections. It was attended by over 300 delegates, including officers from the Zimbabwe Republic Police and Ministry of Lands, Agriculture and Water Development. Delegates suggested that the Ministry of Youth should be revived because the Ministry of National Affairs, Employment Creation and Cooperatives "does not have a youth programme". The delegates were bitter that noone from the Ministry attended the conference to respond to questions on various issues including recruitment procedures to training centres and retrenchment of people able to work with rural communities. The conference was officially opened by Cde. Lovejoy Kadungure, deputy director for youth at the provincial headquarters and closed by Cde. , the provincial chairman. - 0 er) Benjamin Burombo has stirred controversy by claiming that he has a cure for Aids. He charges more than US$250 consultation fees. He has publicly attacked the health ministry which he accuses of trying to steal his medicines and patent. Although it is unclear whether Burombo truly has an Aids cure or not, the fact is that many people flock to him for help. Good health The Zimbabwe National Traditional Healers' Association (ZINATHA) however, is wary of declaring that there is an Aids cure. Instead, the association says, some traditional medicines can reverse the symptoms of Aids as evidenced by when some patients showed good health after undergoing treatment. But the health minister, Timothy Stamps, says traditional medicine has been ineffective against Aids and any claims implying that it is is mischievous and could reverse the gains of the safesex campaign. Zinatha is the umbrella body for more than 35 000 traditional healers in the country. In February, 1990, the association embarked on a community based health programme for traditional healers on HIV/AIDS awareness, prevention and care after it discovered that some 80 percent of the population consult traditional healers. With the crippling hospital costs, the figure could be much more. Some people have, however, expressed concern at the role of traditional healers concerning Aids. This is because the healers can transmit Aids through the multiple use of skin piercing instruments such as razor blades, or contract it through traditional midwives delivering babies of infected mothers. Health education for Aids seeks to ensure that traditional healers use properly sterilized equipment for any treatment requiring the piercing of the skin. Some traditional healers associate some of the symptoms of Aids such as diarrhoea and weight loss to some diseases that have always been there such as a Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1

I, Traditional healers increase search for AIDS cu Continued from previous page runyoka (disease associated with adultery). Promiscuity Most still do not recognise condoms as a preventive measure because of the strong cultural beliefs which associate condoms with promiscuity. Some on the other hand are unwilling to refer some of their patients to health institutions. Zinatha hopes to foster greater cooperation between traditional and modern medicine Professor Gordon Chavhundu- ka, Zinatha President called for more research on traditional medicine. The association says since doctors concentrate on biological and physical causes of illness and traditional healers concentrate on the social, cultural and spiritual aspects, closer cooperation could yield better results. "By pooling our ideas and resources together, we stand a better chance of finding a cure for the deadly disease", says Misheck Sibanda, Zinatha's national Aids coordinator. Some sectors in the health ministry, however, appreciate the need for cooperation between doctors and ttQ tional healers. "We need the tradltiom healers' support in preventing th spread of Aids and in caring for sick pa tients at home", says Evaristo Marowa Zimbabwe's National Aids Contro Programme director. Currently, however, the relationship be tween the two is one of suspicion anc mistrust. "The problem with our authon ties and the medical fraternity is that i it is not from Europe, it does not work They don't want a cure to be found it Africa", says Joshua Mandava, a trad 4ional healer. In Zambia, the government has .... nised traditional healers after discoer. ing that the latter provide 80 percent o the health delivery system in th country. Traditional campaign Initial lack of support from traditional X" 4?: leaders, some of whom refused to admit that Aids is a new disease, threatened to hamper the campaign. Others publicly claimed to have a cure for the deadly disease or to prevent HIV infection. The national education campaign comprises of an intersectoral health committee on Aids which involves traditional healers. Aids Action, the Aids programme in Zambia, identified tra. tional healers as both a target for education and part of the solution through their being possible victims and natural counsellors in traditional societies. Activities of traditional health practitio ers, an estimated 35 000, are coordinat ed by the traditional medical unit and the Traditional Health Practitioners' Asociation of Zambia (THPAZ). Despite the inevitable misunderstandings, there is hope in that interactive dis cussions involving all sectors to train healers in Aids education have Boniface Mupenda - Harare faith heaer managed, to some extent, complement efforts by governments. 0 ,r********************************************** * We at ZIMBABWE NEWS Wish our valued readers a prosperous 1995 , 1 ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. I

_ae Peter Musenae was norn on 13 November, 1960 at Chibvongodze S kraal in Murewa's Mangwende communal lands. Born in a family of five boys and five girls, Cde. Musende started his primary education at Chidya Primary School in 1968. He studied up to Grade 7 which he completed in 1975. From Chidya, he went to Musami Mission in 1976. While doh ing his Form ,2, his parents could not pay for his school fees, as a result, he studied for the first term of the second year only. While at the school, he was a prominent ! student and also occupied various leadership positions in sports and as a prefect. He started his political career in 1977 when he met a group of ZANLA combatants led by Cde. Chenjerai Zvinoputika in June of that year. He was selected to be the leader of the youth in his area. He was arrested and detained at Hosweck farm military camp in 1978 from where he was transferred to .4 Marondera prison. Cde. Musende was tortured and accused of associating himself with the freedom d2 fighters. Fortunately, he escaped and the Rhodesian soldiers failed to apprehend him. t During this period, he became actively I involved in the struggle. He was often sent on important assignments by thq 0 freedom fighters. In 19 9, he was thS election agent of ZANU PF in Murewa. After the party's electoral victory, he was elected Chamachinda district ZANU PF secretary. In 1980, he was appointed one of the commissioners to look into the establishment of district councils. immediateI ly after the formation of district counoi cils, he was elected councillor in Murewa until 1983. His term of office was two years. "When I again contested, I was reelected councillor until 1985. In the same year, while still a councillor, I was elected deputy secretary for security in Mashonaland East province's youth wing. The same year, after the Party Congress, I was elected secretary for security in the province's main wing at the Marondera Farmers Hall," Cde. Musende said. He held the post until 1989. Being a Cde. Peter Musende councillor, he headed various committees of Murewa district council. During the integration exercise after the Unity Accord of 1987 between the former PF-ZAPU, he was appointed to the provincial integration committee. After 1. Leader of the Mozambican RENAMO former rebel movement turned opposition party, Afonso Dhlakama, reportedly enjoys keeping both his friends and foes guessing. Those tactics surfaced during the 27-28 October 1994 elections, earning Dhlakama the image of a master of theatrics. Early life and education 2. Born on New Year's Day in 1953 in Chibabava, Sofala province, Dhlakama was educated to sixth grade at a Catholic mission school. He later spent a year at the Industrial Commercial School ii Beira and another year as a teacher at Chibabava. Military background 3. Dhlakama then joined the Portuguese colonial army before moving to FRELIMO shortly before independence. He tfle exercise, ne was eiectea secretary for security for the new ZANU PF Party. At the 1990 Party congress, Cde. Musende was elected ZANU PF chairman for Mashonaland East province. During the same year, Cde. Musende was elected Murewa concil chairman, the position he holds to date. He is also a member of the national committee of the Association of Rural District Councils (ARDC) in Zimbabwe, representing Mashonaland East councils. He is in his second term of office as ARDC national committee member. At the second provincial congress ot ZANU PF on December 12, 1993, he was again elected Mashonaland East Party chairman, the post he holds until -now. OWe would like to sadly announce that Cde. Musende's father, Cde. Titus Mutero Musende died at his home in Chidya Village, Murewa on 17 December, 1994 after a long illness. He was 74. He was buried at his home on December 19, 1994. He is survived by his wife and fourteen children. He is a former member of ZAPU and ZANU. 1] soon deserted from the FREUMO army after being accused of stealing military equipment at BEIRA and joined the fast growing ranks of the Mozambican flechas (arrows) who had been recruited and used by the Rhodesian military to spy on the movement of the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA Forces) fighting for Zimbabwe's independence, along with Andrea Matade Matsangaise, a former FRELIMO cadre who had fallen out with his leaders and joined the flechas. A Rhodesian and South African intelligence asset 4. When Matsangaise was killed by government forces in a battle in the Gorongosa area, Dhlakama assumed the leadership of what the government in Continued on next pace ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1 IIns Dia m -

Dhlakama - master of theatrics Continued from previous page Afonso Dhlakama, Renamo leader Mozambique regarded as bandits trained and directed by Rhodesians from a base at Odzi. near Mutare, which had been estabhishe6 by Rhodesia's intelligence chief, Ken Flower. When Zimbabwe became independent in 1980, RENAMO was transferred lock, stock and barrel to South Africa. Inside Mozambique, RENAMO grew into a widespread insurgency with up to 20 000 men under arms, drawn largely from the Ndau ethnic group and Portuguese and other mercenaries and FRELIMO defectors. Khmer Rouge Tactics 5. Lacking a clear poiitical programme and a charismatic leader, RENAMO failed to persuade people to voluntarily join its ranks and instead relied on Khmer Rouge tactics of terror and mass killings. in a development that devasted Dhlakama's image, in 1988 the US State Department accused RENAMO of perpetrating a "holocaust" in which 100 000 Mozambican civilians were killed in the previous two years. Three million faced starvation while an equal number were internally or externally dis- placed as a result of RENAMO's activities, 6. Dhlakama's war destroyed all schools, hospitals and other institutions outside the major cities and nearly took power militarily were it not for the timely intervention by Zimbabwe, which sent an estimated 8 000 troops to protect vital installations and in the process prop up the FRELIMO government. Negotiating strategies and tactics 7. During the last round of the protracted negotiations in Rome to end Mozambique's civil war, Dhlakama baffled both friends and foes alike by issuing ambig. uous statements about whether or not he would sign the General Peace Agreement. At one time he said he would not sign and leaders already in Rome for the signing ceremony should return home. On the other hand, he said he was seeking a re-negotiation of issues aready agreed on to ensure that there would be no return to war 8. After se uring the concessions he wanted, including pledges of financial support from foreign governments, Dhlakama's theatrics reached another height when one morning after having promised to sign, he changed his mind. He would not sign the document at the designated time because he had to go to the airport to receive his wife. He kept the world waiting while buying himself time and concessions. 9. The same tactics surfaced in the election campaign as well as during the 27- 28 October 1994 elections. A few hours before the elections, Dhlakama's party said it would not participate in the elections, citing genuine irregularities such as the existence of surplus ballots. He then said he would demand new elections and would not consider reentering the poll. 10. Following a telephone conversation with President Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe, Dhlakama agreed to participate in the elections, having been assured that he was entitled to point out any irregularities in the electoral process. Dhlakama's initial decision to boycott the elections therefore appeared aimed at: (a) extracting concessions from the National Electoral Commission and the UN, thus ensuring that his grievances were looked into; (b) attracting international attention as well as domestic sympathy; and (c) creating an alibi if RENAMO did not do well in the elections. Psychological profile 11. Unpredictable, combative and some times illogical but with a dimunitive stature and broad smile that sometimes paints a picture of an accommodating man who is only misunderstood by the world, Dhlakama is a master ot dramatics. 12. Dhlakama's bellicose attitude and ambiguity about a return to war, play on the people's minds who want to avoid the Angolan scenario where Jonas Savimbi's UNITA returned to war after losing elections. E It pays to advertise in The Zimbabwe News magazine ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1 Afonso MEW

A fred Nzo - South African Minister of Foreign Atairs lfred Nzo was born in Benoni on 19 June 1925 into a family of five children. His father was a mine clerk on Modder B Mine which would later be converted into Modderbee Prison, where Nzo himself would be incarcerated. The young Nzo. was sert off to receive missionary education in the eastern Cape. After completing his matriculation certificate, he entered Fort Hare in 1945 and registered for a BSc degree. However, the education Nzo received at Fort Hare was political rather than scientific. After joining the ANC Youth League at Fort Hare, the young Nzo became active hin student politics. He left Fort Hare in orn on Christmas Day, 1940 of a Muslim family in SchweizerReneka, Western Transvaal, Pahad was one of five boys. Pahad grew 4p in a politically active family. His father Goolam, a businessman, was an executive member of the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) and the South African Indian Congress. His mother, a housewife, was a member of the TIC and participated in the 1946 passive resistance campaigns and the Defiance Campaign. All his brothers were involved in Transvaal Indian .Youth Congress activities. Pahad's home was a point of contact for senior members of the Congress movement. His family lived in a flat in Becker Street, Johannesburg, from 1948 to 1964, conveniently near to the ANC and TIC offices. Pahad attended Ferreirastown In-' dian Primary School and then Central Indian High School. His high school had been established by the Congress movement to fight the Group Areas Act's attempt to limit the Indian community in 'Lenasia. Many of the outstanding Congress leaders taught at the school. The Defiance Campaign, the Treason Trial and the Rivonia Trial had an important effect on Pahad's life and he remembers participating in many activities linked to these, and of constant raids and harassment by the police. Most of his childhood memories are of participating in marches against the Suppression of Communism Act, distributing eongress literature and meet- his second year of study. After returning to the Transvaal, he qualified as a health inspector after completing the Royal Sanitary Institute course in 1951. He lived and worked in Alexandra township. It was Nzo's experience as a health inspector in Alexandra that forged much of his understanding of the lives of millions of South Africans in the '50s. His daily exposure to the frustrations and bad living conditions of people in the township paved the way for his entry into politics. Nzo was active in organising the,Defiance Campaign in the '50s. He was also involved in the campaign to interview people about the kind of society in ing national leaders such as Mandela, Sisulu, Luthuli and Dadoo. Outside of politics, Pahad enjoyed music and sports, particularly soccer and athletics. Strict banning order After school he attended the University of Witwartersrand where he obtained a BA degree with majors in sociology and Afrikaans. In 1963. he was given a strict banning order which restricted his movement 'and prevented his attending public gatherings. During this time he was detained for short periods of time, often for violating his banning order. Pahad left South Africa in 1964 after the Rivonia trial and because of the stringent conditions of his banning order. He felt committed to continuing the struggle from outside the country. He lived mostly in London but spent stints in Angola and Zambia. While in England, he obtained an MA degree in international relations at the University of Sussex. He also married in England but divorced after five years. He has one son - Sam Guerney. , Pahad was elected' as a member of the NEC of the ANC in 1985, a position he still holds. He returned to South Africa in 1990. He is the deputy head of the ANC's depart. ment of international affairs and is also a member of the National Peace Executive Committee. *Source documents: Curriculum Vitae of the TEC subcouncil on foreign affairs, 28January,1994. El which they would like to live. It was this campaign that culminated in the Congress of the People in 1955, at which the Freedom Charter was adopted. Nzo became the secretary of the Alexandra region of the ANC in 1956. In 1957 he was voted on to the Transvaal provincial executive committee, and in 1958 he was voted on to the national executive committee of the ANC. This was largely due to his work in organising the Alexandra bus boycott of 1957, when the people of Alexandra walked nine miles from the township to town and back every day for three months to protest against the increase in fares. Their demands were finally met: Political activities Nzo became a full-time worker for the ANC when he lost his job as a health inspector because of his political activities. He carried on his political work in Alexandra, although being fired meant that he lost his permit to live and work there. He was arrested several times, and was eventually sentenced to five months imprisonment for failing to have a resident permit. He was imprisoned in his father's old office at Modderbee Prison. In 1962 Nzo was placed under 24-hour house arrest. In June 1963 he was detained without trial for a period of 238 days. In 1964 the ANC ordered Nzo to leave the country to work for the move. ment outside south Africa. Nzo took up posts in various countries including Egypt, India, Zambia and Tanzania where he represented the ANC. He was deputy representative in the ANC office in Cairo from 1964 -1967. He opened an office of the ANC in India and served there as chief representative until June 1969. At the Morogoro Conference in April 1969 Nzo was elected to the position of secretary general of the ANC. He-was re-elected to this post at the Kabwe Conference in 1985 and worked as secretary general until the Durban 1991 national conference when he was elected to the NEC. He also* served on the ANC's National Working Committee. Nzo's work in the ANC has always been based on his understanding of the needs of nrdinary working class people in South Africa. He has dedicated almost his entire life to the struggle for basic human rights irlkSouth Africa. Nzo is married and has one son. *Source: ANC press release (profile of top 50 election candidates): 21 January, 1994. . l ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1 AziPahad - Soe1Iuth Arican eputy~ miise of Forig Afar I

Poli that puts us to shame Contrary to expectations, the Mozambique election was better organised than South Africa's mammoth April election, argues South African Hanif Vally you think South Africa has Iproblems, the Mozambican elections ifstarted off on a far rockier road. Mozambique has a population of 16 million and at least half was directly affected by the war. By the end of 1991 at least one million people had died, two million people had fled to neighbouring countries, and between two million and three million were displaced within the country. The 15-year old war devastated the country's infrastructure, with wanton destruction of bridges, railways, health posts and schools. But despite what seemed like insurmountable obstacles, the organisation of the Mozambique election holds many lessons for South Africa. The independent Mozambique National Elections Commission was responsible for the organisation of the election, registration of voters, voter education and management of complaints. It set in place systems and procedures which made for an election free of the last minute and unforeseen hitches that plagued the South African election. The voters roll was one of the foundations. In registration, each of the 6 396 061 people who registered (7 894 850 were eligible) was issued with a voter registration card bearing the holder's photograph and a voter's number. This card will be used in subsequent elections. Millions were spent on temporary voter cards in South Africa which will never be used again. The card was easily verified at the polling station as the first part of the number matched the station's identifying number. So, immediately upon registration, voters knew which polling station they should vote at. There was an electoral register at each polling station containing the names and numbers of all registered voters of that specific station. Compare this with our election which was characterised by long queues, dire shortages of voting materials at many polling stations, and excesses at others. Each polling station in Mozambique received a kit of voting materials in a President Nelson Mandela of South Africa and his African National Congress won the 1994 April elections that marked the demise of apartheid steel trunk, and not one that I was asssigned to did not receive theirs. A voters roll would have simplified our polling system. In Mozambique, there was no technology that could fall victim to the power cuts or an unplanned absence of electricity which rendered many UV lamps unworkable, and there were no snariups caused by additional queues for temporary voters' cards on voting day. The voters roll also significantly reduced the possibility 6f cards being fradulently issued to under-age voters, as happened in South Africa. Party delegates were assigned to each polling point by their parties. This, more than even the phalanx of international observers, ensured transparency and secret voting. In South Africa, the party agent system failed at many points where often only one agent was present. What struck me was that despite a divisive civil war, there did not appear to be any no-go areas in Mozambique during the actual poll. The decision to make every polling station a counting station resulted in a transparent and efficient tallying procedure. Opportunities for fraud were substantially diminished as the reconcilia- - v ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1 tion of votes cast and the scrutinising of each ballot by the party agents was done on site. There was none of the chaos associated with the transporting of ballot boxes to central counting stations. The dispute-settling procedure was also more decentralised than South Africa's and was designed to cause, as few hiches in the voting procedure as possible. Where a ballot was disputed, the polling station's officials took a majority decision, with the president of the station holding the casting vote. The complaint and the decision were recorded on the reverse side of the ballot which was then counted in accordance with that decision. in Mozambique, the results of each polling station were posted outside, often written by hand on boards. Immediately; people had an idea of the results and were kept involved in the process right to the end. The simple tallying procedure prevented opportunities for computer fraud as happened in South Africa. Should any Mozambican political party honestly dispute the election results, the counting system used and the presence of party delegates at each polling station would make it an easy exercise to confirm or reject any allegations. Most importantly, there was not be the kind of secretive horse-trading that took place in South Africa. Relief at the relatively peaceful democratic transition in our country should not overshadow the need for democratic and transparent electoral processes. A local government election is looming and a national election will again take place in 1999. Whoever runs the next election should remember that it is the processes of democracy which legitimise democracy. Besides, the electorate will not be as forgiving the next time around. OVally was an international observer for the Southern African Research and Documentation Centre during the Mozambican election. He is also the director of the Legal Resources Centre in Pretoria. El

Deputies elected to the Mozambican Assembly Mozambican praident, Cde. Joaquim Chissano NIASSA FRELIMO: (7 seats): Eduardo Mulembwe, Aguiar Mazula, Maria Antonia, Abdul Leck, Aires Aly, Manuela Mapungue, Fernando Jorge. RENAMO: (4 seats) Mario Naula, Calisto Uataia, Mustafa Rachide, Eduardo Ulanda. CABO DELGADO FRELIMO: (15 seats): Alberto Chipande, Jose Katupha, Marina Pachinuapa, Abdala Mussa, Rafael Maguni, Auba Carnal, Anatercia Aly, Judite Macoo, Ernesto Lipapa, Casimiro Abreu, Safura Conceica, Jose Mugaila, Isabel Nkavadeka, Feliciano Mata, Issufo Mecabo. RENAMO: (6 seats): Vicente Ululu, Gilberto Catema, Miguel Bonga, Luis Culaire, Mario Jenla, Arlindo Zacarias. UD: (1 seat): Marcos Juma. NAMPULA FRELIMO: (20 seats): Eduardo Nihia, Feliciano Gundana, Matilde Macicate, Abel Safrao, Alfredo Artur, Faustina Manuel, Alfredo Gamito, Humberto Victorino, Carlos Vasco, Cristina Cidade, Hassan Makda, Jacinto Tonhiua, Elisa Amisse, Carlos Mucareia, Ana Sabonete, Elisa Natumbundya, Amade Junior, Margarida Tapala, Ivone limane, Maria Gouveia. RENAMO: (32 seats): Ricardo de Oliveira, Norge Nampula, Carvalho Antonio, Mario Singano, Francisco Rupansana, Luis Mecupia, Edgar Silva, Antonio N~muraha, Saide Ismail, Joao Lopes, Paulo Nampula, Geraldo Muissa, Femando Munava, Francisco Dias, Vasco Charamadane, Celestino Cariaco, Ana Pedro, Carlos Fernandes, Mariano Martins, Felizarda de Castro, Hairazaie Suria, Antonio Maloa, Francisco de Carvalho, Jose Mussan, Marcelino Joaquim, Bernardo Sabao, Maria Amisse, Celestino Mussa, Tertuliano Juma, Filomena Rapienque, Avelino Joao, Alia Aiuba. UD: (2 seats): Tarcisio Gemusse, Francisco Ferreira. ZAMBEZIA FRELIMO: (18 seats): Bonifacio Massamba, Maria Mocambique, Adelino Comissao, Abdul Issa, Sebastiana Gemuee, Aurelio Zilhao, Virgilia Matabele, Conceita Sortane, Carlos Klint, Inusso Ismael, Assane Naparia, Salimo Abdula, Abdul Mahomed, acinta Salenca, Helder Monteiro, Carlos do Rosario, Palmira Francisco, Bemardo Ferraz. RENAMO: (29 seats): David Salemane, Jose Figueiredo, Orlando da Gracia, Jeronimo Nalia, Sebastiao Temporario, Adalberto Pereira, Manueal Pereira, Joao Goncalves, Gustavo Augusto, Tayob Montany, Luis Mudivela, Jose do Rosario, Constancia Antonio, Horacio Matsimbe, Ana Oliveira, Jose Gabriel, Latifo Janela, Leopoldo Ernesto, Mussatar Aziz, Dulce Ferreira, Francisco Adelino, Custodio Vieira, Ahmaed Musa. UD: (2 seats): Antonio Palange, Martins Bilal. TETE FRELIMO: (5 seats): Mariano Matsinha, Teresa Tembo, Sergio Vieira, Sergio Pantie, Filipa da Costa. RENAMO: (9 seats): Alexandre Faite, Antonio Banda, Samuel Simango, Celestino Bento, Virgillo Chapata, Jose Kangonda, Jorge Pires, Felix Raposo, Joaquim Augusto. UD: (1 seat): Celina Solomone. MANICA FRELIMO: (4 seats): Manuel Tome, Catarina Dinis, Aniceto dos Muchangos, Alberto Sarande. RENAMO: (9 seats): Albino Muchanga, Alberto Cangera, Alemida Tambara, Maria Enoque, Luis Matsangaice, Joao Alexandre, Antonio Manuel, Luis Semente, Saimone Mucuiana. SOFALA FRELIMO: (3 seats): Alcido Ngwenha, Deolinda Guezimane, Manuel Mucananda. RENAMO: (18 seats): Raul Domingos, Manuel Pereira, Francisco Muchambisse, Jose Mazuana, lose de Mascarenhas, Chico Francisco, Manuel da Maia, Augusto Chaviro, Luis Manuel, Domingos Joao, Cristovao Soares, Francisco Bero, Augusta Gumbabza, Domingo Joao, Luis Inacio, Alexandre Vasco, Rui de Sousa, Lerina dos Santos. INHAMBANE FRELIMO: (13 seats): Pascoal Mocumbi, Ana Sithole, Eduardo Arao, Mario Machungo, Francisco Pateguana, Maria Rafael, Tomas Salomao, Nazir Lunat, Etelvina Pires, Joao Mudema, Antonio da Cruz, Raquel Damiao, Jose Valentim. RENAMO: (3 seats): Manuel da Fonseca, Agostinho Murrial, Fernando Pires. UD: (2 seats): Jose Massinga, Jafar Cane. GAZA FRELIMO: (15 seats): Sebastiao Mabote, Salome Moiane, Eugenio Numaio, Aurora Morrime, Eliseu Machava, Leopardo Simango, Isabel Valoi, Castigo Langa, Pedro Macanio, Maria Mucavel, Manuel Bendzane, Sarifa Amade, Sabina Fache, Jacinto Muxanga, Jorge Banze. UD: (1 seat): Palmerim Mausse. MAPUTO PROVINCE FRELIMO: (15 seats): Armando Guebuza, Daniel Ritsure, Lina Magaia, Custodio Simoes, Arnaldo Nhavoto, Elvira Mahumane, Alberto Jamice, Joana Mondlana, Mahomed Mogne, Amelia Sumbana, Amelia Bazima, Casimiro Huate. RENAMO: (1 seat): Jeremias Munguambe. MAPUTO CITY FRELIMO: (17 seats): Teoadato Hunguana, Graca Machel, Narciso Matos, Maria Mangate, Roberto Chitsonzo, Gaspar Sitoe, Ussumane Aly Dauto, Eneas Comiche, Carolina Chemane, Hermenegildo Gamito, Edgar Cossa, Joana Ribeiro, Oldemiro Baloi, Luis Videira, Veronica Macamo, Fernanda Teixeira, Maria Ideira. RENAMO: (1 seat): Jafar Gulamo Jafar. (Translated from the official CNE list) ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1 A post-mortem of the Mozarnibican elections By Malachia M. Basvi Madimutsa Renamo rebel - the civil war killed about one million people he first Mozambican general 'elections were held and are now being taken as an event of the past. However, there are some lessons which the usual cynics must now be told to learn. Those cynics who doubted the popularity of FRELIMO and that of its President, Cde. Joachim Chissano, are now stewing in their own shame. President Chissano got 53,3 percent of the total votes in the Presidential elections compared to 33,73 for RENAMO's Afonso Dhlakama. Out of the 5.4 million people who voted, President Chissano's approval rate was ahead of that of Dhlakama by about 540 000. This huge margin contrasts .with the earlier view of cynics that Dhlakama was more popular than Chissano. If 53.3 percent of voters considered Chissano was most suited to be the occupant at the Mozambican state house, how had Dhlakama fooled himself into entering in an electoral challenge against the popular Chissano? Dhlakama got just one third of the popular vote. Why should people, who know that only one out of every three people in the country support them, have the audacity to wish they were the president? Dhlakama may be excused for fooling himself on the strength of having had one supporter out of every three Mozambicans but other presidential aspirants never got more than 0.09 percent of a person. The leader of the Democratic Union (UDENAMO), the third largest party, got 0.08 of a person in the presidential race. Alliances UDENAMO had more luck in parliamentary elections out of which it got nine seats in the 250-member national assembly. About a dozen opposition parties contested the general elections, with some making ad hoc and shaky electoral alliances, but most never got more than one percent of the votes. The existence of a multiplicity of opposition parties when each of the parties know it stands no chance of winning a single seat in parliament is a curious political phenomenon in Africa. Its origins lie in a foreign-inspired misinterpretation of the idea of democracy. A political party should only exist when it has enough support to win in an election, even if the party concerned is only able to get a single seat. Having one voice in parliament is sufficient show of a party's political support within the electorate. in the Mozambican elections, FRELIMO got 51.6 percent of the popular vote compared to RENAMO's 40.49 percent. This means President Chissano is more popular than his FRELIMO party among Mozambican voters. Conversely, Dhlakama is less popular than his RENAMO in Mozambique. When a party is more popular than its leader it means the party has a greater reason to exist than the quality of its leader to claim the presidency. This is what RENAMO supporters showed in comparing the strength of the leader in relation to his party. With FRELIMO, Chissano proved to be a personality stronger than the influence of the party he leads. UDENAMO supporters demonstrated that their leader was a nonentity at the head of a party that managed to get nine seats in parliament. President Chissano's landslide victory against the combination of his presiden tial rivals has given him the right to occupy the state house until the next elections towards the end of this century. However, his FRELIMO party has a narrow majority of only nine seats in the national assembly when we are assuming that RENAMO will effect a working alliance with UDENAMO. Even if the FRELIMO parliametary majority is a narrow one, it has the advantage of being a workable one. FRELIMO may profit from the opportunistic habit of African opposition politicians to jump onto the winning horse and leave the losing one. This possibility is strenghtened by the fact that the supporters of both RENAMO and UDENAMO have shown greater support for their respective parties than their Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1

Rural water management conquers drought By Munyaradzi Chenje G aborone - Peter Mosweu has no formal training but the skill he has acquired over eight decades qualifies him as a rural water-management expert and drought survivor. The 84-year-old Motswana farmer, who never went to college or university, today hosts groups of students from a Gaborone agricultural college at his 51-hectare farm in Dinkgwana com. A post-mortem of the Mozambizan elections Contnued from previous page leaders. Leaders who c e less popular inside their parties but have influence among the electorate usually do not hesitate to leave the party and join the party led by a popular leader. When they do so, they also bring with them substantial numbers of their personal supporters from their home bases into the winning party. Unity The results of the Mozambican elections have proved to Western sponsors of socalled human rights campaigners that their allegations of the unpopularity of ruling parties in Africa are more fictitiously imagined than being reflections of realities. Mozambican opposition parties suffered from the self-delusion that they had substance in their opposition to FRELIMO. It took RENAMO 19 years of intimidating civilians to become only a second best political party. In the process, about SO0 000 Mozambicans lost their lives. Besides, years of civil war reduced the country -to the lowest bottom on the United Nations' list of the world's poorest.countries. Although Angola experienced a similar civil war, oil resources and diamonds helped in a leviating the worst consequences of civil war. Mozambique's natural resources lie untapped under the soil because people need unity and peace before they are able to mobilise themselves for further development. Afonso Dhlakama is reported to have said that he caused a long civil war to attain two things which he has now achieved. Asked to name the two things which he has now achieved, he said he has achieved (a) the recognition that he is the number two man.in Mozambique -.aod (b) Mozambicans should have democratic elections. Did it have to cost the lives of 500 000 Mozambicans and the reduction of the country's economy to the bottom of the world's poorest countries in order for Dhlakama to achieve his two very simple issues? If this is what all African opposition parties are out to prove, then the proof is too costly to bear: The ideal of democracy requires an electoral process through which voters can show their choice of popular parties and representative leaders. No one should take the demand for democratic election from its proper place at the negotiating table and make this demand sufficient reason for a destructive civil war as Dhlakama and his RENAMO did. It takes patriotic commitment to defend the unity of one's own countrymen and mobilise them for peaceful development. Partiotism alone iS enough for the achievement of national unity and development. Struggling for personal recognition by breaking away from the mainstream to form an opposition party is more a characteristic of in-bred nonconformity than an expression of democratic options. The democratic option is the obverse side of democratic obligations. When democratic choices have been put to the test, some will be found wanting andothers deserving. It is a democratic obligation to give credit to the deserving by removing from he scene all those found wanting. This is in line with the teachings of Jesus Christ when he said: "unto those who have shall be added and from those who do not have shall be subtracted." It is undemocratic to oppose this teaching because the voice of the electoral majority is the voice of God. Yet there are spme people inside and outside Mozambique who are calling for the formation of a Government of National Unity (GNU). In Africa, a government of rational unity is a wildbeast and no one should have such an animal for a government. Before the elections, President Chissano said he did not want to have opposition inside his govern- ment. A government with opposing seeds within its womb runs the everpresent risk of them germinating in different directions to the complete paralysis of the body politic. In Africa, it is becoming the fashion for opposition parties, and it may soon turn.. into a tradition, to call for "a government of national unity" regardless of the circumstances. An end should be put to this undemocratic call. 0 munal lands, to show them his waterharvesting skills. "I did not go to school to train as a water enpineer," says the grey-haired, five foot Mosweu, "but 1 have equally good knowledge on how to harness water and I have used. those skills to ,build two dams." Fed up with the 10-kilometre trek his family. had to make almost every other day to and from a district borehole in Mochudi village (about 40 kilometres north of the capital, Gaborone), the farmer built his first dam using a spade. Thedam,on a fast-flowing underground stream, took three years to complete. It now holds about 400 cubic metres of water, according to local estimates. Since the dam was built more than 15 years ago, Mosweu, his family and livestock have escaped largely un. scatched by the cycles ofdrought that grip Botswana almost on a regular basis. During the 1991/92 drought described as the most severe in living memory, Mosweu's family and about 100 neighbours survived with their Canimals intact. While many people in.Botswana lost some of their animals or could not use them as draught power because they were too weak, Mosweu's livestock -cattle, donkey, pigs, goats and sheep were in good shape. Love thy neighbour He supplies his neighbours with water "because it's good neighbourliness to do so". His philosophy is simple: Love thy neighbour. He explains that while he may have abundant water supplies today, he may suffer shortages in other necessities tomorrow and believes his neighbours will come to his aid. Mosweu's fame as rural water expert has attracted the attention of the Forum on Sustainable Agriculture, a Gaboronebased non-governmental organisation. It has since invited him to participate in its farmer-to-farmer programme whose aim is to get Botswana farmers to learn from each other's experiences and share skills. Richard. Kashweeka, the Forum's coordinator, said Mosweu's waterharvesting skills are of great benefit to other rural farmers. "Even in dry, dry seasons he has managed to feed his family, livestock and neighbours," said Kashweeka. Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26.No. 1

Rural water management conquers drought Continued from previous page Despite his success in water harvesting, Mosweu has a lot to learn about good land use practices and cropping techniques. He has over the years lost fertile soil because complete destumping left his farm without cover which helps curb soil erosion. Kashweeka says the Forum is working with Mosweu to implement soil conservation measures and encourage him to grow trees as "live fences" which would act as wind breaks and reduce wind speed - one of the main causes of soil erosion in the area. A group of agriculture students now visit the farm to help Mosweu construct contour bands to stop soil erosion through runoff. Before the Forum's field-officers started working with him, Mosweu ploughed down slope, which caused soil erosion during heavy rains and left gullies in some parts of the property. The Forum's farmer-to-farmer programme has since encouraged him to plough across the slope. lntercropping ', The Forum has also convinced Mosweu to introduce intercropping of maize, millet, groundnuts, beans, pampkins and other crops. "The pumpkins provide cover for the soil and reduce evapora- tion," said Kashweeka. Mosweu has a few simple paddocks and is returning to old but reliable methods of cropping. "What we are bringing (in this partnership) is intercropping. We are saying, 'Go back to traditional methods of cropping and put many different crops in one field"'. "It's good for water and soil conservation and improve soil fertility," said Kashweeka. "Plant residues such as maize stalks are rich in carbohydrates, and bean stems are rich in nitrates. This provides for a good mixture of nutrients for the, soil and helps keep it fertile. That's where an element of sustainable agriculture come in," said Kashweeka whose organisation has been working with Mosweu for two'years. Mosweu says he stopped using chemical fertilisers more than five years ago because they were damaging his land. He said chemipal fertilisers improved his crop yields in the first two years. But to maintain those yields he had to use more and more fertiliser annually, and the soil was drying up and cracking. That's when he decided to use manure to reduce costs and protect the soil. Help from the Forum will not be restrict ed to intercropping and soil conservation measures only. The organisation also wants to help Mosweu reduce evaporation from his dams by planting trees along the banks. Trees also help to draw water and food to the surface from deep in the soil, supplying other plants with nutrients for the Mosweu family. Mosweu is looking forward t9 the projects. "I have no intention of refiring," he says. His short-term but crucial goal is to get title deeds to his property so that his family does not lose their land. He says the government has already expressed an interest In acquiring It. (SARDq *This article is an excerpt from a comprehensive report on The State of the Environment in Southern Afrca published in October last year, as part of the Communicating the Environment Programme (CEP), a Southern African partnership initiative of the Southern Af rica Research and Documentation Centre (PARDC), the World Conservation Union Regional Office for Southern Aica (IUCN-ROSA) and the SADC Environ. ment and Land Management Sector (SADC ELMS). , 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1 I q There are no birds of our feather. Because we offer the truly definitive example of the printer's art. The total job: typeset ting, origination, printing and binding - utilising the latest technology and completed t( the highest international standards. Our very competitive prices will also give you some thing to crow about. 14 B E M IwbtaT*67#"&90.

ZANU PF POLITBE Deputy Secretary for Administration Cde. Simon K. Moyo Deputy Secretary for Transport and Welfare, Cde. David I. G. Karimanzira Deputy Secretary for Finance, Cde. S. Vuma Deputy Secretary for Production and Labour, Cde. Deputy Secretary for Education, Cde Dr. Stanley Mudenge

$ Dy Secretary for External RelaL ions, Cde. Witness Manudae Deputy Secretary for National Seurity, Cde. Zomro W. Duri Deputy Secretary for Inforwaakm and Publicity, Cde. Chen Chimutenpwende SDeputy Secretary for Youth Affairs, Deputy Secretary for Economic Af1 Cde. Kembo C. Mohadi fairs, Cde. Ariston Chambati Deputy Secretary for Health and Child Welfare, Dr. S. U. Sakupwanya Deputy Secretary for Legal Affairs, Cde. C. Ndebelk ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 26 NO. 1. 1995 DEPUTIES PULLOUT

Parental and child care in China By Chen Ya ang Kuikui, a new mother and a secretary with the China- National Chemical Construction -Company (CNCCC) in Beijing, used to think of giving birth as a dreadful experience, not only because of the suffering she would have to endure during the pregnancy and birth, but also because, of the problems it would cause her af ter the baby was born. So she convinced her husband to put it off until she was 28. out now that she has finally taken the plunge into motherhood, things have turned out much better than she had expected. "Things are quite easy for me, since both my child and I are receiving special care," says Wang, smiling at her 10-month- old baby girl. As soon as the relevant authorities learned that she was pregnant, they requested that Wang visit an obstetrics and pediatric centre in the family's neighbourhood for regular check-ups. As the due date approached, the frequency of the check-ups increased from once a month to twice a week. Careful records were kept to monitor the expectant mother's health and any changes in the condition of the foetus. "This prenatal 'care helped put my mind at ease and had a lot to do with my easy delivery," Wang says, adding that all the checkups were free of charge. Since Wang works for a state-owned company, she can take advantage of benefitsprovided by the "Regulations on Labour Protection of Women Staff Members," a document issued by the State CounclM 1988. These regulations offer women working for governmnt institutions and state-run agencies and corporations a maternity leave of 90 days with full pay, with an additional "matenity-aid" leave of 15 days to their husbands. Since Wang's husband was very busy at the time of the delivery and couldn't afford to take the time off, she was allowed to add his leave time to hers and rested 15 days more. "I used to worry about diseases my baby might get," says Wang, "but that is another problem my benefits took care of." One day after her daughter was born, the baby got her first vaccination; the shots will continue until the child is 13. They will protect her against such infectious diseases as whooping cough, tuberculosis, infantile paralysis, diphtheria, tetanus and measles. A new type of ddivery room appeared in Tianjiu's hospitals in 1993, and it allows husbands to accompany their wives when giving birth. Liu Wenyan smoothly gave birth to a baby in the company of her husband "We've got an immunisation certificate issued by the municipal epidemic prevention station. It tells us when our baby is due for her next shot," Wang says. So far her daughter has had four vaccinations. Wang adds that if they forget when the baby has to come in, the health centre will remind them. "I'm very satisfied with the care we've been given," she says. "As long as we follow the doctors' orders, I have no doubt that both my child and I will be safe and sound." Check-ups But 28 years ago things were quite different for Wang's mother, who had nothing like the care her daughter is now receiving. As an accountant at a small village enterprise in southeast China's )iangsu province, Wang's mother didn't get any check-ups during her .pregnancy, and she gave birth to her only daughter at home, with the help of a "bare-foot doctor." "My daughter only had one vaccination as a child," recalls Wang's mother. At that time, even in cities, prenatal care was rare, and there was no systematic immunisation programme for children. In the countryside such programmes were virtually noneistant, says one doctor who practiced in both urban and rural hospitals in the 1960s and 70s. These days the situation is certainly greatly improved, and the immunisation programme enjoyed by Wang Kuikui and her daughter has extended from cities to the vast rural areas also. Statistics show that throughout China, the maternity mortality rate (MNR) in 1993 dropped to 94.7 per 100 000 from 1 500 per 100 000 in the 1950s; the infant mortality rate (IMR) fell to 48 per thousand from 200 per thousand in the 1950s. In 1990, China achieved an important goal, which was to immunise 85 percent of its children against major childhood diseases. "This is great progress, since China has 22 percent of the world's children under the age of five, and 80 percent of the country's population lives in the countryside," says Wang Fenglan, director of the Maternal and Child Hygiene Department under the Ministry of Public Health. She says that though China's prenatal and child care has yet to measure up to standards maintained by some developed countries, it is certainly keeping abreast of the economic development in China. For instance, China's per capita income in 1992 ranked 99th in the world, while its IMR was 44th. She attributes the progress to the Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1

Parental and child care in China Continued from previous, page government's ongoing involvement. Many laws and regulations dearly stipulate that womens and children's rights must be protected. The Ministry of Public Health has recently submitted to the National People's Congress, China's highest legislature, the draft of a special law on prenatal and child care which proposes comprehensive and detailed regulations and benefits. China now has a nationwide network to dispense prenatal-and cild care. It includes 35 children's hospitals and 373 hospitals specialising in obstetrics, gynaecology and pediatrics at the provincial level; and more than 2 000 such hospitals administered by countries. In all, as many as 30 000 health care workers now provide services for mothers and their babies. "Since 1990, six medical universities have launched special programmes in prenatal and child care and offered academic degrees, so as to train qualified doctors and nurses," says director Wang. Medical facilities Since most of China's population lives in rural areas, and since many of these areas still lack adequate medical facilities, government health care officials are concentrating their efforts on improving the situation in the countryside. Since' 1990, China has launched joint projects with UNICEF, UNFPA and WHO to improve health care for 120 million rural residents in 300 of the country's lessdeveloped countries. UNICEF and UNFPA has provided a total of US$20.5 million for the project, while various branches of the Chinese government at national and local levels have added US$23.5 million. "All 300 countries share the same characteristics. All have high birth rates coupled with high infant and maternal mortality rates. And all of the countries have low per capita income," says Wang Fenglan. "So the major purpose of this project is to improve free or low-cost prenatal and child care services, while -implementing family planning." She says that the international partnership conducts surveys to determine the exact nature of local cohditions. Based on the results of those surveys, authortties attempt to provide the necessary equipment and personnel, while setting up data bases and conducting information campaigns. In four years, a total of 360 000 village doctors have gained the basic skills needed to offer prenatal and child care, and to perform some emergency procedures. A new round of training will begin in the next few months which will focus on Improving the quality and enlarging the scope of clinical services and emergency treatment, says Wang. Government agencies in these 300 countries have allocated funds totalling US$5.4 million for the purchase and installation of medical equipment for 6 850 towns and 97 753 villages. By the end of 1993, more than 95 Percent of the villages had received new equipment. "The success of this project has spurred a nationwide campaign to provide better care for mothers and their children," Wang says. Public health In order to tackle the problem of reduced breast feeding in urban areas, the Ministry of Public Health now advocates what it calls "baby friendly hospitals." The programme has been in place since 1992. "A baby's first right after coming into the world is to get milk from its mother," Wang says, "and a mother's milk can protect the baby from various diseases caused by malnutrition." Th e demands of rapid urban industralisation leave working mothers with less time to breast- feed their babies. In 1988, the percentage of mothers breast-feeding their infants in such large cities as Beijing and Shanghai had fallen to 10 percent, a record low. "In part, unrealistic promises made by some baby formulas are to blame,"- says Wang. "Such ads (adverts) can very easily-mislead parents into thinking that these formulas are an adequate substitute for mother's milk. ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. I In December, 1992, the first 21 "baby friendly hospitals" were set up, with improved birthing facilities, providing ly*i in services, and encouraging early suck-' ling. So far, there are 207, "baby fiend. ly hospitals" across the country,,and the number of expected to reach 500 by the end of this year. Thanks to these efforts, the breast-feeding rate has picked up, to 34.9 percent in 1993. But even given this heartening progress in recent years, prenatal and child care still has a long way to go in China. The conditions in rural areas remain primdtiVe, Wang admits. She translates this observation into facts and figure&- abou 300 000 children under the age of five in China die of pneumonia every year, and about 24 million children still suffer from malnutrition. She also points out that lack of funds ,and insufficient medical personnel are the main reasons for these serious health care problems. Of China's 3,8illion public health workers, less than 1 percent,specialise in prenatal and child care, which gets only 3 percent of the total amount allocated for public health In the next few years, Wang says, the country should make every effort to cut down the infant mortality rate by one third and the maternal mortality rate by .j one half. She also feels health care authorities should do everything possible to increase the number of mothers who breast-feed their infants to 80 per. cent by the end of the century. As Wang insists, "it should be our goal to provide quality universal health care for every mother and baby in China." 0 144 Union Avenue, HARARE The People's 790148/9 Voice We are reserving space for you!! Contact us as soon as possible

New job opportunities for the disabled By Ben Mensah weeping new changes in the employment scheme for the disabled, and a campaign specifically targeted against ageism, are set to help more disadvantaged people in Britain realise their full potential in the job sector. The niw programme, which was announced by the Employment Secretary David Hunt and came into effect in April 1994, will directly benefit some 12 500 severely disabled people in the sheltered Employment funding scheme. This development - the result of a consultation on special government employment scheme funding for the disabled provided by local authorities and volun"tary organisations - is designed to offer a wider range of support in special workshops and job placements for people with severe disabilities. Under Access to Work, another scheme started in June, employers are being encouraged to recruit or retain disabled employees as they would not be required, except under specified circumstances, to contribute to the cost in'volved. The programme will extend and simplify the range of services available, to the unemployed, employed and selfemployed disabled people who are registered -disabled or are eligible to register disabled but choose not to. They can apply for grants worth up to E21 000 (about Z$252 000) over a fiveyear period aowing indMduals support that will help them at work, such as a reader for a blind peson, an interpreter for the deaf, specialist equipment, adaptation of existing machimy, car modification, or transport cost to and .from work. 60 Countries The biggest Congress of the World Federation of Occupational Therapists ever was held in London in April. About 1 2 000 delegates from over 60 countries discussed how to develoo opportunities for people with disabilities in areas including community-based, value-formoney rehabilitation, applications of technology to disability, and the costing of health care programmes. Addressing the meeting, the Health Secretary Virginia Bottomley said that ocupational therapy was just one of the developing forms of care which had helped to enhance the quality of lives of disabled people in Britain. Expendi-. ture on the National Health Service occupational therapy service had- increased by 142 percent in real terms since 1979. The need to tap into'the vast resource of Britain's under-utilised skills to enable the economy to compete more effectively in the European job market had long focused the minds of policy makers. it was first brought into national attention five years ago in a document "Defusing the Demographic Time Bomb", produced by the National Economic Development Office, which warned employers of a shortage of trained young people entering the employment market in the 1990s. A six-month study of British companies revealed 'that many had begun experiencing di.ficulties in recruiting young people with the right skills -in the late 1980s, and all the indications pointed to the worsening of the situation in the future if the right steps were not taken immediately. Widen recruitment The main issue before the government and employers was to adopt a new strategy designed to widen the job recruitment avenues to include older people, women wishing to return to work after raising children, ethnic minorities and people with disabilities. The Employment Department consequently launched a series of campaigns to raise awareness about the need to fill and skills loop-hole. They included the "The Ten-point Plan on Equal Opportunities" launched in 1992 and distributed to companies employing 50 or more people. It provided guidance on developing fair policies and practices through equal opportunities programmes, with targets, monitoring workforce composition, reviewing recruitment, selection, promotion and training. Another guide, "Building on Disability", provided positive information to employers and training providers about the capabilities of disabled people and how to meet their needs. "Disabled 'people are a resource at every employer's fingertips who in the past may have been overlooked. We can no longer afford, if we ever could, to let ability and human potential of this scale go untapped," the bronchure points out. Severe dispb1llties It is against this background that the new assistance for ppople with severe disabilities has been introduced. Explaining the aim of the consultative document "Employment and Training for People with Disabilities", Mr. Hunt said: "The balance between different forms of (employment) provision must respond to the assessed needs and the wishes of disabled people. Those needs and wishes can best be established locally. "We intend, therefore, to proceed not by setting national targets for different kinds of provision, but through the Employment Service and providers discussing the right balance for particular localities when contracts are reviewed annually," he added. The basic principles to be followed include: " the need to provide as many work opportunities, over a wide range of occupations as possible and to the full range of eligible disabled people; * the need to meet the wishes of very many several disabled people to work alongside non-disabled people in integrated conditions; * and the need also to provide work in sheltered conditions for those who require it. To bring other disadvantaged groups into the employment opportunities umbrella, Britain's Employment Minister Ann Widdecombe fired a salvo in March in another campaign to stamp out ageism with a booklet "Getting On" designed for employers.. Old workers It contains illustrations of how companies and public bodies can benefit from positive policies towards older Workers. it shows how ten British firms, including the National Westminster Bank, Texaco, Sainsbury's, and Unigate, tackled the problem by dropping age bars, selecting on ability and offering flexible working hours. Miss Widdecombe commented: "Research confirms that older people offer employers skills, reliability and experience. They are as adaptable and trainable as their younger counterparts, and their commitment and loyalty are as great or greatqr." In support of the minister, a senior manager of food chain shop Sainsbury's, which employs a mix of older and youn-* ger staff including some 6 000 aged 55 or over, said: "Older workers are esteemed by our managers for their reliability, dependability, attitude, enthusiasm and ability, to mix well with people". El ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME, 26 No. 1

N ot long after the turn of the century, new advances in silicon chip technology are going to produce hearing aids so advanced that people with perfectly normal hearing will want to use them to help them pick out speakers in crowded meetings, to listen to music and, perhaps, for espionage purposes. This optimistic look into the future was one view to emerge from a two-day workshop organised in London by UK charity. The Hearing Research Trust, who support much research into hearing in the UK. Several exciting new advances in hearing aid technology were presented by leading researchers working in the field. Among the advances discussed were the use of digital processing, sound cancelling, and directional microphones to improve the intelligibility of speech. Undoubtedly there are major problems still to be overcome in the design of hearing aids. About five million people in the UK have a hearing loss severe enough for them to benefit from the use of a hearing aid, but only about half that number own one, and many of those do not wear their aid on a regular basis. One major problem is what is known as "loudness recruitment". In people with normal hearing, the phenomenon known as automatic gain control (AGC) ensures that weak sounds are boosted, while loud ones are unaffected by the gain control. In people affected by the most common form of hearing defect, AGC-.breaks down. The consequence is loudne ecruitment. If hearing aids worn by people affected by this condition are set so as to boost weak sounds to a comfortable level, then loud noises will be amplified to intolerable levels. Speech-bearing frequencies A second problem is that people with the most common hearing defects not only miss faint sounds; they also lose the ability to pick out the narrow bands of frequencies which carry speech sharply and selectively from the surrounding background noise. Normal ears have active mechanisms which aid the discrimination of speech-bearing frequencies. Some commercially available hearing aids incorporate their own AGC, but the effectiveness of these remains limited. A team of researchers at Cambridge University led by Dr. Brian Moore is developing highly sophisticated AGC systems, and their work has already resulted in a prototype aid with three different types of AGC. The first of these adjusts the volume imperceptibly, to enable the user to move from a quiet to a noisy situation without experiencing any discomfort. The whole process is automatic. There is no need for the wearer constantly to have to adjust the controls of the aid, which is a big potential advantage for elderly people with limited dexterity. The second built-in AGC acts very quickly, to protect the user from sudden intense sounds like a door slamming unexpectedly. This gain control recognises very sudden and considerable gains in volume and steps in to reduce the volume fast enough to protect the wearer from the loudest sounds. It also stops acting very fast, so as to enable the user to hear any speech immediately following the loud sound. The third and most rapid AGC system developed at Cambridge is intended to help the user to hear the weaker speech sounds such as "p" or "k". This system, known as syllabic AGC, boosts weak high-frequency sounds relative to other, stronger speech sounds. Research has shown this makes speech more intelligible especially in noisy situations. Split electronically The Cambridge researchers have found that, because the degree of hearing loss varies greatly at different frequencies, syllabic AGC is most effective if the incoming sound is split electronically into different frequency bands, with each band having its own compression system. Most people with hearing impairment need more compression at higher frequencies. The AGC systems developed by Dr. Moore's team use existing technology. But the other major problem afflicting the users of today's hearing aids, reduced frequently selectively, may have to wait three or four years for the next generation of silicon chips before the new technology being developed in Brian Moore's lab and elsewhere can be built into commercially available hearing aids. Today's chips are too big and use too much power. The Cambridge team are concentrating their efforts on developing the latest dit ital signal processing technology to enhance the key features in the sound spectrum of speech while as far as possible eliminating unwanted background noise. This involves, after first convert-. ing sound waves into voltages, further converting voltages into numbers (digits). These can then be conveniently manipulated in any required way so as to boost speech and reduce background noise. Digital chips are now being developed for many different purposes, for broadcasting and other applications in and beyond sound processing. Rapid advance As Dr. Moore points out, this situation has the advantage that the field is advancing rapidly and that advances de veloped for other applications can be transferred to benefit hearing aid desigft "During the next decade," he says, "a new generation of programmable microchip-based hearing aids will be. come available. we are getting close to being able to tailor hearing aids for individuals in the same way that a person with a sight defect gets their own prescription for glasses today." Digital processing has a further advantage. Unlike conventional analogue processing, which relies upon the con. struction of complex analogue circuitry, digital processing is based on computer programmes which can be adapted to allow new programmes to be developed and tested relatively quickly. Another very promising development, which will also have to wait for more compact and powerful silicon chips be fore being put to use in a practical hearing aid, is the use of so-called sound can ceiling technology, being developed by a team led by Dr. Bob Stewart of Stratchclyde University in Glasgow, Scotland. Very fast Dr. Stewart says: "We are using a very fast Motorola miscroprocessor which allows us to identify the background sounds that interfere with speech, investigate the acoustics of the room or other surroundings, and then to record the unwanted sound and rebroadcast it as antiphase sound, 90 degrees out of phase Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. I

Soviets funded Italy's communists Forence, Italy - Mikhail Gorbachev has said that the former Soviet Union had funded the Italian Cornmunist Party (PCI) but added that the west had spent billions of dollars to keep the party out of power. 've heard people talk about the Soviet Communist Party financing the PCI and on occasions I signed (to authorise the payments)," former Soviet President Gorbachev told reporters. "But on the other side US$10 billion was spent to prevent the PCI taking power democratically," Gorbachev added. The issue of whether the Soviet Union funded the PCI has long been controver- Former USSR president, Mikhail sial in Italy. Gorbachev The PCI, thc Western world's largest He was speaking in the city of Florence Marxist party, was excluded from pow- after receiving the Tuscany region's er from 1947 until its demise three years Golden Pegasus award in recognition of ago when it was succeeded by the his contribution to world peace. Democratic Party of the left (PDS). ZIANA-REUTER [] Hearing aids for deaf and normaI ears Continued from previous page with the original noise. The compressed regions of air created by the original sound waves then coincide roughly with the attenuated regions produced by the antiphase sound, and vice versa. The two cancel each other out, leaving relatively undisturbed air and relative silence. Sound cancelling is already being used for other purposes, such as silencing background noise in an airline pilot's headphones and, on a larger scale, reducing noise levels from gas turbine power generators. In order to use it in commercial hearing aids, silicon chips programmed for digital processing, more powerful and smaller than those of today, will be needed It may however be possible to incorporate the soundcancelling technology into a body-worn device and to beam the cleaned-up speech data up to a miniaturised hearing aid fitted in the ear canal. Several other innovations were presented at the meeting in London, notably by Dr. Andrew Faulker of the Department of Phonetics and Linguistics at the City's University College, whose SiVo (Sinusoidal Voice) family of aids are intended for people with severe hearing defects. SiVos are not yet in commercial production, but about 40 sets have been made for testing and evaluation purposes. Digital processing The microprocessors built into these aids use digital processing to extract sounds characteristic of speech from speech with background noise, and then, present them as sounds which even the person with a severe hearing defect can still hear and analyse. In future developments of SiVo technology the sounds produced in this way may be intelligible on their own. At present they are intellegible used in conjuction with lipreading but future, more advanced models will, it is hoped, be intelligible on their own. SiVo technology has the potential to be optimised for the different languages of the world, by programming it for the sound elements which are most significant in each language. The first major applications of the SiVo approach is likely to be in the tonal language of mainland China, in which pitch is an essential component in contrasting words from each other. Dr. Moore sees the hearing aid of the future, with its different programmes for different situations - such as listening to music or attending cocktail parties as being increasingly attractive as an aid to the quality of life for people with no hearing defects at all. Attending to individual speakers in crowded conference rooms could be a valuable business application. So - though Moore and other scientists emphasise they have no such applications in mind - could be commercial and other forms of espionage. 0 aghdad - In a darkened classroom in Saddam City, Baghdad's poorest quarter, most of the 38 pupils were squatting on the floor trying to learn their lessons, while a lucky few perched at the three available desks. Iraq once prided itself of having the finest education system in the Middle East funded in the 1970s by the income from its huge oil reserves. But today's schools serve only as a mocking reminder of that boast, as the crippling United Nations sanctions imposed when Iraq invaded Kuwait in August, 1990 reap their toll in the classroom. There is a lack of textbooks and basic materials, as the government can only provide well-thumbed and torn books and a handful of notebooks. it has no funds to replace broken down desks. There is a lack of teachers as many have quit the job, because of the low salaries. But most of all, there is a lack of pupils. An increasing number of children are playing truant. Ten percent of pupils went absent this year, five percent the year before. Most have been pulled out of school by their parents who put them to work to supplement their family's meagre income, ignoring the fact that primary education is compulsory under the law. Others miss lessons because of illness, often caused by malnutrition. "Who ate this morning?" deputy school director Najia Mohammad asked the pupils who came from Saddam City, named after the Iraqi president. Only a few raised their hands, to say they had eaten breakfast. Some had had cheese, but most had eaten only bread and tea. "They are underfed, they cannot concentrate," she said, citing thecase of a 10- year-old boy who had had to be sent home a few days previously after fainting from hunger. Malnutrition is beginning to be felt in schools especially in the increasing failure rate which rose last year to 25 Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1 11111 criull iolull NeNN"

Iraq's showpiece school system crumblesj under sanctions Continued from previous page Iraqi president Saddam Hussein percent, from 15 percent in the previous years, education minister, Hikmat Bazzaz told AFP. Moreover, the number of children leaving school is on the rise, mainly in secondary schools, he added. According to his figures, seven percent of Iraq's five million school-age children quit last year. He is equally concerned at the growing number of teachers who are abandoning their posts, mainly because of low wages, averaging around 3 000 dinars a month or less than six dollars. "Teache-rs cannot live on their salaries. Those who don't resign often fail to show up for several days to take on a more lucrative job, or work after class which inevitably affects the teaching standard,"' Bazzaz said. In rural areas, some of the teachers had gone over to farming, he added. The law, he stated, forbids teachers from getting another job, but "in fact, we are encouraging them to do so." The education ministry has launched a campaign to try to persuade parents to club together to pay their transport. The minister pointed a bleak picture of the future. "Schools are overcrowded as we cannot build new ones, and teachers are getting fewer. One classroom is sometimes shared by 70 children, who sit on the floor, catching diseases. A large number of schools in the heavilypopulated areas have two or even three shifts of pupils a day," he pointed out. The inevitable consequencies now that after a 20- year ban, the government is thinking of allowing private schools to set up. "We have prepared a bill before the government and private schools may be authorised again from the start of the next school year," Bazzaz said. But the authorities already know that this will only help the privileged few. E Canada missed chance to save Gandhi algary, Alberta - Canada may have missed a chance to save Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi from assassination, according to a former undercover agent who says she tipped police to an assassination plot. Dorothy Proctor, who claims to be Canada's longest-serving female spy, said she tipped Royal Canadian Mounted Police and Canada's spy agency to the Gandhi plot just months before Gandhi was killed in October, 1984. "They missed the chance to possibly save her life," Proctor told the Calgary Herald in a story published recently. Proctor has co-authored a book to be released in the United States chronicling her 20 years as a Canadian agent. She told the Herald that she infiltrated a Sikh cell in Ottawa and learned in June 1984 of a plot to kill Gandhi by someone close to her before Christmas. Gandhi was killed by her bodyguards. Proctor said she told the police and the Canadian Security Intelligence Service of The late Indira Gandhi the assassination plot, but that the information allegedly went nowhere. Proctor has retired as an undercover agent and lives in a secret location in Canada. - ZIANA-REUTER. El okyo - The Democratic Pe Republic of Korea (DPRK) has nounced that the country ha new top song - a melody heap praise on Cde. Kim long I, the eldest and heir of late Great Leader, Cde. i Sung. The official Korean news agency (KCNA), monitored in Tokyo, said the song, en titled We Pledge represents the conviction of the 22 million DPRK people to uphold the leadership of Dear Leader, Cde. Kim long I1. "I firmly believe that you will vigorously struggle for the accomplishment of the socialist cause, the revolutionary cause of luche, upholding the leadership of Comrade Kim long I1 with loyalty," the song says. "The Korean people pledge themselves to uphold Comrade Kim Jong II forever,"it adds. The announcement of the song followed publication early in November of Cde. Kim's lengthy treatise on socialism as a science. The song conveys the revolutionary will of the Korean people to become rifles and bombs and fortresses and shields defending Comrade Kim long I with their lives, KCNA said. Commentators said that the song, coupled with the treatise, clearly showed that the 52-year-old successor is in firm control of the country. - ZIANAREUTER. I- ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1

China to have social security system by 2000 hina will put in place a comprehensive social security system by the end of the century to ensure stability and economic development, Labour Minister Li Boyong has said. Li said the country was pushing ahead with revamping its old system, under which state employers provide for all the welfare needs of their staff, on the basis of successful experiments in several provinces, the China Daily reported. "All urban employees in both the state and private sectors will be covered by pension, unemployment insurance and medical care schemes," he said. He criticised the old system, set up in the 1950s, for placing a heavy burden on employers and slowing improvements in employees' living standards, saying the reforms would play an important role in maintaining China's so- cial stability and speeding up the establishment of a market economy. The new- style pension scheme has now been introduced in 620 cities and countries nationwide, the report said. In booming southern Guangdong Province, 70 percent of workers have joined such schemes, it said. Reform of the social security system has become increasingly urgent in recent years as the country seeks to revitalise its loss-making state enterprises, by relieving them both of their welfare burden and the sector's tens of millions of surplus workers. Some 4,1 million people, or 2,6 percent of the urban work force were unemployed at the end of 1993, and the figure is expected to jump to five million this year, 1994. With the nation's unemployment fund limited to three billion Yuan in 1993, only 1,8 million of the unemployed received benefits. Diplomats here say China will not be able to set up a comprehensive social security scheme - or successfully reform its state sector - until it succeeds in establishing an effective tax collection network. The key thing is reform of the tax system to ensure that the state can collect enough money to set up a real social security system so that they can then deal with state enterprises without causing unrest, said one diplomat. The problem is that the Chinese are not into paying taxes, the rich regions are not into subsidising the poqr, he said, pointing to some of the problems encountered in implementing fiscal reforms announced early this year. ZIANA-REUTER ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1 [111t(21-1111tional

Angola: Peace brings hope for economic development he possible end of the war in AnTgola, following the recent signing of a peace accord by the MPLA-led government and UNfA, has raised hopes that the war- ravaged but resouricr country is now poised for investment and economic development. The agreement, signed in the Zambian capital Lusaka on 20 November 1994, could mark an end to 19 years of one of the bloodiest conflicts in the world. However, there has been speculation in Luanda that UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi, who did not attend the signing ceremony, is critically ill. Reports say Savi Mbi was injured during fierce fighting before the capture of his Huambo headquarters in -November. The news sheet Imparciafax, published in the capital Luanda, has raised doubts over Savimbi's signature in the document authorising UNITA secretary general Eugenio Manuvakola, to sign the Lusaka Protocol. The news sheet says it carried out a comparative graphological study, between that signature and another made in 1992 in Huambo, and . concluded that the former signature came from a rubber stamp while the later was written by hand, which suggests, according to Imparda#X that Savimbi is incapacitated. Unita parliamentarians in Luanda say they do not have concrete information about Savimbi, but argue that if their leader was physically incapacitated, it would be normal for. a troika to be formed to lead the party. End to conflict However, what most people seem 'to agree on is that the peace agreement signals an end to the conflict that claimed more than half a million lives. War resumed after Savimbi refused to accept the results of the UN-supervised election of September 1992 that gave victory to President Eduardo dos Santos' government. Peace in Angola should open the door to an internatiorial effort to help rehabilitate the, shattered infrastructure and stabilise the economy of an impoverished but fertile land rich in oil and diamonds. The peace accord offers hope to millions By Richard Chidoore of rural Angolans who were internally displaced, to be able to return home. "For us the people of Angola, we have lived through very difficult times. For the man in the street, we want to see weapons replaced by books, pens and schools,:' said Luanda resident Tito Rangel. Under very difficult conditions, the MPLA government has been trying to implement an economic and -social programme (PES) which aims to open the economy to market forces. The peace settlement is expected to create a conducive environment for the implementation of the ambitious targets set for the PES, which - like a previous reform programme abandoned when the war resumed - could not be realised without peace. Social disruptions However, economic conditions will remain fragile due to huge social disruptions caused by the-fierce fighting, the destruction of many industries and the impact of low world prices on the country's main export - oil. The war confined organised economic activity to the main urban areas con,trolled by government and the coastal oil producing sector, as most infrastructure and trading systems inland have been destroyed. This had particularly affected diamond output, as the main producing fields in the northern Lunda Norte province had been under Unita control since May 1993. The situation, however, has been reversed following the government's recapture of the strategic diamond-rich area of Cafunfo in September 1994. It was from this area that Unita mined the diamonds that helped it wage war on the Angolan government. The Cuango Valley, which once contributed some 90 percent of all national diamond production is in Cafunfo area. Coffee, once Angola's biggest export, has suffered a precipitous decline and despite. the recent sharp improvement in global prices, most plantations are in a poor state or in unsafe areas. With oil accounting for about 97 percent of total export earnings, a recovery In global prices will be crucial to restoring Angola's external credit. In the short term, growth in oil production could regain momentum during 1995-96 with the development of new fields in Cabinda, The overall balance of payments deficit reached a record $1.5 billion in 1993. With no debt rescheduling agreements during the' past five years and foreign exchange reserves virtually exhausted, Angola's total debt obligations which now stand at around $11 billion will be difficult to meet. Aid package Although the government's economic team has held initial talks with the IMF, an aid package on the scale required is unlikely to be negotiated until the peace accoid is being implemented. During the first 10 months of 1994, there was an inflation rate of 411 percent, meaning that product prices went up five times on average between January and October. By the end of 1994, annual inflation'was well above the 260 percent rate predicted by the government in March. The local currency, the kwanza, was devalued by 46 percent in October, the most severe drop on record. The severe devaluation 'saw the introduction of the new 500,000 kwanza notes which amount to less than US$1. Critical shortage of goods, and services at official prices has led to the rapid de'velopment of parallel markets, in which prices are freely determined by demand and supply. Though parallel markets charge much higher prices than the official markets, they play an important role in the Angolan economy providing most consumers, and even many producers, with the only opportunity to obtain goods and services in short supply. Insecurity in many areas of the country has severely affected production, espedally in the agricultural sector. Until recently it was estimated that less than 20 percent of the Angolan territory was relatively safe from war disruptions. Brutal war The brutal war has intimidated foreign technicians, some of whom have been Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1

A new theory on the origin of man By Cui Lili, for The Beijing Review * Formulations which date the origin of man at 2- 3 million years ago should be revised to a period between 4-5 million years ago *Men discovery provides a new basis for the assumption that "humanity originated in Asia, and very possibly in China." ased on existing stone implements discovered in archeological excavation world-wide, scholars have long inferred that humanity began manufacturing implements as early as 2-3 million years ago, and the assumption has been regarded as an important indication that man evolved from the ape and the basis for differentiating between the two. However, during an April speech presented in Beijing, Jia Lanpo, an academician with the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a well-known archaelogist, geologist and palaeoanthropologist, said he had gathered new evidence providing the grounds for changing the existing formulation and shifting the date of the origin of humanity back 7ia Lanpo P.f o.. -to a period between 4-5 million years Peace ines hone for economic development ago. Continued from previous page captured by Unita. It has also forced the exodus of hundreds of thousands of peasants into the urban and other relatively safe areas where most of them depend on food relief. The displacement has also seriously disrupted agriculture, leaving a third of Angola's more than 10 million people dependant on aid. Industrial production is almost at a standstill. Almost all goods in the markets, from foodstuff to electrical appliances, are imported from Europe or South Africa. Many important infrastructure facilities -have been destroyed including bridges, hydroelectric dams and power pylons, railway tracks, mines, manufacturing plants, coffee plantations among others. In the absence of war in Angola - and Mozambique which recently held successful multi-party electons won by the incumbent Frelimo party - land-locked countries in the region could make a choice between trade routes in Angola, Mozambique, South Africa and Tanzania. Currently most trade is through South African routes. Natural resources "Angola is rich in natural resources and so it will economically sound for neigh- lia reached his conclusion on the basis of the extensive archeological excavations and research activities carried out for well over a decade. In 1978, Jia's colleague Tang Yingjun, an associate professor with the Paleovertebrate and Paleoanthropology Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and other archeologists discovered the Xiaochangliang Ruins in the Nihewan Basin located in the upper reaches of the Sangganhe River in north China. In terms of the standard stratum, the ruins generally dates back between 730 000-2 480 000 years ago during the early Pleistocene period. Since that time, the team has carried out excavations on the site and have thus far unearthed over 2 000 stone implements. The implements include large ball-shaped steinkern thought to have been used to make small stone implements, different shapes of small pointed stone vessels, scrapers, conical vessels and stone cone, and coupsdepoing. The implements, which bear many obvious characteristics indicating they were man- made, generally weigh between 5-10 grammes, with the smallest weighing less than one gram was even tough some of the stone vessels are quite small, the processing technology used was obviously quite superb, with one group of vessels having Continued on next page bouring states to get their oil, for instance, from a SADC member state to promote intra-regional trade," said a Harare-based economist. Security and growth, even in South Africa, argues Greg Mills, of the Johannesburg-based South African Institute of International Affairs, depend on ending the conflict in Angola which is currently preventing South Africa from taking full advantage of that coukitry's trade potential. "South Africa will benefit enormously if it has countries around it that have credit, money to pay for services and things to export," said Mills. Meanwhile, a South African company De Beers intends to exploit diamonds in Cuando Cubango Province in the south west of the country from 1995. Moises Chingongo, Angola's geology and mines deputy minister, says that a study is already underway in the area. He says that his ministry intends to create a provincial office in Cuando Cubango to attract geologists and other technicians of the sector. Now that most major towns are under government control and therefore relatively safe, indications are that the much needed investment could start to flow in. - SARDC 13 ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1

A new theory on the origin of man Continued from previous pae been fashioned from the bones of animals. Twelve kinds of mammal fossils related to stone vessels were also unearthed in the Xiaochangliang Ruins section in Yangyuan County, Hebel Province.,They in. dude classifications such as mimomys chinensis, hyaena licenti, palaeoloxodon sp., ecuus sanmeniensis, and proboscidipparion sinense. These particular mammals were active in the early Plestocene Period and are representative members of the Nihewan Period. According to Tang, a specialist in palaeobiology, the fossils serve as one of the major reference materials for judging the Stone Age Period. Using the paleomagnetic method, one of the common international methods for dating fossils, Prof. Wei Qingyun, from the paleomagnetism office of the Geo- physics Institute under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Associate Prof. Cheng Guollang, from the State Bureau of Seismology, initially dated the dual stone implement layer. The two scholars referred to existing geological, palaeobiology and palaeomagnetism conventions, and manually collected 818 samples both above and below the 67-meter section of the dual stone implement layer in the Xiaochangliang Ruins by employing the high-density continuous collection method. Throughout the collection process, they extended great care to reduce losses of loose samples. In addition, they carried out systematic removal in an effort to obtain reliable data on rock sample protomagnetism and conducted systematic defescent magnetism on each sample. According to Wei, the results of an analysis of the final data indicate that dating of the dual stone layer may approach Olduva's upper bound normal polarity subctrons which date back 1.67 million years. Jia Lanpo, 85, and his colleagues carefully studied the stone implements and later announced their conclusions at a press conference. According to the experts, the processing technology of the stone implements was indeed exquisite. The general consensus was that the processed small stone implements should be classified as fine stone implements. They felt that human beings capable of fashioning such fine and exquisite stone Implements must have had an established language, the absence of which would have made it Impossible for them to teach, duplicate, improve and inherit such techniques. Jila noted that actually dating the stone implements was perhaps the most difficult aspect to understand. He pointed to the fact that such finely crafted stone implements dating from the same period had never before been found in any other region in the world. In addition, such a large quantity was discovered and the date of their origin was so remote. According to Jia, "if human beings were capable of fashioning such advanced stone implements over 1.6 million years ago, then, the origin of man should be pushed back from 2-3 million years to 4-5 million years ago. Moreover, the discovery once again provides a basis for the theory that humanIty originated in Asia, possibly in China." A 37-year-old Thesis The bold assertion by hIa Lanpo is not a sudden and strange idea. Quite the contrary, some 37 years ago long before the remains of Peking Man, which date back some 500 000 years, were discovered at Zhoukoudlan, Ila had presumed the existence of human beings and their culture in the Nihewan stratum which dates to the Initial period of the early Pleistocene Period. During the 1930s, Jia personally participated in the excavation of the Peking Man Ruins at Zhoukoudian. Following the discovery of the first skull of Peking Man by famous Archeol- ogist Pei wenzhong, an additional three relatively complete fossilsed Peking Man skulls fossils were found in 1986, an achievement that shocked the international academic world. Ila took over the Zhoukoudian excavation work from Pei Wenzhong in 1935, and since that time has conducted long-term, systematic and, intensive analytical studies. of the series of fossils, ruins and cultural relics unearthed. A short essay entitied "The Stratum of the Nihewan Perfad Was the Earliest Site On Which Human Beings Set Foot" co-authored by la and a colleague in 1957, pointed out, "In terms of physical characteristics and the manufacture of stone implements, Peking Man possessed many progressive characteristics, and had the ability to use'and control fire. Therefore, Peking Man could not represent the most ancient humanity, nor the most primitive culture." The authors inferred that the Nihewan Basin which was located a short distance from the Zhoukoudian Ruins, presented possibilities for the discovery of human fossils and stone implements far more primitive than those of Peking Man. However, in the early 20th century, many foreign scholars remained unconvinced that Chinese culture emerged Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1

A new theory on the origin of man Continued from previous page Xiaochangliang bone implements during the Old Stone Age, and despite the discovery of the Peking Man, various scholars claimed that China could in no way have had culture earlier than the Peking Man. Therefore, Jia's rather provocative theory triggered debates in academic circles which lasted well over a year. Although the polemic came to naught, it nonetheless expedited the subsequent investigation and excavation work. In 1960, just as Jia expected, stone implements and human ruins earlier than the Peking Man were discovered at Xihoudu near Hehe, Ruicheng County, Shanxi Province. Somewhat later, in 1964, similar discoveries were made in Gongwangling, Lantian County, Shanxi Province, with another round of discoveries in Yuanmou County, Yunman Province, in 1973. Initial dating conducted using the paleomagmetic method revealed that the fossils and stone implements at Xihoudu, the skull of the Lantian Ape and the tooth of the Yuanmou Ape date back more than 1 million years, and possibly even further. Following the discovery of the Xiaochangliang Ruins in the Nihewan Basin by Tang Yingjun and his colleagues in 1978, archeologists Wei Qi and Meng Hao joined with their colleagues in 1984 to uncover an ancient cultural site in Donggutuo near Xiaochangliang. Yet another batch of stone implements unearthed in the site were found in the Nihewan layer about 45 metres below ground. The archeologists determined that the luins date back some 1 million years, with the cultural layer being found slightly higher than that at the Xiaochangliang Ruins. Jia confirmed that all of the excavations progressively provided grounds for his theory. Given these facts, between 1989 and 1990, lia published statements and articles at home and abroad in which he clearly advanced the theory that the earliest human fossils would be found in the Pliocene layer which dates back between 2-5 million years ago. In an essay entitled "Human History Is Continuously Being Extended", published in 1990, Jia once again referred to the Nihewan Basin. He documented that beginning in the 1950s several sites excavated in the Nihewan Basin contained human fossils or stone implements which had been dated to the early, middie and late plaeostocene periods. He asserted that these facts proved the areas was not simply a single geological and cultural stratum. He said that large num bers of artifacts found in the 600-odd meter thick Hehuxiang Basin must have been from the Pliocene Stratum. lia expressed his firm belief that the bottom sediment of the Nihewan Basin would yield even, more ancient human ruins and cultural sites. Query Quite similar to the assumption he made 37 years ago, lia's new inference has sparked great doubt and opposition in the archaelogical circles. The initial opposition came from Wu Rukang, another anthropologist, archeologist and academician with the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Wu, who enjoys a good repu- -tation in the archeological circles worldwide, studied in the United States in the 1940s earning a Ph.D. Wu, a scholar known for his meticulous scholarship, said, "There is still great doubt concerning whether the Yangyuan stone implements, or Xiaochangliang stone implements, actually date back 1.6 million years. Even if it is true, one can in no way accurately determine the time and place of the origin of man. The origin of man is a matter involving all continents, and one cannot extend one point to cover the entire globe. It is in fact impossible to solve complicated scientific problems with oversimplified inferences." He stressed that "scientific problems necessitate established evidence." Professor Wu Xinzhi, Jia's colleague, contended that the Xiaochangliang stone implements should not be included in the microlithic classification simply because of their small size. He said, "if the items unearthed at Xiaochangliang were indeed microlithic, why then was the technology obviously far better than that of other cultures of the same age which did not spread to other areas? No one believes that all ruins in East Asia which date back more than 50 000 years ago, including the stone implements unearthed at the Zhoukoudian Ruins not far from Xiaochangliang, belong to microlithic. Therefore, if the age of Xiaochangliang dates back 1.6 million years, why then did no groups of people in the surrounding area and other places learn from and become influenced by advanced technology in the subsequent 1 million years? It thus seems that the technology of Xiaochangliang microlithic artifacts is an isolatContinued on next page Restored skull of Peking Man ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1

A new theory on the origin of man Continued from previous page Mammal fossils unearthed at Xiaochangliang ed incident lasting only a brief period and ending abruptly. This scenario fails to conform with the law of the dissemination of culture. Then, to what extent is Jia's theory credible? This thinly based inference that the history of humanity dates back 4-5 million years is quite hard to believe." Huang Wiewen, a student of lia's and/ an associate research fellow of the institute, tactfully expressed his personal views. According to Huang, experience has proved that a satisfactory conclusion can be drawn only when the plaeomagnetist method is combined with the determination of isotope. Since nothing at the Xiaochangliang Ruins has been determined using the isotope method, it is thus impossible to provide any direct comparable evidence for the determination of paleomagnetism. The research does not compare with that carried out in the Oiduvai section of East Africa, which successfully made determinations using both methods of paleomagnetism and isotopes to arrive at the conclusion of 1.6 million years. "This indirect comparison is scientifically permissible, but quite often causes controversy," said Huang. According to Huang, currently there is only an assumption regarding the site of the origin of man, regardless of whether or not the conclusion is Africa or Asia. The most recent archeological excavation results indicate that the earliest known human fossil in Asia is homoerectus, while discoveries of homo cabilis reveal the earliest stages are found in Africa. Moreover, the earliest human cultural relics (2.3-2.6 million years ago) in terms of stone implements were discovered only in Africa, and by comparison items found in Asia emerged much later. Even if the human fossils of the controversial Mojokerto skull of child in lava, Indonesia, and Sangiran, as well as excavations of Yuan

Point~ I. * Wel done E he refusal by ZESA to increase elecTtricity charges by 41 percent this year should be applauded. For the rst time in Zimbabwe, one of our major Parastatals has shown sufficient courage to resist the negative pressure being exerted by West-controlled international financial institutions. The rejection of World Bank pressure is a long overdue assertion of national sovereignty in the management of the national economy. Zimbabweans should have long realised the crippling effect that arises from servile obedience to the dictatorship of socalled experts who, in rellity, are agents of foreign-based economic interests. Both the World Bank and the IMF are instruments in the hands of economic destabilisers from the developed capitalist world. World Bank and IMF macro and microeconomic prescriptions for Third World teconomic development have always ended in economic underdevelopment. I A recent study by the Zimbabwe Coni sumer Council has revealed that 80 percent of the Zimbabwe population lives t below the official poverty datum line. If ZESA had slavishly agreed to increase electricity charges by the 41 percent which World Bank experts had recommended, the plight of the majority of the people would have rapidly been reduced from misery to destitution. Inflationary Any increase in electricity charges has immediate inflationary effects throughout all sectors of the country's economy because of rippling realities. if, say, the electricity charges are increased by 41 percent, all industrial and commercial users of electricity will have to include the increases in the costs of their operations. * Whenever producers of goods and services are saddled with increased costs in their operations, they immediately raise the prices of their goods and services. Then the consumers of the goods and services, who are the population at large, have to pay more for items they had been buying at lesser prices before the increases. Since the majority of consumers are the people in employment, they will demand wage and salary increases to keep up with the rising prices for needed goods and services. When their demands are met, the employers again increase the price of goods and services to cover the costs of the increased Cde. Solomon Tawengwa - ZESA chaimifan wages and salaries. This inflationary cycle would be spiralling endlessly until the general population reaches a stage where they blame the government for mismanaging the economy. Opposition parties then multiply offering useless recipes leading to further political disasters. Doors to destabilisation will have 'been widely opened. If employers do not raise wages and salaries, workers stage strikes in demand for higher wages and salaries. Strikes result in work stoppages which, in turn, decreases the country's productivity levels. Reduced productivity means less goods and services and, therefore, less the amount of national wealth - diminution of the GNP. The occurrance of the above-mentioned factors are the real signs of economic destabilisation within the country. On the surface, their causes and effects are attributed to government mismanagement yet under te surface lie the real forces of destabiligation - prescriptions by foreign experts and consultants. Currently, Zimbabwe spends upwards of US$40 million on salaries, fees, commissions and allowances of foreign "experts" and "consultants". Most of these so-called foreign "advisors" have irrelevant knowledge of the ways and means of solving our economic problems. Any way, the majority among them are professional spies for their own home governments. Agenda Every nation-state has its own agenda geared to its further development. The parameters of this agenda have to be prefixed on the demands of patriotism. Wherever there is no prefixed patriotism, foreign interests intervene for the pursuit of their own interests. It appears there is very little prefixed patriotism within the ranks of our top public officials. Otherwise there is no credible explanation for huge losses in the public sector. Very few public enterprises are efficiently run. Most balance sheets of public enterprises show disgracing unprofitability in all their operations. This is in spite of the fact that all top management posts are occupied by very highly qualified staff. Staff with high qualifications do not need the perennial advice of so-called foreign experts and consultants. The past 14 years of hands-on involvement in the management of public enterprises should be long enough for our highly qualified personnel to acquire the necessary on-the-job experience. Failure to gain this experience by personnel with strings of university degrees among them can only be explained by their collective lack of a patriotic agenda. Struggle In Zimbabwe, and in other Third World countries, the tasks of uplifting the living standards of the people is a titanic struggle of international proportions. Policy- makers have to distinguish their friends from their enemies. A country develops with help from its friends and sinks under the oppressive weight of its enemies. Therefore, development tasks have to be tackled in a cold atmosphere of deathor- life struggles against the country's enemies. Some naive people think that everyone who offers "economic aid" is a helpful friend in deed. This is not always so. All enemies are wolves in sheep's clothing. A country should know its enemies by the damage they cause to the economy and finances of the country concerned. Zimbabweans know very well which countries are accumulating wealth at the expense of their country. There countries are Zimbabwe's erstwhile enemies. They can be spotted from their eager involvement in the internal affairs of the country and opposition leaders are their friends. Subsidiaries of their companies are operating here and exporting local wealth under the guise of taking out "their" profits. They send their own paid experts, consultants and advisers to misadvise, mismanage and exploit the country. El ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1

Inconsistencies in U.S. foreign policy on .aA ~ WV ~'U'jdV~it,~ merican foreign policy on nuclear weapons is supposedly based on non- proliferation of these lethal inventions of mass decimation of whole populations. However, this policy appears to have so far been applied selectively. The international press has revealed the illegal traffic in weapons-grade uranium and plutonium from the former Soviet Union to Western Europe, particularly to Germany. The United States has not' raised the usual harsh noises against the countries concerned. On the other hand, the U.S. has been threateningly poised to attack both North Korea and Iraq on the mere suspicion that these two countries were involved in the manufacture of nuclear weapons. South Aica During-the time of South African apartheid regimes, the progressive world was always charging that successive apartheid regimes were involved in the secret manufacture of nuclear weapons but the U.S. greeted the evidence with lukewarm scepticism. Yet, apartheid South Africa was actually manufacturing nuclear weapons and stockpiling them. For years until the signing of a protocol of agreement between herself and the DPRK in Geneva last year, the United States was threatening the Democratic People's Republic of Korea with fire and brimstone. Yet, recent revelations have shown the United States to have been all along aware of the production and stockpiling of nuclear weapons by apartheid South Africa and taking no measures to stop this nuclear weapons proliferation. According to an exclusive piece of information given to Newsweek magazine by an undisclosed source, officials from the South African apartheid regime approached the U.S. government in October, 1'992 and offered to sell a sixbomb stockpile of nuclear weaponsgrade enriched uranium. "Washington botched the deal", says Newsweek magazine. Interests It was in the interests of the United states' strategic considerations that weapons- grade enriched uranium be stockpiled by its apartheid ideological allies in South Africa at that material time. However, this strategic calculation was based on the assumption that rightwing white South Africans would resist the in- stalment of an ANC "communist" logical skills to other countries such as government. Iraq. or North Korea. i I White rightists, contrary to the thinking The United States is now very nervous of US strategists, had begun to emigrate about the future employment of these from South Africa as early as 1990. Ac- nuclear scientists by some countries out cording to statistic of the South African side the orbit of Western spheres of in. co~n t satstcs ofteSuhArcnfluenice.Dr.David Albrght,a U.S. nu clear Ministry of Home Affairs, between 1990 and the beginning of 1993 some 8 000 expert is reported by Newsweek maW. white South Africans emigrated to the zine to have said that he knew that United States, 10 000 to Canada, 4 000 some "foreign agents are already mak. to Australia and 2 500 to New Zealand. ing them (the scientists) offers". Dr. Al. in addition to these figures, thousands bright ended by saying: "Those teams of white South Africans emigrated to pose a real proliferation risk." South America and Western Europe. Altruism Prevention of the proliferation of nuclear The growing numbers of emigrants weapons should be approached from prompted Cde. Nelson Mandela, then the standpoint of altruism by all coun. ,i deriving his, authority from only being tries which are signatories to the Nuclear the president of the ANC, to say at his Non-Proliferation Treaty. When the Uni75th birthday party in July: "We want ed States, the sole super-power, adopts all South Africans, whoever they are - selective practices in its application of blacks, whites, brown or yellow - to ac- the policy of non-proliferation, other cept this country as their own." In spite countries and people will be justified in of these assurances, rightwing whites accusing the US government of inconcontinued to leave South Africa in large sistencies and insincerity. numbers. The manufacturing of any weapons of During the weeks of February anid war including guns, presupposes the in. March last year, The Sunday p7res, the tention to see them used in tragic wars. country's largest-selling newspaper, was The stockpiling of these destructive devoting full pages to advertisements weapons means the intention by the placed by lawyers offering to advise stockpilers to sell them to willing buywhite emigrants on how to evade ers at some future date. At the end of government exchange control the day, this leads to the proliferation regulations. of weapons of war. As white rightwingers continued to emi- An altruistic policy is that which seeks grate, the United States became con- to banish, once and for all, the manufacvinced of their failure to offer effective ture of weapons of war of whatever resistance to black "communist rule". description. Humart has witnessed the on their part, ANC leaders convinced the use of weapons ofwar in the extetiworld that they were not going .to nation of wildlife in areas officially replace apartheid oppression with a reserved for their survival, the waging communist government. This was a of escalating civil wars on all continents pleasant surprise to American ideologi- and the consequent needless loss of nilcal strategists. However, the stockpile of lions of human beings. From Bosnia to weapons-grade enriched uranium had, Angola, from Rwanda to Haiti, from at all cost, to be prevented from falling Northern Ireland to Campuchea, from Sri into the controlling black hands of the Lanka to Armenia people are dying in Mandela government. For racist reasons civil wars fuelled by the unrestricted the United States will not permit the pos- manufacture and sale of weapons of sibility of a black African government to war. The growing tragedy of civil wars control weapons-grade nuclear materi- is surely preventable. als. Something had to be done quickly because Nelson Mandela was abucktyAs the sole super power, the United bcaue o n Mawer a wa S about to States should show the lead by influencing the United Nations, through the In mid-1 993 the United States offered to Security Council, to adopt new protocols use the enriched South African uranium crafted to serve the universal interests as fuel for commercial nuclear reactors, of humanity of preserving human life Together with this offer, the U.S. has through settlement of all disputes by now asked the Mandela government to peaceful means. The suggested new pro, co-operate in preventing nuclear sien- tocols should lead to the prohibition of tists employed in South Africa from leav-. the manufacture and sale of all weapons ing the country and offer their techno- of war, including guns. , 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1 IT-alkill" Point

All Africa Games 1995 Though an unprecedented honour This is a unique chance to Zimbabwe Show we should Our deep reserve of talent and.parade our finer side. Forget not brothers and sisters Sport can weave intricate cultural ties Not only with the wider World, Within the confines of our borders also. As we rally behind our chosen ambassadors Flying high our national flag The superodinate goals remain Patriotism, success, jubilation. Demonstrate, we should; Our ability to host as best, As is ever possible. This unique opportunity, Should be exploited. The outer world should, See our brotherliness. Let's create an impeccable, Picture of ourselves, Our Lady folk, Let's show common cause, This is a chance to, Demonstrate you deserve, Equal reckoning. As patriots, let's wish, And not only wish good, But give moral, material support, So, we establish a good, Base from which they cpn Get back-up. Be on equal footing Our desire let be With soccer powerhouses Ghana, Cameroon, Nigeria. And close home, Northern neighbour, Zambia. The mentle of, Kenya, Namibia, in rugby; South Africa and Tanzania in Hockey, Zimbabwe in tennis, Malawi, Algeria, Cote d'lvoire in athletics is matchable. Let's sustain our existence On Africa sports, no later Than right away. 1995 All Africa Games We salute: National Sports Stadium (Harare) Rufaro Stadium (Harare) Barbourfields Stadium (Bulawayo) Sakubva Stadium (Mutare) Ascot Stadium (Gweru) We salute His Excellency President R. G. Mugabe. By Augustine Mutsure HARARE ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1

Sport ..d S S Evirl Chroolog of iegoMaraon-' Diego Maradona Born: Diego Armando Maradona on October 30, 1960, in Buenos Aires working class slum of Villa Fiorito. He is the fifth of eight children of a factory worker. October 1976: Makes first division debut at Argentines Juniors, ten days before 16th birthday. 1977: Argentina debut. 1978: Omitted from Argentina World Cup squad for finals in Argentina. Spends two unhappy seasons at the Spanish club marred by illness and injury. 1984: Napoli of Italy pay US$7.5 million for him. June 1986: Scores hand of God then adds brilliant second in 2-1 World Cup quarter-final defeat of England. Leads Argentina to 3-2 triumph over West Germany in final. 1979: Captains Argentina to victory in June 1987: Leads Napoli to their first World Youth Cup in Japan. Italian league title. 1981: Wins first and only Argentine league title with Boca juniors. August 1982: Moves to Barcelona for US$3 million after 1982 World Cup. May 1989: Helps Napoli win UEFA Cup, the club's first European trophy. Then is absent for two months in Argentina and refuses to return for the start of the ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. Italian league season. Demands to be transferred to French club. June 1990: Maradona leads Napoli to their second Italian league title. July 1990: Captains Argentina in 1-o defeat by Germany in World Cup final. 1990-91 seasor Maradona, complain. ing about stress of Italian league, misses training and matches and runs up more than US$50 000 in fines for indiscipline; becomes involved in patenity suit. November 1990: Refuses to travel to Moscow with team for European cup tie, turning, up 24 hours later in a private jet. March 1991: Fails dope test for cocaine and is investigated in connection with Naples vice ring and banned from the game for 15 months. April 1991: Shortly after returning toArgentina, he is arrested for taking cocaine and ordered by a judge to quit the ab t under medical supervision. June 1992: Refuses to return to Naoli after drugs ban and demands transfer. September 1992:Spanish side Sevilla sign Maradona for US$7.5 million. February 1993: Maradona returns to captain Argentina against Brazil in a game marking the 100th anniversary of the Argentine F.A. June 1993: Sevilla refuse to pay Maradona US$1 million owed to him because he had not met his obligations to the club. He quits and returns to Argernna. Sevilla sack him hours before expiry of his contact. September 1993: joins Argentine Cub Newell's Old Boys. October 1993: Plays for Argentina in first leg of World Cup play off against Australia; plays in second leg the following month. February 1994: Sacked by Newell's for missing training. Besieged by Argentine press at his home, he fires an argun at reporters, wounding four. April 1994: Scores penalty in friendly against Morocco, one of five international he plays in build-up to USA '94. June 1994: Maradona appears in fourth World Cup. Day before he is due to make record 22nd appearance news breaks of his positive dope test. ZIANA-REUTER. E

Lennox Lewis breaking the mould By David Miles, LPS sports writer Lennox Lewis, Briish heavyweight boxer hen Bob Fitzsimmons lost the before a Briton next captured the crown. But Lewis, the son of Jamaican imW World Heavyweight title to Many have tried to bring the glory back migrants, has always been one for WJames J. Jeffries in 1899, no-one to Britain. They have all failed. believed it would be almost a century All except Lennox Claudius Lewis. Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS, VOLUME 26 No. 1

Lennox Lewis breaking the mould Continued from previous page breaking the mould. At the age of'12, he left the London East End neighbourhood that he called home and went to live with is mother in Canada. He was constantly teased about his. cockney accent by the other children in his class.and was looking set for alife *of crime before his -headmaster stepped in. Lennox was invited to try his hand at the noble art, channelling his aggression into something constructive. The rest as they say, is history. Something Special Once Lennox had been told by the headmaster to get into the ring, it quickly became clear he was something special. His first international recognition came when he was still 16 and his rise to fame and fortune has turned up a notch every year since. The name of Lennox Lewis came to the fore in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1982 when he struck gold in the Multi-Nations Championships. fighting for Canada. A year later Lewis took the world junior super-heavyweight crown and in 1984 he made his Olympic debut in Los Angeles. He made it to the quarter finals' before American Tyrell Biggs saw him off on his way to clinching gold. Real breakthrough That defeat heightened Lewis's desire to get to the top and In 1985 he was Wodd Cup super-heavyweight silver medallist, but the real breakthrough came in Edinburgh in 1986. In the Commonwealth Games, the London-based giant took gold to announce himself the 1987 amateur stage. Lewis swept aside all challenges in Scotland and then romped through the 1987 World Cup. Suddenly, he was being talked about in world title class and when future world champ Riddick Bowe was destroyed in the 1988 Seoul Olympic superheavyweight final, he became the hottest property in the fight game. 'The world's top promoters were scrambling for Lennox Lewis's signature. Agins aff e oddsit was pt-sized London promoter-manager Frank Maloney who got the 1.95m (6-ft 5-in) fighterto put pen to paper. Lewis made his professional debut on 27 June 1989, knocking out Mablm in the second round in London's ltoyal -Albert Hall. Five more wins in the remainder of that year proved Lewis could go all the way to the top and finally stop Britain's horizontal heavyweights being the laughing stock of boxing. The accolades started pouring in. Heavyweight legend George Foreman drooled: "Lennox Lewis is the fighter of the future. He has all the equipment to be heavyweight champion of the world. He fights good with both hands." Foreman's prediction looked to be spot on when, just 16 months after his first pro fight, Lewis destroyed Frenchman Jean-Maurice Chanet in six rounds to claim the European title. Next came the British title - and at last respect in -his homeland - when he comprehensively beat Gary Mason, stopping him in the seventh round at Wembley in London. £4 million deal The money started rolling in and Lewis signed a £4 million six-fight deal with American cable-TV network TVKO that took him to the brink of the world crown. Lewis was paired with Canadian Donovan "Razor" Ruddock in the final eliminator for the undisputed world title. It was his biggest test yet and many experts thought Britain's best was about to come unstuck. The big man was unmoved however. "I've met Ruddock. He's a nice enougq bloke, though he's a bit arrogant. I know. I've got to beat him to get a chance at the world title. He's an obstacle and I've got to take him out.". And take him out he did. Ruddock was bombed out in the second round and the world took notice. Massive presence Lewis has a massive presence in the ring and is probably the most powerful puncher in the world. His chin isn't bad either. But he puts his success down to two things - his size 15 feet. "You need big legs to launch big punches and the advantage of having such big feet is that it's very hard to knock me off them. "In 130 pro and amateur fights I've never been knocked off them and I aim to see that I never am." Lewis was never given his promised t tie shot. Champion Riddick Bowe was rprnning scared and was only too hap py to give up his WBC belt. "Big Daddy" Bowe dumped it in the dustbin. The WBC fished it out and awarded it to Lewis - Britain's first heavyweight world champion this century. it was an unsatisfactory way for Lewis to claim the crown, but after points win in his first defence against Tony Tucker he had the chance to lay to rest the ghost of Frank Bruno. Bruno had cast a long and lingering shadow over Lewis' career and in Cardi in October 1993 the two met. Lewis had to win to silence Britain's favourite son once and for all. It took Lewis six rounds to get into his stride but when he found his range he was unstoppable. Bruno had no answer and Lewis was still WBC champ, but more importantly he had banished Bruno. Conquered Britain Lewis had conquered Britain, but there were still questions being asked in the US. Bowe, who refused al attempts to uni fy the title, lost his two versions of the crown to Evander Holyfield in a fight in. terupted by a parachutist who decided to drop in on proceedings. Holyfield was prepared to meet Lewis, but then lost the title to Michael Moorer who wanted to steer well dear of the Londoner. Lewis showed the States exactly why their man was running scared when he totally outclassed Phil Jackson in Atlantic City, Florida Phil being knocked down three times before finally succumbing to the champ in the seventh. Jackson ira, mediately claimed Lewis was the best heavyweight around but the man him. self said: "I showed the world what a good job Lennox Lewis has. There's a lot more to Lennox Lewisthat thepublic hasn't seen yet." The world want to see more to LewiS. Michael Moorer doesn't. The quetw being asked now is how much of thi gishman will a freeMike Tyson Wue# 10 see? YISA13VV NEWS., VOLUllA 1

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