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Effect of Fabric Anisotropy on the Dynamic Mechanical Behavior Of EFFECT OF FABRIC ANISOTROPY ON THE DYNAMIC MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF GRANULAR MATERIALS by Bo Li Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Advisor: Prof. Xiangwu Zeng Department of Civil Engineering Case Western Reserve University January, 2011 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of Bo Li Candidate for Ph. D. degree*. (signed) Xiangwu Zeng Chair of Commitee Adel Saada Wojbor A. Woyczynski Xiong Yu (date) 11/15/2010 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein Table of Contents Table of Contents I List of Tables IV List of Figures VI Acknowledgement XI Abstract XII Notation XIV Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Effect of Anisotropy on Granular Materials ........................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Objectives ............................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Outline of the Dissertation ...................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Review of the Effect of Fabric Anisotropy on Clay ............................................................... 3 1.4.1 Experimental Study on Effect of Fabric Anisotropy on Clay ......................................... 3 1.4.2 Analytical Method on Effect of Fabric Anisotropy clays ............................................. 12 1.4.3 Numerical Analysis on Effect of Fabric Anisotropic on Clays .................................... 13 1.5 Review of the Effects of Anisotropy on Sands ..................................................................... 14 1.5.1 Experimental Studies on the Effects of Fabric Anisotropy .......................................... 14 1.5.2 Analytical Study on Effect of Fabric Anisotropy on Sand ........................................... 22 1.5.3 Numerical Study on Effect of Fabric Anisotropy on Sand ........................................... 24 1.6 Review of Geotechnical Centrifuge Tests ............................................................................ 26 1.6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 26 1.6.2 Review of Centrifuge Test ............................................................................................ 27 1.6.3 Scaling Law .................................................................................................................. 28 1.6.4 Container ...................................................................................................................... 31 1.6.5 Earthquake Simulation ................................................................................................. 34 1.6.6 Scaling Effects .............................................................................................................. 36 1.7 Review of Piezoelectric Sensors ........................................................................................... 38 1.7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 38 1.7.2 Previous Research on Piezoelectric Sensors ................................................................. 40 1.7.3 Potential Problem using Bender Element ..................................................................... 42 1.7.4 Travel time Determination Method .............................................................................. 52 Chapter 2 Centrifuge Simulation Techniques and Procedures .......................... 53 I 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 53 2.2 Facilities and Instrumentation .............................................................................................. 53 2.2.1 Centrifuge ..................................................................................................................... 53 2.2.2 Shake Table .................................................................................................................. 55 2.2.3 Accelerometer ............................................................................................................... 55 2.2.4 LVDT ........................................................................................................................... 56 2.2.5 Pore Pressure Transducers ............................................................................................ 57 2.2.6 Container ...................................................................................................................... 59 2.3 Material................................................................................................................................. 60 2.4 Test Structures: Scaled Sheet Pile Wall and Strip Foundation ............................................. 61 2.5 Input Earthquake Motion ...................................................................................................... 63 2.6 Specimen Preparation Method .............................................................................................. 64 2.6.1 Specimen Preparation ................................................................................................... 64 2.6.2 Test Procedure .............................................................................................................. 71 Chapter 3 Centrifuge Simulation of Effect of Fabric Anisotropy on Retaining Walls ................................................................................................................. 73 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 73 3.2 Model Preparation ................................................................................................................ 74 3.3 Test Configuration ................................................................................................................ 76 3.4 Test Result and Analysis ...................................................................................................... 78 3.4.1 Effect of Fabric Anisotropy on Acceleration ................................................................ 78 3.4.2 Effect of Fabric Anisotropy on the Displacements ....................................................... 89 3.4.3 Effect of Fabric Anisotropy on Pore Pressure .............................................................. 94 3.5 Discussion and Recommendation ......................................................................................... 97 3.6 Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................................. 101 Chapter 4 Centrifuge Simulation the Effect of Fabric Anisotropy on Strip Foundations ..................................................................................................... 102 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 102 4.2 Model Preparation .............................................................................................................. 104 4.3 Model Configuration .......................................................................................................... 105 4.4 Test Results and Analysis ................................................................................................... 107 4.4.1 Effect of Fabric Anisotropy on Acceleration .............................................................. 107 II 4.4.2 Effect of Fabric Anisotropy on Displacement ............................................................ 119 4.4.3 Effect of Fabric Anisotropy on Pore Pressure ............................................................ 124 4.4.4 Post Earthquake Behavior .......................................................................................... 128 4.5 Discussion and Recommendations ..................................................................................... 130 4.6 Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................................. 132 Chapter 5 Effect of Fabric Anisotropy on Small Strain Soil Modulus in K0 Condition ........................................................................................................ 134 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 134 5.2 Instrumentation and Facility ............................................................................................... 135 5.2.1 Specially Designed Container .................................................................................... 135 5.2.2 Bender Element Selection .......................................................................................... 135 5.2.3 Data Acquisition System Description ......................................................................... 137 5.3 Theoretical Background ..................................................................................................... 138 5.4 Experimental Setup ...........................................................................................................
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