New Fuel Retail Service Station Erf 1260, Ext 5, Ondangwa Townlands Oshana Region
A NEW FUEL RETAIL SERVICE STATION ON ERF 1620, EXTENSION 5, ONDANGWA Project Name TOWNLANDS, OSHANA REGION
BASELINE SCOPING REPORT
Report Status Final
Project Reference APP -00654 Number WAKAMANYA SERVICE STATION CC Erf 1620, B1 Road Oshikango Ondangwa Prepared For P O Box 46 RUACANA Namibia
Joel Shafashike EKWAO CONSULTING 4350 Lommel Street Prepared By Ongwediva Namibia Cell: 081 418 3125 Fax2Mail: 088645026 Email: [email protected]
Date Prepared August 2019
Contributors Takatu Shafashike
Abbreviations and Acronyms
AQG Air Quality Guidelines BAT Best Available Technology BID Background Information Document CI Cumulative Impacts CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan GRN Government of the Republic of Namibia HDI Human Development Index HES Health Environmental and Safety HPP The Harambee Prosperity Plan IAPs Interested and Affected Parties ISO International Organization for Standardization M2 Square meters M3 Cubic meters MAWF Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism MHSS Ministry of Health and Social Services MLR Ministry of Land Reform MME Ministry of Mines and Energy MOL Ministry of Labour MTISMED Ministry of Trade, Industry and SME Development MURD Ministry of Urban and Rural Development MYNSSC Ministry of Youth, National Services, Sport and Culture NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAMPOWER Namibia Power Corporation Pty Ltd NAMWATER Namibia Water Corporation Ltd NHC National Heritage Council
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide NSI Namibia Standards Institute PILR Potential Impact for Loss of Resource PM Particulate Matter PPE Personal Protective Equipment SABS South African Bureau of Standards SHE Safety, Health & Environment SME Small and Medium Enterprises
SO2 Sulphur Dioxide TLV Threshold Limit Value
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Description Page
1.0 Scoping Assessment 4 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Terms of References 4 1.3 Scope of Work and Approaches to the EIA Study 5
2.0 Description of the Development 6 2.1 Project Promoter 6 2.2 Location of the Project 6 2.3 Details of the Proposed Activity 10 2.4 Local Standards for Fuel service Stations 10 2.5 Assessment of Existing Infrastructures around the Project Site 11 2.5.1 Access to the Site 11 2.5.2 Water Supply 11 2.5.3 Electricity Supply 10 2.5.4 Sewerage System 12 2.5.5 Site Surface Drainage 12 2.5.6 Waste Handling 12
3.0 Consideration for Project Alternatives 13 3.1 The Alternative Site 13 3.2 The No Action Alternative 13 3.3 Comparing of Alternatives 14
4.0 The Legal and Policy Requirements 15
5.0 The Receiving Environment 17 5.1 Introduction 17 5.2 Access to the Site 17 5.3 Topography 17 5.4 Climatic Data 17 5.5 Geology and Soil Characteristic 18 5.6 Hydrology 18 5.7 Land use and capabilities 18 5.8 Waste Management 18 5.9 Dust Impact 18 5.10 Air Quality 19 5.11 Noise Impact 19 5.12 Visual Impact 19 5.13 Archaeological & Cultural Heritage 19 5.14 The Ecosystem 19 5.15 The Socio-Economic Environment 19
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6.0 Impact Assessment Methodology 20 6.1 Types of Impacts 20 6.2 Identification of Impacts 20 6.3 Mitigation of Impacts 20
7.0 Impacts and Mitigation Measures 23 7.1 Positive Impacts 23 7.2 Adverse Impacts & Mitigation 23 (a) Traffic Congestion 23 (b) Surface Water & Drainage 23 (c ) Soil Disturbances 24 (d) Impact of Water Resources 24 (e) Waste Generation and Management 25 (f) Environmental Pollution 26 (g) Noise Impacts 26 (h) Impact on the Ecosystem 27 (i) Visual Impacts 27 (j) Archaeological and Cultural Heritage 28 (k) Fire Risk and Control 28 (l) Health & Safety 28 (m) Training of Employees 30 (n) Socio and Economic Impacts 30
8.0 Evaluations & Conclusions 34 8.1 Environmental Economics Criteria 34 8.2 Efficiency Criterion 34 8.3 Equity Criterion 34 8.4 The Intergenerational Equity or Sustainability Criterion 34 8.5 Conclusion 34
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TABLES
Table Description Page
1.0 National Legislation 15 2.0 National Policies & Agencies 16 3.0 Impact Assessment Methodology 21 4.0 Summary of Impact Assessment 31 5.0 Statutory Stakeholders 32 6.0 Project Advertisement 33 7.0 BID Circulation List 33 FIGURES
1.0 Google Image - Project Location 7 2.0 An aerial view Depicting Road Network around project Site 7 3.0 North View from the Project Site 8 4.0 Standing on the street road looking to the Northwest 8 5.0 Standing on the street road looking to East 9 6.0 Project Site seen from the South 9
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1. SCOPING (BASELINE)
1.1 Introduction
Ekwao Consulting (Ekwao) has been appointed by Wakamanya Service Station (Wakamanya) to conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the development of its proposed fuel retail service station on Erf 1620, Extension 5 in the town of Ondangwa.
This EIA consists of three parts, this Baseline Scoping Report (BSR), the Public Participation Process (PPP) and the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). This report represents as far as possible the outcome of the Scoping Assessment conducted by Ekwao with respect to the proposed development.
1.2 Terms of References
The Terms of Reference for this EIA are as follow:
a) To critically look into the location and suitability of the site for the proposed activity.
b) A detailed description of the Baseline Information and to list the national environmental legislative and regulatory frameworks which have a bearing on the development.
c) Description, evaluation and analysis of the potential environmental impacts which the proposed project is likely to pose, expressed in terms of the physical, biological (ecological) and socio-economic aspects.
d) An evaluation of the technology, procedures and processes to be used in the implementation of the project.
e) To conduct a Public Participation Process during which the views, concerns, inputs and attitudes of the community particularly the nearby residents are assessed and evaluated towards the proposed development.
f) To formulate an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), proposing the measures to be taken to eliminate and to minimize adverse impacts on the environment during the Construction and Operational phases of the service station.
g) To submit the EIA Report to the Office of the Environmental Commissioner in the Ministry of Environmental and Tourism (MET) for consideration whether or not to award or to refuse the award of an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) for the planned development.
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1.3 Scope of Work and Approaches to the EIA Study
In preparing for the Scoping Assessment, Ekwao has adopted an investigative approach which took consideration of the existing environment and the possible impacts which the proposed development will bring to bear to the physical, biological (ecological) and socio-economic environments.
The proposed site was assessed by way of physical observation, visual surveying, taking of photographic images and by talking to the proponent and residents in the immediate vicinity of the development
A description of the property (land) on which the filling station will be established and its location were also critically assessed and considered. All national legislations, policies and guidelines that are applicable to the planned activity are also listed and highlighted.
Mitigation measures for identified environmental impacts were considered over the two phases of the development namely:
a) The Construction Phase which consists of pre-construction, construction and post construction activities
b) The Operational Phase which is the Business Activity of the development
Mechanism for monitoring and evaluations of compliance were proposed and included in the EMP which forms part of EIA process.
Finally, a comprehensive Public Participation Process (PPP) as required by the EIA process was undertaken for this proposed development.
The impacts have been assessed on the following environmental aspects:
Access to the Site Dust Impacts Topography Air Quality Climatic Data Noise Impacts Geology of the area Visual Impacts Hydrology Flora (Plant life) Land Use and Capability Fauna (Animal live) Waste Management Socio-economic Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Traffic Impacts
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2. DESCRIPTION OF THE DEVELOPMENT
2.1 The Project Promoter
The planned new fuel retail service station is promoted by Wakamanya Service Station CC – a 100% owned Namibian company whose sole member and lead promoter is Mr Tobias Handunge, a young Namibian entrepreneur who has a range of business operations in the regions of Khomas, Omusati, Kunene and Oshana.
The promoter has the backing and support of Petrosol Petroleum Solutions of Namibia (Petrosol) – an Otjiwarongo based proactive company which is involved in the construction of new fuel service stations targeting the peri urban locations.
2.2 Location of the Project
The fuel retail service station is planned to be constructed on Erf 1620 located in extension 5 in the Ondangwa Townlands. The stand (erf) measures 3 326 m2 in size and is fully serviced with water, sewerage and electricity all available. The zoning for the stand is business and is registered under a Title Deed T2943/2012. As can be seen from figures 1 and 2 – the business erf can be accessed from two sides.
From the south of the proposed fuel retail service station, access can be provided from the B1 Highway which links Ondangwa to the border town of Oshikango. To the north, access can be provided from the tarred street road which joins the B1 Highway at Omwandi Wakamanya Shopping Complex.
From a traffic flow perspective, the fuel service station is located between three major shopping complexes and is expected to attract a high volume of traffic mostly from motorists using the B1 Highway and from those using the street road to and from the Olunkono Business Centre. The service station is also poised to enjoy a substantial number of guests from the Woermann Shopping Complex located to the south of the development adjacent the B1 Highway.
Behind the Woermann Brock Complex is the popular Protea Hotel, used by tourists and Angolan businessmen and women who need accommodation to catch their flights with Air Namibia from Andimba Toivo YaToivo Airport. Access to the Protea Hotel is from B1 Highway about 200 m from development site.
To the north of the project site as depicted in figure 3 is a number of informal car repair garages who will undoubtedly require the services provided by the fuel service station. With good organization, the fuel retail service station promoted by Wakamanya could position itself to serve as a ‘taxi terminal’ to help the increased number of commuters who are often seen along the B1 Highway and parking area of the Woermann Brock Shopping.
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Figure 1: Google Map of the Project Site Location
Figure 2: An aerial view depicting road networks around the of the project
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Figure 3: North view from the Project Site
Figure 4: Standing on the Street Road looking to the Northwest
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Figure 5: Standing on the Street Road looking to the East (towards B1)
Figure 6: Project Site seen from the South
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2.3 Details of the Proposed Activity
The study area consists of a site measuring 3 326 m2 (0.3326 ha) as shown in Figure 1. The proposed development will entail the construction of a fuel service station integrated with what has become standard facilities at modern fuel retail facilities: o a convenient store with a bakery o a car wash o ablution facilities for the patrons o adequate paved parking bays o banking facilities in the form of ATMs o a canopied forecourt housing the fuel pumps
At the time of the EIA assessment, specific details of the exact design and layout of the proposed filling station were unavailable, as the entire project is still in the concept design phase. However, considering the details presented by the proponent, a modern standard filling station is envisaged.
Typically, such filling station will make provision for underground storage of unleaded petrol, lead replacement petrol and diesel. The typical tank allocation is on a three storage tank facility, using two tanks for the storage of petrol and one tank for the storage of diesel. However, this is depended on the anticipated sales volume for each fuel product.
A modern filling station will have a canopied forecourt with three or four dispensing islands on which pumps for the dispensing of fuel from the underground storage tanks are located. The standard industry practice is for the area under the canopy to be slightly raised above the level of the remainder of the service area and sealed with an impervious layer.
2.4 Local Standards for Fuel Service Stations
Since Namibia is still in the process of developing its own standards, the current standard practice used is that of SABS 089:1999. The installation of the fuel tanks and pipelines at the filling station are to be in line with SABS Standards (SANS 10089: Parts 1-3). In terms of these standards:
a) Underground Fuel Storage Tanks (USTs) should be a minimum composite tanks fibre-reinforced resin coated steel tanks b) Installation requirements for USTs as prescribed in terms of the SABS codes c) Filler point containment measures for the containment of spillage during tank filling as prescribed in terms of the SABS codes d) Supply pipeline types, containment measures and installation requirements are specified
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The tanks are filled from a common filler box. The filler point is surrounded by secondary sleeving to prevent surface water and soil from entering the filler box. The fuel tanker operator will pump out any spillage into this filler box at the time of fuel delivery.
Fuel from these tanks is pumped through underground pipelines, which are laid to the forecourt area, where it is finally dispersed into customers’ vehicles. Dispensing pumps will be fitted with emergency cut off valve as specified by the legislation and standards.
All storm water that may potentially be contaminated by fuel or oil spills is directed to a separator unit prior to exiting the site. In addition, waste water from the carwash facility is drained through a separator before discharging such waste water into the conservancy tank. It is recommended that a conservancy tank be installed to handle the effluent from the development since formal municipal services are not available yet.
2.5 Assessment of Existing Infrastructures around the Project Site
2.5.1 Access to the Site
The site earmarked for the development is abutting two roads being the busy B1 Highway to the south and a street road to the northern side. The B1 Highway is a very busy road which leads from Ondangwa to Oshikango. The street road to the north provides a short access from B1 to the C38 Highway which leads from Ondagwa to Oshakati. The site is therefore strategically located and accessed from two highways used by many motorists entering or leaving the town of Ondangwa from Oshikango and Oshakati.
2.5.2 Water Supply
Water has been provided to the site by the Ondangwa Town Council. The water required for the development, both during the construction and operational phases is not expected to impact negatively on the existing water supply.
2.5.3 Electricity Supply
Electricity is available on site. The local electricity supplier is Nored. The existing power supply is sufficient to cater for the proposed development. In the long term, solar power panels installed on the rooftops of the buildings can supplement the energy requirements of the project. This will reduce the energy bill of the service station considerably. Overall, the energy requirement for the project is not expected to have any negative impact on the current electricity demands at the locality.
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2.5.4 Sewerage System
Adequate sewerage system has been installed by the Ondangwa Town Council. As standard practice, the number of toilets and or ablution facilities required for the fuel retail service station has to be indicated on the drawings which have to be submitted to the Ondangwa approved for approval.
2.5.5 Site Surface Drainage
The topography is quite flat and during the rainy season most of the rainwater is mainly absorbed into the soil. However, the adjacent highways are slightly elevated such that rainwater from the tarmac surface will drain towards the development. A suitable drainage system has therefore to be provided in the design phase to divert surface run-off or storm water from the site during the operational phase.
2.5.6 Waste Handling
All wastes have to be placed in suitable waste bins for removal by the town Council.
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3. CONSIDERATION FOR PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
Alternatives to this proposed development have been assessed from the environmental and socio-economic perspectives. The alternative considered are:
Alternative Site Scenario No Action Alternative/Scenario, and Comparisons of Alternatives
3.1 The Alternative Site:
Relocation to a different site is an option available for the project implementation; however the selection of a site intended for use as a fuel retail service station is made based on evaluations of a number of factors such as traffic volumes, site accessibilities, availability of services (water, electricity, sewerage, waste disposal,) etc. The promoter has purchased the specific land based on its strategic location for the intended purpose. As such there are no alternative sites available to the promoter for the proposed development.
The land is within the town lands of the Ondangwa Town Council and has been formalised, fully serviced and zoned for business purposes. With a surface area of 3326 m2 , it is big enough to accommodate the scale and size of development planned by the promoter. It is common knowledge that serviced land for development of businesses, construction of housing and industries is in limited supply from almost all local authorities throughout the country. For the developer to look for an alternative site will be a cumbersome process and there is no guarantee that any such site will be successfully secured.
The promoter has already made a substantial initial investment to buy the land. Designs for the service station are currently being drawn up for submission to the local authority (Ondangwa Town Council). An alternative site would result in a loss for the funds already paid to service providers, i.e. Architect, Structural Engineer, Quantity Surveyors, etc. In consideration of the above concerns and assessment of the current site, the option for an alternative site is not a feasible proposition at this stage.
3.2 The No Action Alternative
The No Action Alternative in respect to the proposed project implies that the status quo is maintained. This option is the most suitable alternative from an extreme environmental perspective because it ensures non-interference with the existing conditions. However, the need for such a development is high and the anticipated insignificance environmental impacts resulting from construction phase have already been experienced (the site is in built up area). This option will however, involve several losses both to the project proponent, the Town Council of Ondangwa (no payment for services/rates), the Namibian community at large (no employment) and Central Government in that no tax will be paid to the State coffers.
The land which is zoned for business will remain undeveloped and under-utilized or neglected. The No project option is the least preferred option from the socio-
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economic and partly environmental perspective since if the project is not done: -
The economic benefits especially during construction i.e. provision of jobs for skilled and non-skilled workers will not be realized. There will be no generation of income by the developer and the local authority (Ondangwa Town Council) will not be paid for the provision of rates and taxes
The social-economic status of Namibia and the local people would remain unchanged.
The local skills would remain under utilised
No employment opportunities will be created for Namibians who will otherwise work at the fuel retail service station after the construction has been successfully completed.
It sends a negative vibe and discourage for investors to investor in the local oil industry
From the above explanations, it is obvious that the ‘No Project Alternative’ is not a desirable alternative from the socio-economic perspectives since no benefits will accrue to anyone including the promoter, the local authority, the youths roaming around the streets looking for employment and central Government (no taxes, etc). However, from the environment conservation perspective, the ‘No Action Alternative’ will be beneficial in that any potential negative impacts associated with project implementation will be avoided.
The “No Action Alternative” should not be adopted, as there is a fundamental need to encourage sustainable development as long as such developments are conducted in line with the provisions of the Environmental Management Act and abiding by the provisions outlined in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for such a development.
3.3 Comparing of Alternatives
Under the ‘Development Alternative/Scenario’ the proposed development would provide direct and indirect employment to the local people. During the construction phase jobs will be provided to the construction workers in trades such as bricklayers, plasters, joiners, electricians, pavers, carpenters, plumbers, etc.
The construction phase will be followed by the operational phase (business phase) in which jobs in the form of fuel jockeys, shop attendants, cleaners, security/guards, cashiers, etc. will be provided. Employees will be drawn from the local community hence combating the scourge of unemployment.
In the event of a ‘No Action Alternative/Scenario’ development will not take place. There would be no benefit derived from the site and nor would there be the insignificant Environmental Impacts. Provided the environmental impact mitigation measures as proposed in the EMP are adhered to the development will have minimal negative to insignificant impacts to the environment.
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4. THE LEGAL AND POLICY REQUIREMENTS
To protect the environment and achieve sustainable development, all projects, programs and policies deemed to have adverse impacts on the environment require an EIA according to the Namibian legislation. The following legislations govern the EIA process in Namibia, pertaining to the proposed activity:
TABLE 1: National Legislations The Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) are regulated by the The Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) in terms of the Environmental Environmental Management Act, (Act No. 7 of 2007). This Act was Management gazetted in December 2007 (Government Gazette No. 3966) and the Act, Act No. 7 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations: Environmental of 2007 Management Act, 2007 (Government Gazette No. 4878) were promulgated in February 2012. Traditional The Act provides for the establishment of Traditional Authorities, the Authority Act, designation, election and recognition of traditional leaders including Act No.25 of their powers, duties, functions and authorities. 2000 Communal The Act provides for the allocation of land rights in the communal Land Reform areas of Namibia including the establishment, roles and functions of Act, Act 5 of Communal Land Boards. It also provides for the powers of the Chiefs 2002 and Traditional Authorities in all matters related to communal land. Water The line ministry is the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry. Resource This Act provides for the management, protection, development, use Management and conservation of water resources; to provide for the regulation Act (Act No. and monitoring of water services and to provide for incidental 11 of 2013) matters. Road Fund Regulates traffic and use of public roads in Namibia including aspects Administration related to road safety, vehicle licensing, roadworthiness, Mass Act, Act No. 18 Distance Charges, abnormal loads, etc. of 1999 This Act was enacted in 1965 is still being applied in independent Namibia today and resorts under the Ministry of Health and Social Atmospheric Services. The Act attempts to guard against the pollution of the Pollution atmosphere. Prevention Act A number of sections of this Act relate to ‘Air Pollution Control (Act No. 45 of Certification’, dust control, closure certificate, etc. At present, the 1965) Ministry does not grant any certificates as no procedures or guidelines exist. The best practice would be to notify the Ministry of the anticipated emissions. The line ministry is Ministry of Youth, Sport and Culture. The National National Heritage Council Act provides for the protection and conservation of Heritage places and objects of heritage significance and the registration of Council Act such places and objects. It also makes provision for archaeological (Act No. 27 of ‘impact assessments’. Part V: Permits, paragraphs 51 and 52). If 2004) applicable, the relevant permits must be obtained before disturbing or destroying a heritage site as set out in the Act. The Hazardous Substance Ordinance No. 14 of 1974 was repealed Atomic Energy and amended by the Atomic Energy and Radiation Protection Act. and radiation The Act provides for the control of substances which may cause Protection Act injury or ill-health or death of human beings by reason of their toxic, (Act No. 5 of 2005) corrosive, irritant, strongly sensitising or flammable nature. Whilst the environmental aspects are not really explicitly stated, the
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Act provides guidelines with respect to importing, handling and storage, etc. of hazardous substances. The line ministry is the Ministry of Police, Safety and Security (the Drag Law Enforcement Unit). The Act resorts under the Ministry of Urban and Rural Development Regional and was enacted to promote the planning and coordination of Council Act policies at the regional. Under Article 28, the powers, duties, (Act No. 23 of functions, rights and obligations of regional councils include 1992) overseeing the general implementation of regional development activities. Overseen by the Ministry of Labour, the Labour Act as amended aims The Labour to “promote and maintain the welfare of the people and ... to further Reform Act a policy of labour relations conducive to economic growth, stability (Act No. 11 of 2007) and productivity”. It details basic conditions of employment, and health, safety and welfare requirements of employers. The Petroleum The Act makes provision for the procurement, handling and storage Products & of petroleum products. Energy Act (Act No.13 of The line ministry is the Ministry of Mines and Energy. 1990)
TABLE 2: National Policies & Agencies Associated The Environmental Assessment Policy requires that all projects The initiated by both the government and private sector that have a Environmental detrimental effect on the environment must be accompanied by an Policy of EIA. It further provides a guideline list of all activities that require an Namibia impact assessment. The proposed activity is listed as an operation requiring an impact assessment. Vision 2030 states that: “The nation shall develop its natural capital for the benefit of its social, economic and ecological well-being by Vision 2030 adopting strategies that: promote the sustainable, equitable and and National efficient use of natural resources; maximize Namibia’s comparative Development advantages; and reduce all inappropriate use of resources. However, Plans (NDPs) natural resources alone cannot sustain Namibia’s long-term development, and the nation must diversify its economy and livelihood strategies. The HPP was launched by President Geingob in March 2015 as a targeted Action Plan to accelerate development in key defined priority areas, which lay the basis for attaining prosperity for all in Namibia. The Harambee The Plan does not replace, but complements the long-term goal of Prosperity the National Development Plans [NDPs] and Vision 2030. HPP plan (HPP) introduces an element of flexibility in the Namibian planning system by fast tracking development in areas where progress is insufficient. It also incorporates new development opportunities and aims to address challenges that have emerged after the formulation of NDPs.
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5. THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT
5.1 Introduction
With respect to the receiving environment, the impacts which the proposed development is likely to pose have been evaluated with regard to the environmental aspects as described in this section.
The study information for the proposed development was gathered through a number of sources such as:
visual investigation of the site discussions with the proponent and neighbouring residents taking of photographs observation of the current environmental status of the immediate surrounds
Only those elements of the environment that have a direct bearing on the impact assessment process of the proposed development are discussed. The severity of the potential impacts is largely determined by the state of the receiving environment.
5.2 Access to the Site
The site is accessed from two tarred roads – via the B1 Highway from the south and via a tarred street road from the north. The street road to the north links the B1 to C38 and provides access to several businesses in the area. Both the B1 and the street road are single carriage ways and therefore very busy roads. Access to the site is therefore not a problem and there is no need to construct additional access roads to the service station.
5.3 Topography
The site is quite flat without any obvious changes in elevations. The highway and street road are however, slightly elevated and rainwater from such roads is likely to collect on the site. An appropriate drainage system should be provided in the design phase to divert surface run-off or storm water from the site during the operational phase.
5.4 Climatic Data
Climatological data for the project site were taken from the satellite weather station of the Namibian Meteorological Services at Oshakati. Other than the above average rainfalls recorded during 2009 in the area, no drastic extremes have been recorded for the area. On average the project site receives between 400 and 500 mm of rain per annum with most precipitation occurring between December and March.
Daily maximum temperatures range between 36 0C and 28 0C while night minimum temperatures range between 8 0C and 20 0C.
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The average sunshine per season is 1 382 hours. The benefit of sunshine hours is that the use of alternative energy supply such as solar energy can be applied. With these amounts of sunshine hours, the project could install solar panels and effectively supplement the expensive energy that it sources from Nored thereby reducing its energy bill and passing the benefits on to its customers.
5.5 Geology and Soil Characteristics
There are no geological rocks of any kind encounters anywhere on, near or around the project site. Generally, the geology of the area is largely made up of thick unconsolidated to poorly consolidated beds of the Kalahari Group. Consolidated Calcrete is encountered at varying depths from the surface.
Geologically, the whole of ‘Owamboland’ was the floodplain of the Kunene River which originally discharged its waters into the Etosha Depression. At some point, millions of years ago, the Kunene River managed to carve through the rock barriers of Ruacana – diverting its flow from the Etosha Depression towards the Atlantic Ocean, leaving behind a huge residual delta which constitutes the present day Owamboland.
What remained behind are alluvial plains and numerous depressed flood plains (oshanas) with prominent ones such as Etaka and Cuvelai still delivering rainwater to lake Oponono and ultimately to Etosha Pan.
5.6 Hydrology
There are no permanent surface water such as ponds or canals observed in the vicinity of the project site.
5.7 Land Use and Capabilities
The land is located within the township of Ondangwa and has been formalised, serviced and zoned for the proposed purpose. It is therefore not suitable for agricultural activities.
5.8 Waste Management
The development of a fuel retail service station will generate waste both liquid and solid which have to be properly managed. Waste skips for both solid and liquid wastes generated by the filling station have to be provided and a waste management procedure developed and strictly enforced. Collection and emptying of waste skips is done by Ondangwa Town Council. In fact, Council will only give a Certificate of Fitness to the fuel retail service station once satisfied that all bylaws have been complied with.
5.9 Dust Impact
Dust is expected to be generated during the construction phase of the fuel service station. However, little dust is expected during the operational phase since most of the surface areas will be interlocked and neatly paved. All roads around the project site area are tarred hence no dust is generated.
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5.10 Air Quality
Construction activities are likely to be associated with the generation of noxious gases emissions from construction vehicles and equipment which have the potential to negatively impact the ambient air quality. The impact is however of a short duration (construction) and is not expected during the operational phase of the service station.
5.11 Noise Impact
The site is located in an area accommodating a range of business activities both light and heavy industries which generate a significant amount of noise. It is in close proximity to three main roads used by several traffics each time. The development will therefore not impact negatively on the noise level in the area.
5.12 Visual Impacts
The general visual of the area has been altered by the nature and amount of developments which have been carried out in the area over the years. All around the site there are overhead power lines, MTC towers, Telecom towers and advertisement billboards. The development is therefore expected to blend in well with the existing structures and infrastructures in the surrounds.
5.13 Archaeological & Cultural Heritages
There are no known sites of archaeological interests or cultural heritages in the vicinity of the development. In the unlikely event of such sites being unearthed during the construction phase, work must be stopped and officials from the National Heritage Council summoned to the site. Work should only proceed once an ‘all clear’ has been granted by NHC.
5.14 The Ecosystem
The site earmarked for the fuel retail service station is in a buildup area and therefore the ecosystem has been completely altered by past activities. All plants and trees observed were those on private property (garden, etc.). There were no livestock seen the site inspection.
5.15 The Socio-Economic Environment
Unemployment is a serious problem in Namibia particularly amongst the youth. There are limited economic opportunities in many towns in the northern regions of the country where the majority of the Namibian population reside. The proposed development will create employment opportunities during its construction and operational phases. It is projected that a minimum of 30 people will be employed during the construction phase which will take about six months. The number of employment opportunities created during the operational phase of the development is projected to peak at 20 once all associated activities such as carwash, takeaway, bakery, etc. have been established and operational.
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6. IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
The objective for the assessment of impacts is to identify and assess all the significant impacts that may arise from the implementation of the proposed activity. At the same time, the findings are presented to the competent authority, i.e. MET so as to allow the authority to make an informed decision of whether the proposed activity should be:
authorized authorized with conditions that will mitigate identified impacts within acceptable levels, and or entirely rejected and refused
In this sense impacts are defined as the changes in an environmental parameter that results from undertaking an activity. These changes are the difference between effects on an environmental parameter where the activity is undertaken compared to where the activity is not undertaken, and occur over a specific period and within a defined area (EMA 2007).
6.1 Types of Impacts
Different types of impacts may occur from the proposed development, which could be positive or negative, and can be catergorised as being either direct (primary), indirect (secondary) or cumulative impacts. Direct impacts are impacts that are caused directly by the activity and generally occur at the same time and at the place of the activity (for example, dust generated as a result of excavation for building foundations).
These impacts are usually associated with the construction, operation and maintenance of a development or activity and are therefore obvious and quantifiable. However, indirect impacts are induced changes that may occur as a result of the activity (development). Cumulative impacts can occur from the collective impacts of individual minor actions over a period of time and can include both direct and indirect impacts.
6.2 Identification of Impacts
The identification of potential impacts associated with an activity on the environment should include impacts that may occur during the construction, operational and decommissioning phases of such an activity. Included in the process of identification and assessment of impacts are inter alia, the following:
determination of current environmental conditions in sufficient detail so that there is a baseline against which impacts are identified and measured
determination of future changes to the environment that will occur if the proposed activity does not take place
understanding of the activity in great details so as to understand all consequences associated with such an activity
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6.3 Mitigation of Impacts
Once impacts have been identified and predicted for a particular activity, appropriate mitigation measures have to be established. Mitigation measures are the modification of certain activities in such a way so as to reduce the impacts on the environment. The objectives of mitigation measures are to:
find more environmentally sound ways of doing things enhance the environmental benefits of a proposed activity avoid, minimize or remedy negative impacts ensure that residual negative impacts are within acceptable levels
When mitigation measures are considered for certain impacts, they should be organized in a hierarchy of actions, namely:
o avoid negative impacts as far as possible through the use of preventatives o minimize or reduce negative impacts to ‘as low as practicable’ level, and o remedy or compensate for negative residual impacts that are unavoidable and cannot be reduced further
TABLE 3: Impact Assessment Methodology
The concepts for environmental impact assessments in this report will relate to:
o Risk Assessment - the process whereby certain impacts to the environment are identified o Risk Valuation - by using a stipulated assessment criteria whereby impacts are given a rating or weighting and obtaining an overall rating or significance of an impact, and
o Risk Management - relating directly to applicable mitigation measures to be implemented to manage a risk of an impact in the ‘best interest’ of a society. (Shogren, 1990). (a) Nature or Status of the Impact
Appraisal of the effect that the proposed activity would have on the receiving environment rated as: Positive: Beneficial impact on the environment Neutral: No impact on the environment Negative: Adverse impact on and at a cost to the environment (b) Extent or Scale of the Impact This indicates whether the impact associated with the activity will be: Site Specific: Impacting within the boundaries of the site Local: Impacting within a radius of 3 km of the site Regional: Impacting on a regional scale, for instance, the entire Oshikoto Region National: Impacting Namibia or across international borders (SADC regions)
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(c) Duration Duration indicates whether the lifetime of the impact will be
Short term: 0 to 5 years Medium term: 5 to 15 years Impact will cease after the operational life of the activity, either because Long term: of natural process or human intervention (d) Intensity or Magnitude of the Impact Establishes whether the impact is destructive or benign and indicated as either Where the impact affects the environment in such a way that natural, cultural Low: and social functions and processes are not affected Where the affected environment is altered but natural, cultural and social Medium: functions and processes continue, albeit in a modified way Where natural, cultural or social functions or processes are altered to the High: extent that it will temporarily cease Where natural, cultural or social functions or processes are alerted to the Very High: extent that it will permanently cease (e) Probability of the Impact Probability describes the likelihood of the impact actually occurring and is indicated as: The possibility of the impact to materialize is very low because of either Improbable: design, historical experience or implementation of adequate corrective actions Probable: There is a distinct possibility that the impact will occur It is most likely that the impact will occur regardless of any prevention or Highly Probable: corrective action (f) Determination of Significance After the assessment of an impact in accordance to the preceding five criteria, the significance of an impact is determined through a synthesis of the aspects produced in terms of their Nature (N), Extent (E), Duration (D), Intensity (I) and Probability (P). Various ratings accorded to the criteria are as shown in Table. These ratings are now used to calculate a Significance (S) rating, using the formula shown below: Significance Rating (S) = (Sum of Extent + Duration + Intensity) x Probability The resultant ratings are now described as follows: This implies that the impact would not have a direct influence on the S < 25 Low Impact: decision to the development S = (25 - 50): This implies that the impact could influence the decision to the Medium Impact development unless it is effectively mitigated This implies that the impact must have an influence on the decision S > 50 High Impact: process to the development
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7. IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES
In the section below, all possible impacts associated with the proposed development are discussed in details while possible mitigation measures are described in the EMP section of the EIA document.
7.1 Positive Impacts
(a) Creation of Employment
The proposed development for a new fuel retail service station will generate employment as described more fully in section 5.15.
(b) Local Economy
As noted previous section of this report, energy plays a pivotal role in economic growth and development. The development of a filling station in this area of Ondangwa will serve to improve accessibility of petroleum products to the area residents and motorists using the various road networks hence boosting the local economy.
7.2 Adverse Impacts and Mitigation
(a) Traffic Congestion
The fuel service station will, to some extent have an effect on traffic flow along the feeder roads as vehicles are expected to slow down when approaching the service station. The impact will be minimised by providing ample parking space at the station. However, the impact cannot be fully eliminated. In addition, acceleration and deceleration lanes may have to be constructed from the street road and the B1 Highway.
The nature of the impact is NEGATIVE and the significant rating is MEDIUM.
Mitigation:
Establish and clearly mark entry and exit points to the fuel service station Provide adequate parking space within the service station yard Comply with the provisions of the EMP
(b) Surface Water and Drainage
The fuel retail service station will have an impervious surface hence reducing water infiltration into the ground. This implies that surface runoff from the site will increase. The amount of runoff will slightly increase due to lowered or limited infiltration of rainwater into the soil. The surface water from the paved areas of the service station is likely to contain amounts of oils and greases if the drainage system is not well designed.
The design should ensure that all water from the service areas and other sections of the fuel service station where spills are anticipated passes through properly
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constructed oil interceptors. If this is done the impact of surface runoff from the filling station on the environment will minimised.
Lack of a proper site surface drainage will also result in water clogging up and accumulating on the service station making movements of traffic and people cumbersome.
The nature of impact is NEGATIVE but the significant rating is LOW with mitigation.
Mitigation:
Construction of adequate and efficient drainage system Construction of an oil interceptor(s) Harvesting of rainwater from the rooftops (which can be used for cleaning) Comply with the EMP
(c) Soil Disturbance
The construction phase will include the levelling of the ground and excavation. This will result in the disturbances of the soil profile and associated microbial communities. The flat slop of the land implies that minimal levelling will be needed and thus reduced soil disturbances. The underground tanks will require excavation of pits and the remaining materials not used in backfilling the pits could be used for levelling and landscaping of the fuel retail station.
The nature of impact is NEGATIVE and the significance rating is LOW.
Mitigation:
Limit excavation activities to construction areas only Foundation to be excavated should be clearly demarcated Comply with the EMP
(d) Impact of Water Resources
No source of water body was observed close to the project site. The proximity of development projects close to surface water bodies or underground water sources are, in most cases viewed as potential sources of environmental pollutants which could degrade environmental quality. Proper measures are to be put in place to ensure that no kind of water contamination may be experienced from this development to ensure minimized environmental pollution.
Mitigation
Ensure water is treated before discharging Monitor wastewater quality on a regular basis Harvest rainwater from rooftops Comply with the EMP
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(e) Waste Generation and Management
Various types of waste are expected to be generated during the construction and operational phases of the fuel retail service station. Waste management has to include the management of both solid and liquid wastes generated by the development. Appropriate waste skips have to be provided in which different types of wastes are stored. Collection of wastes is handled by the local town council (Ondangwa Town Council).
Litter blown from the project site may accumulate in the surrounding areas resulting in visual nuisance. Sources of waste and recommended disposal/mitigation measures are as given in the table below.
The nature of impact is NEGATIVE and the significance rate is MEDIUM TO LOW with mitigation.
Nature of Waste Volume Disposal & Mitigation Measures Construction Phase Use for levelling & landscaping Excavated soil Moderate Comply with the EMP Cement bags, paint Re-use containers, steel Sell to waste papers & scarp dealers scraps, broken Moderate Dispose at Town Council landfill sites bricks, nails, Separate waste & place in designated bins building rubble Comply with the EMP Timber Low Sell for firewood Operational Phase Solid waste : Procure adequate waste skips papers, bottles, Discourage littering by patrons cans, plastics, etc. Moderate Display prominently ‘no waste signs’ Keep premises tidy & clean Comply with the EMP Liquid waste Ensure suitable stormwater drainage is (water, fuel, oil, designed grease, etc. Install oil interceptors Moderate Monitor quality of effluent discharged frequently Comply with the EMP Emission from Emitted directly into the air vehicles Low Ensure vehicles are switched off when idle Comply with the EMP Decommissioning Phase Low Sell or re-use Metals, i.e. scraps Comply with the EMP Low Sell or re-use Equipment Comply with the EMP Low Use for rehabilitation or re-use Unused concrete Comply with the EMP Low Use in rehabilitation of site Soil Comply with the EMP
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(f) Environmental Pollution
Environmental pollutions associated with this type of development are vehicular emissions, noise, dust, wastewater, oil spills, leakages, etc. The nature of impact associated with pollution is negative but the significant rating is medium to low.
Sources of impacts are summerised below:
Sources of Environmental Pollutions Sources Mitigation Measures Vehicles to be switched off when stationery Vehicular emissions Ensure the facility is spacious and well aerated Ensure rules at the facility are enforced Ensure employees are well trained Fit hoses with quick-acting leak-proof cocks or with Fuel & oil spills approved nozzles Ensure proper waste collection, handling and disposal Comply with the EMP Ensure suitable & adequate waste skips are provided Lubricant containers Encourage proper waste collection, handling & and packaging disposal materials Comply with the EMP Ensure adequate skips for different types of wastes are provided Office & shop wastes Ensure proper handling, collection and disposal Maintain a high standard of housekeeping Comply with the EMP Construct a proper drainage water system Treat water through oil interceptors before Waste water discharging into the environment Install oil intercepts Comply with the EMP All underground fuel tanks should satisfy local and international standards Use only approved fuel tanks and monitor volumes to detect any possible leaks timeously Leakages To prevent any fuel leaks from getting into the environment, the tanks should be properly treated A layer of clay should be used to encase the tanks during installation Comply with the EMP
(g) Noise Impacts
Noise is unwanted/undesirable sound that can affect job performance, safety and health of humans. Psychological effects of noise include annoyance and disruption of concentration. Physical effects include loss of hearing, pain, nausea and interference with communications when the exposure is severe.
The construction activities will involve the use of heavy machinery and other miscellaneous sources of noise for construction site (concrete mixers, workers, trucks delivering construction materials such bricks, sand, aggregate, EIA for Wakamanya Service Station Page 26
etc.). This is not likely to cause any significant degradation of the local environment because it will be limited to the construction site. In addition, the noise levels produced are likely to exceed the background levels which will be for a short period of time.
The nature of the impact is NEGATIVE and significance rating is MEDIUM with mitigation.
Mitigation
Limit construction hours to daylight only Avoid unnecessary long idle, hooting and revving of construction vehicles Construction vehicles should be well maintained to avoid leaks, etc. Comply with the EMP
(h) Impacts on the Ecosystem
The proposed development is in a buildup area and as such the biodiversity has been degraded by human activities. The plants and trees observed were those in private gardens on the adjacent properties.
The nature of the impact is therefore NEUTRAL and the significance rating is LOW to INSIGNIFICANT.
Mitigation
Give due regard to the protection of the ecosystem Comply with the EMP
(i) Visual Impacts
The prominent man-made features observed around the project site are communication towers for MTC and Telecom as well as advertisement boards (billboards). During the construction phase for this specific project, visual intrusion will take the form of overhead cranes, scaffolding and the general traffic at the construction site. After the construction phase, a tall canopied forecourt structure will remain as a permanent feature intruding on the open view of the horizon. If littering and illegal dumping on the site are not controlled, this could increase the visual impact of the proposed development.
The nature of the impact is negative and the significance rating is Low with mitigation.
Mitigation
Train employees on good housekeeping Comply with the EMP
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(j) Archaeological and Cultural Heritage
There are no reported or known archaeological or areas of heritage and cultural interests in the vicinity of the development. In the unlikely event of any such being unearthed during the construction phase, work must be stopped and officials from the National Heritage Council, the Namibia Police summoned to the site. Work should only proceed once an all ‘Ok’ has been granted by NHC.
The nature of impact is negative and the significance rating is significantly low.
Mitigation
Give due respect to issues of cultural heritage Comply with the EMP
(k) Fire Risk and Control
Petroleum products present significant risk to the environment due to their inflammable nature. This implies that the proponent must put adequate measures in place to prevent and control possible fire explosions.
The nature of impact is negative and the significance rating is medium with mitigation.
Mitigation
Ensure the facility is kept clean and free from fire hazards and litter Naked fire should be avoided – place notice signs prohibiting smoking within the fuel retail service station boundaries All electrical installation on the premises should be carried out by qualified and certificated artisans Install fire control appliances (portable fire extinguisher, both CO2, dry powder and water types and sand buckets) Ensure employees are adequately trained in the use of firefighting devices Conduct regular fire drills at least once a year Ensure all equipment and tools are regularly serviced and well maintained Implement leakage detection mechanism Gas cylinders (if the fuel service will sell LPG) should be kept outside in an open air (not inside a building) and regular leakages checks should be conducted Observe safety measures (no use of cellphone, avoid smoking, etc. when on the fuel service station) Comply with the EMP
(l) Health and Safety
Safety is of paramount importance in the execution of any project activity. During the construction and operational phases, access to the project site has to be secured and restricted so as to ensure that the health & safety of
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This would include risks associated with operating construction machinery on site, excavating trenches and the installation and or connection of services (water, sewer & electricity). Neglect to apply applicable industry safety standards could lead to incidents and accidents which are undesirable and often associated with costly consequences.
During the operational phase, exhaust emissions from fuel combustion is another safety hazard. Depending on the efficiency of the refinery process, combustion of petrol produces mainly CO2 (±13%), water (±13%) and Nitrogen (±73%). A very small portion of N is converted to Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and some to Nitrate Hydrocarbons.
Incomplete combustion leads to the production of Carbon Monoxide(CO), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) fuel, Nitrogen Oxides, Lead and in thousands of compounds both in gas and particulate phases. VOCs are hazardous to human health, for instances, long exposure to Benzene could lead to cancer (EHC, 2003). NOx cause irritation of respiratory track and may exacerbate asthma and may damage blood vessels. Extended exposure to lead (Pb), could lead to several physiological disorders in man with the most sensitive parts being kidney, blood and the nervous system. The emissions may also contaminate the environment including soil and water.
The nature of the impact is NEGATIVE and significance rating is MEDIUM with mitigation.
Mitigation
Construction Phase
Enforce strict safety precautions during the construction. These should include provision of PPEs (overalls, aprons, helmets, dust masks, welding shielding/goggles, earmuffs, safety boots, etc.) Ensure supervision of works is carried out by competent staff (engineers, etc) that sees to it that correct materials are procured and used, that proper mixing of elements is adhered to and that a high standard of workmanship is maintained throughout the construction Construction site should be sealed off from non-construction workers, i.e public, etc. Provision of first aid facilities and emergence response plan Provision of toilet facilities and change rooms for workers
Operational Phase
Ensure that employees undergo regular medical check-ups (at least twice a year) Vehicles should be switched to minimise emissions Ensure proper aeration within the premises PPEs should be provided to employees Install first aid facilities
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Develop a fire emergence response plan Provide washroom facilities for the workers
(m) Training of Employees
It is imperative that all employees who will be hired to work on this development undergo induction training on all aspects related to the environment with emphasis placed on how their activities, the materials or products that they will be using and handling can harm the environment.
All impacts as identified in the scoping assessment and recommended mitigation measures should be conveyed to the workers during such training session. The provisions of the EMP as contained in this document should be explained to all workers and any sub-contractors (electricians, artisans, etc.) who may be hired by the main contractor. Where possible, translation should be provided for the benefit of those employees with limited understanding of the official language.
All employees who have undergone an environmental awareness induction are expected at the end of such training to be able to:
define the terms associated with the environment understand the potential impacts that the project is likely to cause outline the processes that effect the environment recognize what waste does to the environment demonstrate what can be done to help prevent harmful impacts to the environment
The developer has to ensure that training has been offered prior to the workers starting with construction activities. A copy of the EMP should be provided to the Site Agent/Site Manager and that the content is well understood and conveyed to all employees.
The same training as described above should be offered to all those employees who will be hired and recruited by the promoter for the operational phase of the facility.
The nature of the impact is positive and significance rating is very high.
Mitigation
Employment should be provided to deserving employees without discrimination on the basis of colour, race, origin, gender or political affiliation Disabled people should also be considered for suitable vacancies Comply with the EMP
(n) Socio and Economic Impacts
Unemployment is a serious problem in Namibia particularly among the youths especially in the rural areas where economic activities are rather limited. The proposed development will create employment opportunities during its construction phase and the operational phase. It has been projected that a minimum of 28 people will be employed during the operational phase while the
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construction period is expected to provide employment opportunities to anything between 30 and 40 people.
The disadvantage which comes with this type of development is that, once the construction activities are observed on site, quite a large number of jobseekers will flock to the site in search of employment. This has an added disadvantage in that too many unemployed people will:
resort to creating informal accommodation facilities resort to drinking alcohol and partake in illicit activities (crime, etc)
TABLE 4: Summary of Impact Assessment During the Construction & Operational Phases
Impact Assessment Impact Significance Potential Impacts
Phases Probability If Extent Duration Intensity Rating Occurrence Mitigated Roads & Access to the Site 1 1 2 4 (-)16 LOW Training of Employees on Environment 3 3 3 4 (+)36 MEDIUM Site Surface Drainage 1 4 2 4 (-)28 MEDIUM Increased Traffic Around the site 2 3 3 4 (-)32 LOW Impact on Environmental Pollution 1 2 3 4 (-)24 LOW
Noise Impacts 1 2 1 4 (-)16 LOW Dust Impacts 2 1 1 4 (-)16 LOW Waste Handling 1 1 2 4 (-)16 LOW Visual Intrusion 2 2 2 4 (-)24 LOW
Construction Construction Archaeological, Heritage & Cultural Aspects 1 1 1 2 (-)6 LOW Impacts on the Ecosystem 1 3 2 4 (-)24 LOW Fire Risk & Control 3 2 3 4 (-)32 MEDIUM Health & Safety 2 2 2 4 (-)24 MEDIUM Socio-economic (Employment) 3 3 4 6 (+)60 HIGH Socio-economic (Social ills: drugs, alcohol ) 2 3 2 4 (-)28 MEDIUM Training of Employees on Environment 3 3 3 6 (+)54 HIGH Fire Risk & Control 2 3 3 4 (-)32 MEDIUM Safety & Health 2 3 3 4 (+)32 MEDIUM Site Drainage 1 3 2 2 (-)12 LOW
Noise Impact 2 2 1 4 (-)20 LOW
Air Quality 2 3 1 4 (-)24 LOW Dust Impact 2 3 1 2 (-)12 LOW
Waste Handling 2 3 2 4 (-)28 MEDIUM Operational Impact on the Ecosystem 1 3 1 2 (-)10 LOW Visual Intrusion 2 4 2 4 (-)32 MEDIUM Socio-economic (Employment) 3 4 3 8 (+)80 HIGH Socio-economic (social ills: drugs, alcohol) 2 2 2 4 (-)24 LOW Socio-economic (on Local Residents) 3 3 4 6 (+)60 HIGH
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8. Evaluations & Conclusions
8.1 Environmental Economic Criteria
A final qualitative assessment is considered in terms of the criteria used in the field of Environmental Economics. These criteria are explained by Stauth (1983), namely: o the Efficiency Criterion, o the Equity Criterion, and o the Intergenerational Equity Criterion.
8.2 Efficiency Criterion
A project is considered to be efficient if it brings about a net benefit to society. If some people are made better off without anyone else being made worse off, then a project is considered efficient in environmental economics terms.
This project will bring significant economic benefits to the town of Ondangwa – a town faced with an influx of people emigrating from the rural area to urban area in search of employment opportunities and better living conditions. The project will create employment opportunities during its construction and operational phase. The project will further support secondary industrial and commercial opportunities in the region through the procurement of goods and services.
8.3 Equity Criterion
The equity criterion relates to the distribution of costs and benefits in the affected society. A project is equitable if it brings about a situation in which the distribution of social well-being is improved. The operation will benefit local people without disadvantaging them in any way. They will not suffer any displacement or loss of land or be subjected to adverse health conditions. Direct benefits will include remuneration to employees, while indirect benefits would include increased work opportunities in the supporting industries, i.e. transport companies, suppliers of building materials, etc.
8.4 The Intergenerational Equity (or Sustainability) Criterion
This criterion considers the economic impacts on future generations – i.e. it extends the considerations of equity to future generations. Thus a project should be able to make the present generation better off without making future generations worse off. It should be able to provide benefits to future generations without degrading the resource base that the society depends on for its wellbeing. The development proposed by Wakamanya Service Station does not pose any significant threats to human health.
8.5 Conclusion
Overall the economic benefits that accrue from the proposed developed of will by far outweigh the limited negative impacts on the biological, natural and socio- economic environments. The fuel filling station is expected to perform positively in relation to the efficiency, equity and sustainability criteria.
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