International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com MICRO LEVEL EVALUATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN PARTS OF YSR DISTRICT,, , USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS. G.Sudarsana Raju, Assistant professor,Dept. of Geology ,Yogivemana university ,.-03 Email: [email protected].

Abstract intersection of 140 19’ 30” North latitude and 780 28’ 30” Microlevel evaluation of water resources in parts of East longitude and 140 33’ 30” North latitude and 780 42’ YSRdistrict mainly Pendlimarri area has been chosen for the 00” East longitude, situated in the . The study of the ground water conditions in detail as it has diverse location of the Pendlimarri mandal with reference to the lithology and drained by the river Papagni. The carbonates, Kadapa district and Andhra Pradesh is given. (Fig. 1). mainly dolomite can develop good aquifer conditions. The BASE MAP OF PENDLIMARRI MANDAL N 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Kilo m eter s V W E AL Scal e : 1 : 12 5,00 0 LU R S L MA A ND D AL KOTH APET A N # A LEGEND M M A cherts being brittle can have fractures that help in the R U # BIND U RAO PALLE P BASE MAP INFORMATION A L # MAC H ANU R A EGU VA PALLE M # SE TTLE ME NT A # Diguvapalle K R # # Chottapalle E Mamm adusiddapalle V # I # R # Aretipalle DISTRIC T B OUNDARY I CH ABALI KON AYAPALLE #Jangamreddipalle N # G A Rampatadu P MANDAL BOUNDARY A # MO ILLAKA LA VA L P # Rallapalle Atidenavaripalle A # VILLAGE BOUN DAR Y infiltration. The shale component though is generally D TU MM ALU R N # # Ayyavaripalle A SAN GATIPALLE Kondayapalle MAJOR ROAD # M # Goparajupalle # Gangulapalle # E # # Gandlapalle Srinivas# apuram RAMAPUR AM & MITTAM EED AP L #A.RAM AC HAN DRAPU RAM L Kottasani Kottapalle OTHE R ROAD # Enuguvandlapalle A CHEN NAMR AJU PALLE # # # # # Havaldarpeta KON DU R U # Mallayapalle P # # # Karapureddipalle Gopalpuram I MallappapalleErlapadu N # # Kondareddipalle U PAGAD ALA PALLE VELLA TU R RIVE R # # Nagayapalle # Y # Dechutulapalle # Marrimakulapalle # Shivashankarapuram A Giriyapalle # GAN GAN APALLE N # U PEND LIM ARR I considered as an aquifuge has good potentialities in respect of P # TH IPPIR EDD IPALLE L A CH EEM ALAPEN TA # Alukhanpalle R # # A Cherlopalle # # Venkataramannapalle

E D E CH IN NAD ASAR I PALLE V N # Pesalavaripalle A

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# Gurralachintalapalle Rasavaripalle M

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Minnayagaripalle N N

Balayyagaripalle I #

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Tipparajupalle D # Nallayagaripalle

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GON DI P ALLE PEDD AD ASAR I PALLE M ground water. Considering these parameters the main aim is to # #

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evaluate the ground water potential of this mandal. Further, it A

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M E has alluvial tracts by the side of the river Papangni. Some of V

ANDHRA PRADESH CUDDAPAH DISTR ICT KANAM ALOP ALLI F OR EST these tracts are the old flood plain. This geomorphic unit is IND IA

AL D AN M AM C UR HA P K MA R A A PENDLIMARRI also studied to understand its potential. The main idea is to Y R MANDAL A PE T LOCATION MAP MA N L D AKKI AL REDD IPALL E MA apply the modern technology, i.e., remote sensing technique NDAL Fig No : 3 and GIS in the evaluationThe geological map is prepared Fig,1. Locaton map of the study area using the spectral reflectance and image signature of various lithological units. The different rock types are recognized Individual works are present on the ground water condition of based on the drainage pattern reflected by them. The the Cuddapah basin. State Ground Water Board and the Geomorphological map is yet another one, which reflects the Central Ground Water Board and Andhra Pradesh Irrigation morphology of various landforms, carved out by the Development Corporation carried out various surveys in the geological agents. Structural map indicates the linear features, basin. Amongst the individuals, Jagadiswara Rao (1971, 1972, viz., faults and lineaments. The lineaments are marked from 1978) , Karanth (1974),Krishna Rao(1970))and the imagery and topographical map. The well locations are NagarajaRao.et.al,(1987) did commendable job. Sreenivasulu also indicated to stress on the role of lineaments, if the wells (2004) explained the geomorphic evolution of the Chandragiri are located on them. The importance of lineaments in the valley and its bearing on the ground water potential. ground water exploration is also documented. The lineaments Ramakrishna Reddy (2007) presented the micro level also act as secondary porosity in many cases. The evaluation of the ground water potential of the Pulivendla Hydrogeomorphological map documents the hydrological mandal by assigning point system to various aspects related to conditions of the various geomorphic units. Ground water the ground water and evolved a prioritization scheme of prospects map has been prepared by using most of the said villages for the development purpose.Subba Reddy (2011) data and quality of ground water has been carried out. carried out morphometric analysis of Badabandla vanka, Sudarsana Raju(2013)and Ravikumar (2012) used Remote Key words;- ,Geomorphology , Lineaments, groundwater – sensing technology in their works on ground water. ysrdistrict. GEOLOGY INTRODUCTION Pendlimarri mandal is located proximal to the Kadapa town. It The Pendlimarri Mandal, named after the village Pendlimarri reflects the units of the Papagni Group of rocks of the is located in the topographical map of 57/J11, of Survey of Cuddapah Basin and also the lithologies of the Kurnool India. It is by the side of the road leading to the place Group. The geological map is prepared from the satellite Vempalle from Kadapa. It is located within the area of product. This was verified in the field and slight ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 3, Issue 6, Nov. 2014 5 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com modifications were incorporated. This was also compared with the geological map published by the Geological Survey of India. The map thus prepared is given as figure 2-2. METHODOLOGY

The satellite hard copy of 57J011 has been used for the study and also satellite IRS 1D LISS III and path/row P-100/R-63 and also band number 2,3,4 (Blue, Green Red) was used. During the field visit, each map prepared in the pre- field stage was checked. Modifications wherever needed were Fig.2. The consequent slope of cuesta quartzite incorporated. The data collected in the field has been transferred on to the maps. The well inventory data has been The lithological units associated are dolomite, chert and incorporated in the map on Hydrogeology. The culmination of shale. In general, as the last two units are aquifuge type, the the work is the preparation of ground water prospects map that prospects are poor to limted, but the dolomite with its internal has been done in the following manner. The thematic, namely, flow occasionally forms an aquifer. When the component of Geological, Geomorphological, Structural, Hydrological and chert is more, the possibiity of forming an aquifer becomes Base maps have been scanned. The maps were verified difficult unless well developed secondary porosity is available. thoroughly to make sure that no mismatch exists in the Rarely on the fringes of cuesta occasional bore wells are quadrants of different maps. Further, vectorisation of scanned observed (Figs. 3 to 6) as in the case of the area 1.5 km south files of the said map overlays using RVCS, (Raster to Vector south west of Chinnachappalle (B1) and 0.5 km east of Conversion System) and generation of the output files in Tummaluru (A1). vector format was done. Creation of coverages in Arc/Info (GIS) for all the map overlays was also made. Basic Geomorphic units:

The basic geomorphic units that are recognised are, 1. Structural land forms, 2. Denudational land forms and 3. Deposotional land forms. Fig. 3. A bore hole on the gentle slope of of cuesta Structural land forms:

Cuesta:

Gulcheru Quartzite (Papagni Group): This has steep obsequent slope and gentle consequent slope. Gulcheru Quartzite reflects this land form as a prominent one. The consequent slope is also the dip slope, i.e., towards north. The nature of the Fig.2 do not allow any infiltration. Hence, the prospects are poor. Fig. 4. A bore hole on the fringe cuesta Note the cuesta Occasionally it is affected by faults. In such areas springs are slope at the backdrop noticed. One . such example is near Lord Narasimha Swamy temple near Chinnadasarapalle.

Vempalle Formation (Ppagni Group): This unit towards north exhibits the cuesta type of land form with the consequent slope sloping towards north. Almost all the villages located north of the Kadapa – Vempalle road exhibit the cuesta type of land forms.

Fig. 5. Yet another bore hole on the gentle slope of cuesta ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 3, Issue 6, Nov. 2014 6 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com Alluvial Plains:

These are located adjacent to the river Papagni and can be considered as old flood plain (Fig.7). As the river Papagni has become misfit, the old flood plains have become the centres of Anthropogenic influence reflecting the excessive agricultural activity.

Fig.6. Yet another bore hole on the fringe of cuesta

Denudational land forms / hills:

Vempalle Formation (Papagni Group): These are mostly seen in the areas of Kondur, Gondipalle and south of Cheemalapenta . This type of land form is observed only when the lithological unit is mostly constituted by dolomite with very less percentage of chert. The prospects of this type of land form is generally poor with occasional limited prospects, if the area has secondary porosity in the form of lineaments. Fig. 7.Alluvial plain Pediment: Alluvial fan:

The distribution of this unit is very limted. Occasionally, the This has very limited distribution, mainly located in the chert and cherty dolomite occurs as pedinent. The prospects Gondipalle area. The ground water prospects are supposed to are poor to limited. be good. But the limited distribution in the area may restrict the prospects. Depositional land forms: Valley fill Plains are considered as depositional land forms. In the area under report there are insignificant valley fills and alluvial As in the case of alluvial fan this unit also has the limited fans that are also recognised as depositional land forms. distribution. The prospects are moderate to good. Plains: Results and Discussion:

Plains are considered as depositional forms as they have Village wise geomorphology and groundwater prospect in the formed due to partly by erosion and mostly by the study area. development of soil that gets deposited on it to give the final shape of plain . 1.Pendlimarri:

Vempalle Formation (Papagni Group): Plains are observed in Geomorphology: Ferruginous Shale of the Vempalle the areas of Tummaluru, Konduru , Gondipalle , Formation in association with dolomite has yielded to Cheemalapenta , Pagadalapalle and Pendlimarri . secondary porosity in the form of lineaments. The pebbly float ore of iron and the bedding fissility help in the infiltration of Most of the bore wells are located in the plains. The subjacent surface water. Prospects are moderate to good.The other units rock is mostly shale with very less percentage of dolomite. of the Vempalle Formation form cuesta type of land form. The Based on the lithology of the sub-crop different colors are consequent slope helps in the run – off. Limited prospects are reflected by soils. If the sub-crop is purple shale with limited expected if there are any lineaments. The prospects are poor to carbonate percentage the color of the soil is reddish brown; if limited. In the case of the cuesta of the Gulcheru Quartzite the the dolomite content is more, the dark grey color is reflected prospects are poor. by the soil.

ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 3, Issue 6, Nov. 2014 7 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com Ground water prospects: In the case of plains the depth range of the wells is 75m – 100m. The yield is + 150 lpm. The calcareous nature of the shale and the secondary porosity help in getting aquifer conditions at depths. The cuesta mainly acts as run-off zone. Acts as recharge zone to the wells located at the lower levels.

Table – 1: Pendlimarri

Group / Land Ground Remarks

Formation form water

/ Lithology prospects

Papagni Plains Good Ferruginous Shale in

Group association with dolomite FIG 8a: Geomorphology maps Vempalle has yielded to secondary

Formation porosity in the form of Shale + lineaments. The pebbly 2. Pagadalapalle: Dolomite float ore of iron and the Geomorphology: Shale in association with dolomite has bedding fissility help in yielded to secondary porosity in the form of lineaments. The the infiltration of surface prospects are limited to moderate.The gentle slope of the water. pediment and the consequent slope of the cuesta of dolomite Papagni Gentle Poor to The consequent slope of the Vempalle Formation help in the run – off. Limited Group / Cuesta Limited helps in the run – off. prospects are expected if there are any lineaments at lower Vempalle Limited prospects are levels. Formation expected if there are any Ferruginous lineaments. Ground water prospects: In the case of plains the depth range shale + of the wells is 75m – 100m. The yield is + 150 lpm. The Dolomite + calcareous nature of the shale and the secondary porosity help Chert + in getting aquifer conditions at depths. Quartzite (B.Q) Table – 2: Pagadalapallle Papagni Cuesta Poor The lithology involved Group / acts as aquiclude. Group / Land Ground water Remarks Gulcheru Formation form prospects / Lithology Quartzite / Papagni Plains Limited to Shale in Quartzite Group / Moderate association with

Vempalle dolomite has Table – 1A: Pendlimarri Formation yielded to Ferruginous shale + secondary porosity Dolomite in the form of lineaments. The pebbly float ore of iron and the bedding facility may help in the infiltration of surface water. Papagni Pediment Poor to limited The gentle slope Group / helps in the run –

Vempalle off. Limited (B.Q) = Banaganapalle Quartzite / Kurnool Group Formation prospects are Dolomite ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 3, Issue 6, Nov. 2014 8 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com expected if there 3.Chabali: are any lineaments. Papagni Gentle Poor to Limited The consequent Geomorphology: Alluvial sands form a river plain that have Group / Cuesta slope helps in the good porosity and permeability. Proximity to river helps in the Vempalle run – off. Limited good recharge. Hence, the prospects are good.Shale and Formation prospects are dolomite have moderate to good prospects. In general, the Ferruginous prospects of the gentle cuesta of the Vempalle Formation are shale + expected if there Dolomite + are any lineaments. considered as moderate. But there are certain areas affected by Chert + lineaments. Such areas aided by the above said reasons may Quartzite yield good prospects. (B.Q) Ground water prospects: In the alluvial plains there are Table 2a: Pagadalapallle shallow wells and tube wells with yield of +200 lpm. Tthe prospects are good.Shale in association with dolomite has Group / Depth Yield of Remarks 100m depth of wells that have yielded 150 – 200 lpm. The Formation / range wells yield is due to the secondary porosity in the form of Lithology of lineaments. The aquifer lies in the fractured carbonate at wells depth. Papagni Group / 75- Moderate to The calcareous Vempalle 100m good + 150 nature of the shale In general if the Vempalle Formation has chert the depth of Formation/ lpm and the secondary Ferruginous porosity help in the wells goes beyond 100m and the yield will be limited. shale + getting aquifer Certain areas may yield good prospects if the wells are Dolomite conditions at depths located on lineaments. Papagni Group / Wells ------The gentle slope Vempalle not helps in the run – Table 3: Chabali Formation/ located off. Acts as a Dolomite recharge zone to the Group / Land Ground Remarks adjacent wells. Formation / form water Papagni Group / Wells ------The consequent Lithology prospects Vempalle not slope helps in the Alluvial Alluvial Good It forms a river plain Formation/ located run – off. Acts as a Ferruginous recharge zone to the Sands Plains that has good porosity shale + wells located at and permeability. Dolomite + lower levels. Proximity to river Chert + helps in the good Quartzite (B.Q) recharge. Hence, the prospects are good.

Papagni Plains Good Shale in association Group / with dolomite has

Vempalle yielded to secondary Formation / porosity in the form of

Shale + lineaments. This Dolomite + aspect further

supported by the “Karst” nature of the dolomite has boosted the prospects. This has been further aided by the recharge from the FIG 8b: Geomorphology maps river that is proximal to the geomorphic unit.

ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 3, Issue 6, Nov. 2014 9 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com Papagni Gentle Moderate In general the (B.Q) located on Group / Cuesta to Good prospects are lineaments. Vempalle considered as

Formation / moderate. But there (B.Q) = Banaganapalle Quartzite / Kurnool Group Shale + are certain areas Dolomite + affected by Chert + lineaments. Such areas Quartzite aided by the above (B.Q) said reasons may yield good prospects.

Table. – 3A--- Chabali

Group / Depth Yield of wells Remarks

Formation / range of Lithology wells FIG 8c: Geomorphology maps Alluvial Shallow Good + 200 It forms a Sands wells and lpm river plain 4.Tummalur: tube wells that has good Geomorphology: In colluvium recharge from the slopes porosity and will be good. The unconsolidated material in the valley fill permeability. helps in the infiltration. The prospects are moderate to good. Proximity to Alluvial sands form river plains that have good porosity and river helps in permeability. Proximity to river helps in the good recharge. the good Hence, the prospects are good.Shale in association with recharge. dolomite of the Vempalle Formation have yielded to Hence, the secondary porosity in the form of lineaments. This aspect prospects are further supported by the “Karst” nature of the dolomite has good. boosted the prospects. This has been further aided by the Papagni Group 100m Moderate to Shale in recharge from the river that is proximal to the geomorphic / Vempalle good 150lpm - association unit. Formation / 200lpm with Shale + dolomite has The gentle slope of the pediment and the consequent slope of Dolomite + yielded to cuesta help in the run – off. Limited prospects are expected, if secondary there are any lineaments. porosity in Ground water prospects: In colluvium the depth range of the form of wells will be 75m -100m with moderate to good yield of +150 lineaments. lpm. Recharge from the slopes will be good. The The aquifer unconsolidated material in the valley fill helps in the lies in the infiltration. Aquifer lies in the underlying fractured rock.In fractured alluvial sands the wells are of shallow nature and yield will be carbonate at good with +200 lpm. The prospects are good. The calcareous depth. nature of the shale and the secondary porosity help in getting Papagni Group + 100m Limited In general aquifer conditions at depths.The pediment and the consequent / Vempalle more of run- slope of cuesta have depth range of wells of + 100m with Formation / off. Certain limited yield of 75 lpm. These act as a recharge zone to the Shale + areas may wells located at lower levels. Dolomite + yield good Chert + prospects if Quartzite the wells are ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 3, Issue 6, Nov. 2014 10 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com Table 4: Tummaluru Papagni Group Cuesta Poor to limited The / Vempalle consequent Group / Land Ground water Remarks Formation/ slope helps in Formation / form prospects Chert the run – off. Lithology +Dolomite Limited prospects are expected at Colluvium Valley fill Moderate to Recharge from lower levels, if Good the slopes will there are any be good. The lineaments, as unconsolidated the lithology material in the involved has valley fill the nature to helps in the develop infiltration. “Karst” Alluvial Alluvial Good It forms a river topography Sands Plains plain that has also. good porosity

and permeability. Table 4a: Tummaluru Proximity to river helps in the good Group / Depth Yield of wells Remarks recharge. Formation range of Hence, the / Lithology wells prospects are Colluvium 75-100m Moderate to Recharge from good. Good +150 lpm the slopes will Papagni Group Plains Good Shale in be good. The / Vempalle association unconsolidated Formation / with dolomite material in the Dolomite + has yielded to valley fill helps Shale secondary in the porosity in the infiltration. form of Aquifer lies in lineaments. the underlying This aspect fractured rock. further Alluvial Shallow Good + 200 It forms a river supported by Sands wells and lpm plain that has the “Karst” tube wells good porosity nature of the and dolomite has permeability. boosted the Proximity to prospects. This river helps in has been the good further aided recharge. by the Hence, the recharge from prospects are the river that is good. proximal to the Papagni 75-100m Moderate to The calcareous geomorphic Group / good + 150 lpm nature of the unit. Vempalle shale and the Papagni Group Pediment Poor to limited The gentle Formation / secondary / Vempalle slope helps in Dolomite + porosity help in Formation the run – off. Shale getting aquifer /Dolomite Limited conditions at prospects are depths. expected, if Papagni +100m Limited 75 – The hilly nature there are any Group / 100 lpm helps in more lineaments. Vempalle run - off. Formation/ Limited ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 3, Issue 6, Nov. 2014 11 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com Dolomite prospects are in the Narji Limestone have depth range of 75 – 100m with expected at moderate yield of 150lpm The secondary porosity is lower levels, if considerably good. “Karst” topography that develops help in there are any the formation of moderate prospects.The depth of the wells in lineaments. shale in association with dolomite of the Vempalle Formation Papagni +100m Poor to limited The consequent Group / 75 lpm slope helps in is about 100m. The yield due to secondary porosity in the Vempalle the run – off. form of lineaments is of the order of 150lpm -200lpm. The Formation/ Limited aquifer lies in the fractured carbonate at depth. Chert + prospects are Dolomite expected at Table. - 5- Machanuru lower levels, if there are any Group/ Land Ground Remarks lineaments. Formation/ form water This acts as a Lithology prospects recharge zone Alluvial Alluvial Good It forms a river to the wells Sands Plains plain that has located at lower good porosity and levels. permeability. Proximity to river helps in the good recharge. Hence, the prospects are good. Kurnool Plains Moderate Secondary Group / porosity is Narji considerably Limestone good. “Karst” (Massive) topography that develops help in the formation of good prospects Proximity to river helps in the good recharge. FIG 8d: Geomorphology maps However, the prospects are 5. Machanur: mpderate. Kurnool Plains Limited to Secondary Geomorphology: Alluvial sands form a river plain that has Group / moderate porosity is Narji considerably good porosity and permeability. Hence, the prospects are Limestone good. “Karst” good. (Massive) topography that develops help in In the case of Narji Limestone secondary porosity is the formation of considerably good. “Karst” topography that develops help in good prospects. the formation of good prospects. Proximity to river helps in Proximity to river the good recharge. However, the prospects are moderate. helps in the good recharge. The consequent slope of the cuesta of chert of the Vempalle However, the Formation helps in the run – off. This acts as a recharge zone prospects are to the wells located at lower levels. The prospects are poor to limited to moderate. limited.

Ground water prospects: Alluvial sands form a river plain that has good porosity and permeability. The wells are shallow and have good yield of + 200 lpm. Proximity to river helps in the good recharge. Hence, the prospects are good. The wells ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 3, Issue 6, Nov. 2014 12 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com Papagni Plains Good Shale in prospects. Group / association with Vempalle dolomite has Formation / yielded to Dolomite + secondary Shale porosity in the Papagni 100m Shale in form of Group / Moderate association with lineaments. This Vempalle to good dolomite has aspect further Formation / 150lpm - yielded to supported by the Dolomite + 200lpm secondary “Karst” nature of Shale porosity in the the dolomite has form of boosted the lineaments. The prospects. This aquifer lies in the has been further fractured aided by the carbonate at recharge from the depth. river that is Papagni +100m Poor to The consequent proximal to the Group / limited slope helps in the geomorphic unit Vempalle 75 lpm run – off. Limited Papagni Cuesta Poor to The consequent Formation/ prospects are Group / limited slope helps in the Chert + expected at lower Vempalle run – off. This Quartzite levels, if there are Formation/ acts as a recharge (B.Q). any lineaments. Chert + zone to the wells This acts as a Quartzite located at lower recharge zone to (B.Q). levels. the wells located at lower levels. B.Q = Banaganapalle Quartzite Table 5A: Machanuru

Group/ Depth Yield of Remarks Formation/ range wells Lithology of wells Alluvial Shallow Good + It forms a river Sands wells 200 lpm plain that has and good porosity tube and permeability. wells Proximity to river helps in the good recharge. Hence, FIG 8e: Geomorphology maps the prospects are good. 6.Kondur: Kurnool 75- The calcareous Group / 100m Moderate nature of the Geomorphology: In the case of alluvial fan and valley fill, Narji 150 lpm shale and the recharge from the slopes will be good. The unconsolidated Limestone secondary (Massive) porosity help in material in both the land forms will help in the infiltration that getting aquifer has qualified the prospects to be moderate to good.Shale in conditions at association with dolomite have been aided by the recharge depths. from the river that is proximal. This has boosted the Kurnool 100m Limited Secondary prospects to be good.The hill forming dolomite acts as run- Group / to porosity is off zone. Limited prospects are expected at lower levels, if Narji Moderat considerably there are any lineaments. Limestone e 75- good. “Karst” (Massive) 150 topography that

lpm develops help in the formation of moderate ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 3, Issue 6, Nov. 2014 13 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com Ground water prospects: The slope debris, the colluvium and Table 6A: Konduru the calcareous shale can have wells up to the range of 75 – 100m with moderate to good yield of + 150 lpm. Group / Depth Yield of wells Remarks Wells are not located in the hilly terrain of dolomite. It helps Formation range / of in more run-off. Acts as a recharge zone to the wells located at Lithology wells lower levels. (Table.6and6a and Fig.8f) Slope 75- Moderate to Recharge from debris 100m Good +150 lpm the slopes will be Table. - 6- Konduru good. The unconsolidated material in the Group/ Land Ground Remarks valley fill helps Formati form water in the on / prospects infiltration. Litholog Aquifer lies in y the underlying Slope Alluvi Moderate Recharge from the fractured rock. Colluvium 75- Moderate to Recharge from debris al fan to Good slopes will be good. The 100m Good +150 lpm the slopes will be unconsolidated material good. The in the fan helps in the unconsolidated infiltration. material in the valley fill helps Colluviu Valley Moderate Recharge from the in the m fill to Good slopes will be good. The infiltration. Aquifer lies in unconsolidated material the underlying in the valley fill helps in fractured rock. the infiltration. Papagni 75- Moderate to The calcareous Group 100m good + 150 lpm nature of the Papagni Plains Good Shale in association with Vempalle shale and the Group dolomite has yielded to Formation/ secondary Vempall secondary porosity in Shale + porosity help in Dolomite getting aquifer e the form of lineaments. conditions at Formati This aspect further depths. on supported by the “Karst” Papagni Wells ------The hilly nature Shale + nature of the dolomite Group not helps in more Dolomit has boosted the Vempalle located run-off. Acts as a e prospects. This has been Formation/ recharge zone to Dolomite the wells located further aided by the at lower levels. recharge from the river

that is proximal to the

geomorphic unit. Papagni Denud Poor to The hilly nature helps in Group ational limited more run-off. Limited Vempall Hills prospects are expected at e lower levels, if there are Formati any lineaments. on

Dolomit e FIG 8f: Geomorphology maps

ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 3, Issue 6, Nov. 2014 14 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com 7. Gondipalle: Dolomite lineaments. Papagni Cuesta Poor to The consequent slope helps Geomorphology: The colluviums gets recharge from the Group / limited in the run – off. Limited slopes. The unconsolidated material in the valley fill helps in Vempalle prospects are expected at Formatio the infiltration. Alluvial fans will also similar conditions. In lower levels, if there are any n the plains recharge from the slopes will be good. The Dolomite lineaments, as the lithology secondary porosity and the plain nature of the land form helps + Chert involved has the nature to in infiltration. In fact, more number of wells are located on develop “Karst” topography this land form. The hilly nature the dolomite of the Vempalle also. Formation helps in more run-off. Limited prospects are Papagni Cuesta Poor The lithology involved acts expected at lower levels, if there are any lineaments. Group / as aquiclude. Gulcheru Ground water prospects: In the case of colluviums and slope Quartzite debris, the depth of the wells will be 75 – 100m and the yield / will be + 150 lpm with moderate to good prospects. The shale Quartzite (calcareous) will have wells ranging from 75m – 100m, with yield of + 150 lpm and with moderate to good prospects. The Table 7A: Gondipalle dolomite (hilly nature) will have wells of +100m with yield of

75 – 100 lpm and with poor to limited prospects. The Group / Depth range Yield of Remarks dolomite + chert have wells of + 100m and the yield is of the Formation / of wells wells order of 75 lpm indicating poor prospects. The quartzite does Lithology not have any wells, but it acts as a recharge zone to the wells Colluvium 75-100m Moderate to Recharge from located at lower levels Good +150 the slopes will lpm be good. The Table 7: Gondipalle unconsolidated material in the Group / Land Ground Remarks valley fill Formati form water helps in the on / prospec infiltration. Litholog ts Aquifer lies in y the underlying Colluviu Valley Moderat Recharge from the slopes fractured rock. m fill e to will be good. The Slope debris 75-100m Moderate to Recharge from Good+150 the slopes will Good unconsolidated material in lpm be good. The the valley fill helps in the unconsolidated infiltration. material in the Slope Alluvia Moderat Recharge from the slopes valley fill debris l fan e to will be good. The helps in the Good unconsolidated material of infiltration. the fan helps in the Aquifer lies in the underlying infiltration. fractured rock. Papagni Plains Moderat Recharge from the slopes Papagni 75-100m Moderate to The calcareous Group / e to will be good. The secondary Group / good + 150 nature of the Vempalle Good porosity and the plain nature Vempalle lpm shale and the Formatio of the land form helps in Formation / secondary n Shale infiltration. In fact more Shale porosity help in getting number of wells are located aquifer on this land form. conditions at Papagni Denuda Poor to The hilly nature helps in depths. Group / tional limited more run-off. Limited Papagni +100m Limited 75 – The hilly Vempalle Hills prospects are expected at Group / 100 lpm nature helps in Formatio lower levels, if there are any Vempalle more run-off. n Formation Limited ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 3, Issue 6, Nov. 2014 15 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com Dolomite prospects are 100m at lower levels with yield of 75 – 100 lpm. The expected at prospects are limited. The consequent slope on the units of lower levels, if dolomite + chert will have wells of + 100m at lower levels. there are any The yield is 75- 100 lpm with poor to limited prospects. lineaments. Papagni +100m Poor to The Table 8: Chemalapenta Group / limited 75 consequent Vempalle lpm slope helps in Group/ Land form Ground Remarks Formation / the run – off. Formation / water Dolomite + Limited Lithology prospects Chert prospects are Colluvium Valley fill Moderate to Recharge from expected at Good the slopes will lower levels, if be good. The there are any unconsolidated lineaments. material in the Papagni Wells not ------Mostly run-off valley fill Group / found that acts as a helps in the Gulcheru recharge zone infiltration. Quartzite / to the wells Papagni Plains Moderate to Recharge from Quartzite located at Group / Good the slopes will lower levels. Vempalle be good. The

Formation secondary Shale porosity and

the plain nature of the land form helps in infiltration. In fact more number of wells are located on this land form Papagni Denudational Poor to The hilly Group / Hills limited nature helps in FIG 8g: Geomorphology maps Vempalle more run-off. Formation Limited 8. Cheemalapenta: Dolomite prospects are expected at Geomorphology: In the case of colluviums the recharge from lower levels, if the slopes of the hills will be good. The unconsolidated there are any material in the valley fill helps in the infiltration. The lineaments. prospects are moderate to good. In the plains recharge from Papagni Cuesta Poor to The Group / limited consequent the slopes will be good. In fact more number of wells is Vempalle slope helps in located on this land form. The prospects are moderate to good. Formation the run – off. The denudational hills (hilly nature) have limited prospects at Dolomite + Limited lower levels, if there are any lineaments and the prospects are Chert prospects are poor to limited. The dolomite and chert form consequent slope expected at that helps in the run – off. Hence have limited prospects. lower levels, if there are any Ground water prospects: Recharge from the slopes will be lineaments, as good for colluvium. The depth range of wells is 75 – 100m the lithology involved has and the yield is 150 lpm with moderate to good prospects. In the nature to the calcareous shale, the depth range of wells is 75m – 100m develop and the yield is + 150 lpm. The prospects are moderate to “Karst” good. The hill forming dolomites have wells of the depth of + topography

ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 3, Issue 6, Nov. 2014 16 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com also. Papagni Cuesta Poor The lithology Group / involved acts Gulcheru as aquiclude. Quartzite / Quartzite

Table 8A: Chemalapenta

Group / Depth range Yield of Remarks Formation / of wells wells FIG 8h: Geomorphology maps Lithology Colluvium 75-100m Moderate to Recharge from 9. Gangannapalle: Good +150 the slopes will lpm be good. The Geomorphology: Though the plains have shale, calcareous unconsolidated component is more. This makes the rock to yield to fracturing material in the that helps in the infiltration of surface water that finally valley fill develops into good prospects. The consequent slope is helps in the infiltration. towards north, the direction in which the plains are located. Aquifer lies in The run-off is more due to the slope. Limited prospects are the underlying expected at lower levels of the slope, if it is affected by fractured rock lineaments. Papagni 75-100m Moderate to The calcareous Group / good + 150 nature of the Ground water prospects: The prospects are good. In the Vempalle lpm shale and the Kurnool Group of rocks, the depth of the wells is of the order Formation/ secondary of 75-100m and the yield is + 150 lpm. In the carbonates the Shale porosity help well depth goes up to 100m and the yield is + 150 lpm. In the in getting aquifer dolomite + chert + ferruginous shale it is mostly run-off and conditions at the depth of wells is + 100m and the yield is poor, i.e., 75 lpm. depths. Papagni +100m Limited 75 – The hilly Table 9: Gangannapalle Group / 100 lpm nature helps in Vempalle more run-off. Group / Land form Ground Remarks Formation / Limited Formation / water Dolomite prospects are Lithology prospects expected at Kurnool Plains Good Though it is lower levels, if Group / stated as there are any Nandyal shale, lineaments. Shale calcareous Papagni +100m Poor to The component is Group / limited 75 consequent more in this Vempalle lpm slope helps in unit. This Formation/ the run – off. makes the Dolomite + Limited rock to yield Chert prospects are to fracturing expected at that helps in lower levels, if the there are any development lineaments. of secondary Papagni Wells not ------Mostly run-off porosity. Group / found that acts as a Further, the Gulcheru recharge zone contact Quartzite / to the wells between the Quartzite located at Vempalle lower levels. Formation and the rocks of the ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 3, Issue 6, Nov. 2014 17 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com Kurnool develops help in Group is the formation of faulted. This good prospects. also adds to Papagni +100m Limited 75 More of run-off the Group / lpm but at lower infiltration of Vempalle levels the yields surface Formation/ are limited. water. Dolomite + Kurnool Plains Good Secondary Chert + Group / porosity is Ferruginous Narji considerably shale Limestone good. (Massive) “Karst” topography that develops help in the formation of good prospects. Papagni Cuesta Poor to The Group / Limited consequent Vempalle slope is Formation/ towards Dolomite + north, the Chert + direction in Ferruginous which the FIG 8i: Geomorphology maps shale plains are located. The run-off is 5.4.0. Role of lineaments in ground more due to the slope. water exploration: Limited prospects are Anything that has a linear trend can be considered as a expected at lineament. Further, Lineament is a linear feature that has the lower levels control on the structure. (Dennis 1967). The area under report of the slope, has extensive spread of sediments of Papagni Group like if it is quartzite of Gulcheru Quartzite, dolomite, chert and affected by ferruginous and purple shale of Vempalle Formation. The lineaments. density of drainage is moderate. Most of the above documented rocks are of “Aquifuge” nature (Todd, 1995), Table 9A: Gagannapalle indicating that these neither contain nor transmit water. This is because, these rocks are impervious due to lack of primary Group / Depth Yield of wells Remarks porosity. But the field visit has indicated that are good Formation / range number of bore wells and tanks are all located on the shale + Lithology of wells carbonate units. This is possible only due to the development Kurnool 75- Good + 150 The calcareous of secondary porosity that helps in the infiltration of surface Group / 100m lpm nature of the Nandyal shale and the water. The secondary porosity has developed as lineaments Shale secondary due to tectonism. The development of lineaments and their porosity help in intensity not only helps in initiating weathering, it also getting aquifer quickens it. This in turn helps the rocks that are acting as conditions at aquifuges to have aquifers at slightly deeper levels, where the depths rock is affected by fracturing. Kurnool 100m Good + 150 Secondary Group / lpm porosity is Narji considerably Limestone good. “Karst” (Massive) topography that ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 3, Issue 6, Nov. 2014 18 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com It is considered that longer the lineament deeper is the highly resistant to weathering as interbeds. Mere density of penetration. It means length of a lineament is directly lineaments is not the criteria for the location of wells. The proportional to depth.. geomorphic unit on which they are occurring is equally important in addition to the lthology. The perusals of the Table 10: Details of lineaments village wise drainage maps have brought the feature clearly.

Village Length in Number of Number km lineaments of all of wells CONCLUSION lengths Pencdlimarri 0.25 – 2.5 14 ------Geomorphologically, the quartzite hills of the Gulcheru Pagadalapalle 0.2 – 2.0 14 ------Quartzite form the structural hills. The units of the Vempalle Chabali 0.25 – 2.36 9 9 Formation reflect cuesta , pediment and pediplane type of land Tummaluru 0.25 – 2.40 46 62 forms. Machanur 0.28 – 2.4 28 28 The rocks of the Kurnool Group also form the pediplane. The Konduru 0.2 – 2.5 55 42 alluvial tracts represent the old flood plain of the river Gondipalle 0.25 - 1.5 21 20 Papagni. Cheemalapenta 0.30 – 1.02 29 38 Gangannapalle 0.25 – 2.05 27 32 In respect of hydrogeomorphology, the alluvial tracts (Alluvial plains) have better prospects. The plains constituted by other rocks also have good prospects. The structural land forms indirectly help in the ground water prospects, i.e., they act as recharge zones for the wells located at lower levels.The ground water prospects reflect that the mandal area has moderate to good prospects, where in all the bore holes and yielding 100 to 120 lpm even in summer months and the bore wells in the alluvial tracts have shown better yields of +200 lpm. REFERENCES

[1.] Jagadiswara Rao, R., (1971). Ground Water Surys in

Rayalaseema paper presented at the seminar on industrial potential of Rayalaseema, S.V.University, Dec 18, 1971. [2.] Jagadiswra Rao, R., (1972). Ground Water Surys in Rayalaseema, the Deccan Chronicle, Hyderabad, Jan 9, 1972. [3.] Jagadiswra Rao, R., (1978). Development and protection of Ground Water resources in the drought- prone areas of South India: paper presented at the UNESO-Sponsored course , seminar and tour on scientific basis of Ground water Research and protection, Moscow State. [4.] Karanth, K.R., (1974). Present exploration and additional Potential of Ground water available for development In the Rayalaseema region, Andhra Pradesh, Fig.9a-i..LIineament maps Hyderabad. [5.] Krishna Rao (1970), Hydrometerological aspects of There is a tendency for the lineaments to develop on rocks that estimating ground water potential seminar volume, are brittle in nature. For the said reason number of lineaments Ground Water potential of hard rock areas of India, are observed on quartzite. But the intensity of lineaments is Bangalore, p - 10.. equally similar on the dolomites that are hill forming. The positive relief is mainly due to the presence of chert that is ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 3, Issue 6, Nov. 2014 19 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com [6.] Nagaraja Rao, B.K., Rajurkar, S.T and others (1987) - Stratigraphy, Structure and Evolution of the Cuddapah basin. Mem. 6, Geol. Soc. Ind, Bangalore, pp. 33 – 86. [7.] Ramakrishna Reddy. N (2007). Micro level evaluation of ground water potential and prioritization of villages for the development of Pulivendla Mandal, Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India by using remote sensing data and GIS. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, S.V.University, Tirupati. [8.] Ravi kumar.M(2012)Micro level evaluation of water resources in and around pendlimarri area kadapa district ,A.P .India by using remote sensi ng and GIS. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, S.V.University,Tirupati. [9.] Sreevasulu, J., (2004) Geomorphic evolution and it’s reflection on the Ground Water evaluation of the Chandragiri Valley in Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India, by using Remote Sensing data and GIS. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, S.V.University, Tirupati. [10.] Subba Reddy, M.V., et. al, (2011). Morphometric analysis of Badabandala vanka watershed, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India.Gondwana Geological Magazine, 26, vol. 1. [11.] Sudarsana Raju.G(2013)Application of remote sensing data for identification of groundwater potential in and around kadapa, A.P.India .Vol.2,issue1,2013 International journal of remote sensing and geosciences.

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