Appendix A Commercially available instrumentation for capillary electrophoresis

Appendix At Overview of commercial instruments T. WEHR AND M. ZHU

AI.I Introduction

Commercial capillary electrophoresis (CE) instruments were first intro• duced in 1988 and at the time of writing there are at least 14 vendors offering CE systems or components. During the preceding decade many researchers had contructed experimental manual systems consisting of a power supply, capillary, detector and injection device. In contrast to these simple homemade systems, many of the first commercial units were auto• mated instruments with integrated detectors, autosamplers with multiple injection modes and provision for temperature control. In the intervening period, additional systems have been introduced onto the market and ear• lier systems have evolved with the addition of new or more sophisticated detectors, more advance sample injection and liquid handling features and improved control and data processing software. This chapter summarizes the features of currently available CE instrumentation with a focus on automated systems (Table A1.1).

AI.2 Power supply

Power supplies capable of delivering constant voltage at high precision up to 30kV are standard throughout the industry. Most systems offer, in addi• tion, constant current operation at up to 300IlA; constant current operation may be desirable in systems without adequate temperature control. Some instruments are also capable of operation in constant power mode up to 6 W; use of constant power operation permits separation time to be mini• mized without excess heat generation. Early in the evolution of CE it was considered that efficiency in a CE separation was primarily diffusion• limited and that operation at very high voltages (up to 60kV) could yield higher theoretical plate numbers and improved resolution. In practice, thermal effects at high voltage compromise efficiency gains, and today satisfactory separations are achieved below 30kV (typically 10-2SkV). 674 OVERVIEW OF COMMERCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Table AI.I Capillary electrophoresis commercial instruments

Manufacturer Advanced Molecular Applied BioSystems- ATIIUnicam Systems Perkin Elmer

Product Model 2000 270-HT/HS Crystal CE 300

High voltage supply Operation models Constant voltage or Constant voltage Constant voltage or current current

Voltage range 0-30kV 0-30kV 0-30kV Current range 0-330 /-L A 0-330 /-L A 0-2oo/-LA Power range Up to 9W Polarity reversal Manual Through software Through software Injection modes Electrokinetic, Electrokinetic, Electrokinetic, vacuum vacuum pressure Capillary temperature control Mode Liquid Forced air Forced air Range 2-75°C Ambient-60°C 10°C below ambient- 60°C

Liquid handling Capillary purge Up to 800mbar in 20 Vacuum Vacuum mbar increments

Buffer replenishment Yes, inlet and outlet Yes Yes automatically Autosampler Inlet positions 4, 8, 96-well tray Fifty 0.5 ml positions 4 (Model CE 300), 30 and eight 4.0ml (Models CE 310 positions and 31OC) Outlet positions One One 15ml, Up to 8 replenish able

Temperature control Liquid Optional external Optional external bath bath

Range 2-75°C 5-60°C 4-40°C Detectors Absorbance Photodiode array, Variable "A, 190- Selectable "A (filter) 190-288nm 700nm or diode array

Fluorescence 190-288 nm excitation, Dual monochromator, 450-628 nm emission UV-vis excitation and emission Mass spectrometer Available for ESI coupling Other Conductivity

Fraction collection Automatic Manual

* 48 positions total, each position can be stationed at capillary inlet or outlet. POWER SUPPLY 675

Table At.t Continued

Beckman Bio-Rad Dionex GTIISpectro• Instruments Laboratories Vision

PlACE 5000 Series BioFocus Series CES 1 Modular

Constant or Constant or Constant or Constant voltage programmable programmable programmable or current voltage, constant voltage, constant voltage, current current or power current or power

1-30kV 0-30kV 0-30kV 0-30kV 1-2S01lA 1-3001lA 0--400 1lA 0-2S0llA 0-6W O-{iW Manual Through software Manual Manual Electrokinetic, Electrokinetic, Electrokinetic, Electrokinetic pressure, or both pressure pressure, gravity

Liquid Liquid Forced air 5°C below ambient 1S-6SoC, to 50°C programmable

Pressure,20psi Pressure,S or 100 Pressure, 20 psi Manual psi

No No Yes

24 32 40

10 32 1 with automatic purging

Optional external Optional integrated bath peltier 4-40°C

Selectable A (filter) or Variable A (190-800nm) Variable A (190-800nm) diode array or fast -scanning (190-{i00 nm) (190-800nm)

Argon ion laser Deuterium and source tungsten sources

Available for ESI Available for ESI Enhanced fluorescence kit

Automatic Automatic 676 OVERVIEW OF COMMERCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Table AI.I Continued

Manufacturer Hewlett Packard Kontron Otsuka

Product HP3D Eureka 2100 CAP 1-3100

High voltage supply Constant or Constant or Constant or Operation models programmable programmable programmable voltage, current voltage or voltage or or power; CEC current current

Voltage range 0-30kV 0-30kV 0-30kV Current range 0-300)lA 0-300)lA 1-300)lA Power range 0-6W Polarity reversal Through software Yes Automatic

Injection modes Electrokinetic, Electrokinetic, Electrokinetic, pressure, pressure, gravity vacuum gravity

Capillary temperature Forced air Forced air Forced air control 10°C below 5-50°C 5-45°C Mode ambient-60°C Range

Liquid handling Pressure, up 12 20 psi 20psi Capillary purge bar

Buffer replenishment Yes No No

Autosampler 48* 20 45 sample (0.5 ml) Inlet positions 6 buffer (4ml)

Outlet positions 10 7 buffer (15 ml) 6 fraction

Temperature control Optional external Optional external Optional external bath bath bath Range 1O-40°C 4-45°C 4-45°C

Detectors Diode array Diode array Diode array Absorbance (190-600nm) (190-800nm) (190--600 nm)

Fluorescence

Mass spectrometer Adapter kit for all coupling MS platforms

Other

Fraction collection Automatic No Yes POWER SUPPLY 677

Table At.t Continued

Thermo Separation Products Waters Associates Zeta Technology

SpectraPhoresis Series Quanta 4000E modular

Constant or programmable Constant voltage, constant Constant voltage or current (optional) voltage, constant current, or both current ('programmable isomigration')

0-30kV 0-30kV 0-30kV 0-300JlA 0-2S0JlA 0-300JlA

Through software Manual Manual Electrokinetic, vacuum Electrokinetic, hydrostatic Electrokinetic, vacuum

Forced air Peltier IS-60°C, programmable with 1O-4SoC optional software

Vacuum Vacuum Yes

Yes

12 (Model 100), 82 (Models SOO, 20 1000,2(00)

S

Integrated peltier

Selectable Ie (Model 100), Selectable Ie Argon ion laser source variable Ie, (Model SOO), fast (lamp, filter) scanning 190-800 nm (Models 1000, 2000)

Automatic 678 OVERVIEW OF COMMERCIAL INSTRUMENTS

High voltage is applied at the capillary inlet, with the outlet (detector) at ground potential. In many applications, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is performed in uncoated fused-silica capillaries and electro osmotic flow (EOF) carries all analytes, regardless of charge, towards the cathode. In these cases, the inlet (high voltage) electrode is the anode (,normal' polarity). In an increasing variety of applications, however, 'reversed' polarity is used with the inlet electrode as cathode. These cases include analysis of anionic analytes in the absence of EOF (e.g. capillary gel electrophoresis and CZE using neutral coated capillaries) and analysis with reversed EOF (e.g. CZE using capillaries with positively charged coatings or with osmotic flow modifying additives in the background electrolyte). All commerical instruments have reversible polarity, although for frequent switching among different applications, polarity reversal through software is more convenient than manual reversal. Six commercial instruments (Beckman, Bio-Rad Dionex, Hewlett• Packard, Kontron and TSP) offer time-programmable high voltage; this feature may be useful in preventing artifacts during application of high voltage, in reducing analysis time for samples containing low mobility com• ponents and in modulating migration rates in special applications (e.g. fraction collection and resolution of temperature-sensitive conformers of biopolymers ).

Al.3 Injection

Sample injection in CE requires the introduction of very small amounts of analyte at the capillary inlet with high precision. All commercial instru• ments offer electromigration injection and at least one type of displacement injection. Electromigration is the simplest injection method in CE; the capillary inlet is immersed in the sample solution and high voltage is applied for a brief period (typically a few seconds). If no EOF is present, sample ions enter the capillary by electophoretic mobility alone. If EOF is present, sample ions will be introduced by a combination of electrophoretic mobility and EOF; this mode is generally termed electrokinetic injection. Electrophoretic injection offers two advantages. First, since only species of like charge will enter the capillary, it enables discrimination against compounds of opposite charge, simplifying the separation problem. Sec• ond, by varying the ionic strength of the sample relative to the background electrolyte, a focusing or stacking effect is created which allows the forma• tion of very sharp sample zones with high analyte concentration. Unfortu• nately, these advantages are countered by two major limitations. Since sample ions enter the capillary based on mobility, low-mobility ions will be present in lower concentrations, decreasing detector response. More impor• tantly, presence of non-analyte ions in the sample will reduce injection CAPILLARY TEMPERATURE CONTROL 679 efficiency, so electrophoretic injection is very sensitive to the presence of salts or buffers in the sample matrix. The disadvantages of electrophoretic injection argue against its use in routine analysis except in cases where displacement injection is not possible, e.g. in capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE). Electrokinetic injection suffers from the further disadvantage that many sample matrices contain components such as proteins which adsorb to the capillary wall and change the magnitude of the EOF. Displacement injection is usually the preferred method since analyte ions are present in the sample zone in proportion to their concentration in the bulk sample, and injection efficiency is less sensitive to variations in sample ionic strength. However, it should be noted that the presence of high salt can affect detector response with displacement injection, and variations in the sample viscosity (due to temperature variations or the presence of viscosity-modifying components) can affect displacement injection efficiency. Two modes of displacement injection have been employed in commercial CE instruments: application of positive pressure at the capillary inlet and application of vacuum at the capillary outlet. The former method can employ pressurization of the sample headspace by gas (pressure injection) or application of hydrostatic pressure by elevating the capillary inlet rela• tive to the capillary outlet (gravity injection). Gravity injection has been reported to provide reproducible injection of very small sample zones. On the other hand, pressure injection can allow the flexibility of introducing larger sample zones; this can be an advantage when using injection pneu• matics to introduce a chiral selector or to perform on-column concentra• tion. Moderate injection pressures can be an advantage when injecting samples into capillaries containing analysis buffers with viscous agents such as sieving polymers. At least two commerical instruments integrate the pressure signal during the injection process and inject to a constant time• pressure product; this compensates for variations in seal compliance and sample-to-sample headspace.

Al.4 Capillary temperature control

Electrophoretic mobility is strongly dependent on temperature, with migra• tion rate varying by 2.5% for each degree of temperature rise. Fused-silica capillaries are very efficient in dissipation of Joule heat generated by the electrophoretic process, allowing very high resolution to be achieved. How• ever, temperature control of the capillary environment is essential to attain satisfactory reproducibility. Inadequate temperature control results in vari• able migration times and in variable run-to-run peak areas since peak area is migration-rate dependent. Therefore, it is not surprising that all commer• cial automated CE systems include some form of temperature control. Operation at elevated temperatures may be useful in nucleic acid separa- 680 OVERVIEW OF COMMERCIAL INSTRUMENTS tions to help maintain species in single-stranded states, while sub ambient operation may be useful for achieving separations in some CE modes (e.g. MEKC) or for performing kinetic studies. Two manufacturers, Beckman Instruments and Bio-Rad laboratories, consider circulating-liquid temperature control to be the most effective. This requires enclosure of the capillary in a sealed cartridge to maintain coolant flow; both manufacturers supply cartridges which can be user• assembled and accept empty or gel-filled capillaries from all commercial suppliers. The Beckman PlACE systems employ Fluorinert® (Dow Chemi• cal Co.), a non-conductive fluorocarbon, as coolant while the Bio-Rad BioFocus systems use deionized water as coolant for low voltage operation and Fluorinert at high voltages (>20kV). The latter also employs a vacuum pump to draw coolant through the system, eliminating the risk of coolant leakage into the instrument. Both systems operate at subambient as well as at elevated temperatures. The cartridge format provides for automatic alignment of the capillary in the detector light path and reduces time required for capillary replacement when changing methods. All other automated CE instruments employ forced air-nitrogen convec• tion for capillary temperature control. Two systems (Applied Biosystems• Perkin Elmer and Dionex) use only forced-air heating, while the remaining systems can cool to subambient temperatures as well as operate at elevated temperatures. All of these systems use free-hanging capillaries except the TSP Spectraphoresis system in which the capillary is mounted in an open cartridge. The latter manufacturer offers temperature gradient programm• ing as a software option. The effectiveness of capillary thermos tatting can be determined by vari• ation in current as a function of voltage. According to Ohm's law, this should be a linear relationship, and deviation from linearity in an Ohm's law plot is indicative of poor efficiency in heat dissipation by the capillary temperature control system.

Al.S Liquid handling

Replenishment of the electrolyte in the capillary after each analysis is done in all modes of CE except for CGE. Prior to replenishing the electrolyte, it is often necessary to purge the capillary with one or a series of solvents to remove adsorbed sample components, recondition the fused-silica surface or to replace a dynamic capillary coating. The advantage of an automated CE instrument is that complicated capillary wash and conditioning protocols can be programmed as part of the method and automatically executed between each analysis. Six commercial systems (Advanced Mo• lecular Devices, Applied Biosystems-Perkin Elmer, AT!, Dionex, Hewlett Packard, TSP) offer automatic buffer replenishment systems which empty DETECTORS 681 and refill the outlet electrode vessel. This feature can be advantageous when using electrolytes with low buffering capacity in which electrode reactions can cause pH drift after a few analyses. With the increased popu• larity of polymer sieving systems for separations of nucleic acids and SDS• protein complexes, the ability to handle viscous electrolytes is advantagous, and some commercial systems (e.g. the Bio-Rad BioFocus and the Hewlett Packard HP3D) provide high pressure purging capabilities for such applica• tions. Simultaneous application of pressure and high voltage is desirable for techniques such as electro chromatography and zone mobilization in capil• lary isoelectric focusing (ClEF); several commercial systems offer this capa• bility (e.g. Beckman, Bio-Rad, Hewlett Packard).

Al.6 Autosamplers

Rapid analysis and high sample throughput are two key advantages offered by CE compared to alternative separation techniques such as gel electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Therefore automatic sampling devices with multisample capacity are inte• grated into almost all commercial CE systems. Sample capacities range from 32 to 80 (the AMD instrument uses a 96-position microtiter plate format). Four systems (ABI-Perkin Elmer, Beckman, Bio-Rad and Hewlett-Packard) allow for multiple outlet buffer positions, which enable multiple separation chemisties to be scheduled in automated runs. Autosampler temperature control may be important in some cases, e.g. when analyzing heat-labile biological samples, when collecting fractions or when performing kinetic studies at elevated temperatures. All but two commercial CE systems offer optional temperature control of samples and buffers using circulating coolant from an external bath; one system (Bio• Rad) contains an integrated autos ampler temperature control. The ABI• Perkin Elmer and Beckman systems permit selected cooling of sample vials without the need to cool buffer vials as well.

Al.7 Detectors

Ai. 7.1 UV-vis absorbance As in HPLC, absorbance detection is used in the vast majority of CE applications and all commercial CE systems employ UV or UV-vis absorb• ance as the primary mode of detection. The simplest approach is the use of line-source lamps or continuum-source lamps with wavelength selection using filters. The Beckman PI ACE system employs a deuterium source with wavelength selection by a four-position filter wheel. The Waters Quanta 682 OVERVIEW OF COMMERCIAL INSTRUMENTS system uses line-source lamps with filters. Most other systems use a con• tinuum (e.g. deuterium lamp) source with wavelength selection using a grating monochromater. Since the low output of a deuterium lamp above 360nm limits sensitivity in the visible range, several manufacturers (Bio• Rad, Dionex, TSP, Waters) provide additional tungsten sources for visible wavelength detection. Several manufacturers offer UV or UV-vis scanning detection. A scan• ning diode-array detector is standard on the Hewlett-Packard HP3D sys• tem, while AT!, Beckman, Otsuka and Waters offer optional diode-array detectors. Bio-Rad and TSP offer optional fast-scanning detectors based on forward-optics systems. Scanning detection enables on-the-fty acquisition of spectra as analytes migrate through the detection point; this information can assist in the identification of peaks based on spectral patterns, in detection of peak impurities by variation in spectral profiles across a peak, or in determina• tion of the absorbance maximum of an unknown compound. Scanning detectors are usually equipped with specialized software packages for stor• age, retrieval and comparison of spectra and mathematical analysis of spec• tral data for determination of peak purity and identity. Of course, as in HPLC, spectra can be solvent dependent, requiring that analyte spectra and the compared library spectra should be acquired under the same CE analy• sis conditions. All commercial CE absorbance detectors employ on-tube detection: a section of the capillary itself is used as the detection cell. This permits detection of separated zones with no loss in resolution. Most capillaries used for CE are coated with a polymer (usually polyimide) which protects the fused-silica capillary and provides it with mechanical stability. Since the polymer is not optically transparent, it must be removed from the detection segment to form a 'window' and this window must be accurately positioned in the optical path to achieve good sensitivity. This segment of bare capil• lary is very fragile and is subject to breakage during manipulation and installation of the capillary. Capillaries with a UV-transparent coating are available from Polymicro Technologies which eliminates this problem; however, the coating is not resistant to some coolants (e.g. Fluorinert) used in a liquid-cooled CE system. In on-tube detection, the internal diameter of the capillary forms the detection light path. In accordance with Beer's law, the sensitivity of a concentration-sensitive detector is a direct function of the length of the light path. Therefore, in comparison to an HPLC detector with a 1 cm path length, the detector signal strength should be reduced 200-fold in a CE system equipped with a 50 ~m i.d. capillary. Concentration sensitivity can be improved by employing focusing lenses to collect light at the capillary lumen, by detecting at low wavelengths (where most analytes have greater DETECTORS 683 absorbance) and by using sample-focusing techniques during the injection process. However, even under ideal conditions the concentration limit of detection (CLOD) is about lO-7M. Two manufacturers supply enhanced-pathlength devices to increase ab• sorbance detection sensitivity. ABI-Perkin Elmer offers an optional Z-cell for the Model 270HT CE system. As the name implies, the flowcell in this device contains two bends such that light is directed down the axis of the capillary, creating a 3mm light path. The manufacturer has demonstrated a 30-fold increase in sensitivity using the Z-cell. Hewlett-Packard supplies a capillary with conventional geometry except for an enhanced inner diam• eter (typically by 3x) at the point of detection. Through a combination of increased light path and reduced field strength at the detection point, this 'bubble cell' has been shown to increase sensitivity three-fold. The draw• backs of these sensitivity-enhancing devices include high cost and reduced resolution. Absorbance detection is not limited only to compounds with UV absorb• ance. In the technique of indirect absorbance detection, a UV-absorbing ion with the same charge as the analyte ions is incorporated into the back• ground electrolyte. Displacement of the background chromophore ion in the sample zone forms a negative peak which can be inverted electronically (indirect absorbance detection method) and quantitated as a conventional positive peak. This technique has been widely employed in CE analysis of inorganic anions and cations, organic acids and bases, and carbohydrates. However, CLOD values are usually in the lO-4-lO-SM range.

AI. 7.2 Fluorescence Additional information concerning superiority and inferiority of fluo• rescence detection can be referred to Chapter 6 on Detection. Fluorescence detection offers the possibility of high sensitivity, and in the case of complex samples, improved selectivity. However, this mode of detection requires the analyte to exhibit native fluorescence or to contain a group to which a fluorophore can be attached by chemical derivatization. The number of compounds that fall into the former category are small and while many analytes contain derivatizable groups (e.g. amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl functional groups), most derivatization chemistries are limited by one or more disadvantages (slow reaction kinetics, complicated reaction or clean-up conditions, poor yields, interference by matrix components, de• rivative instability, interference by reaction side products or unreacted derivatizing agent). Because of these limitations, fluorescence detection, as in HPLC, has found few applications in CEo However, in the case of nucleic acids and carbohydrates, suitable derivatization procedures are available and fluorescence detection is widely used for these applications. Both 684 OVERVIEW OF COMMERCIAL INSTRUMENTS covalent and intercalating fluorescent dyes are used for DNA separations, and there are at least two fluorescent tags to attach to amino-containing sugars. When compared to fluorescence detectors for HPLC, the design of a fluorescence detector for CE presents some technical problems. In order to achieve acceptable sensitivity, it is necessary to focus sufficient excitation light on the capillary lumen, which is difficult to do with a conventional light source. One answer to this problem is the use of a laser as the excitation source. Two manufacturers (Beckman and Zeta Technology) currently offer laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detectors. These detectors employ an argon ion laser providing excitation at 488nm, which is close to the desired excitation wavelength for several DNA and carbohydrate dyes. The CLOD for a laser-based fluorescence detector can be as low as 1O-12M. Three manufacturers offer fluorescence detectors with conventional exci• tation sources. The detectors manufactured by A TI and SpectroVision use xenon sources, while the Dionex system uses a tungsten source. A conven• tional-source fluorescence detector should be able to achieve CLODs of lO-9M.

AI.7.3 Other detectors A TI offers a conductivity monitor for CEo This detector is useful for analy• sis of inorganic ions and provides an order of magnitude improvement in sensitivity over indirect absorbance detection.

AI.7.4 On-line coupling with mass spectrometry (MS) With the increasing need to obtain absolute identification of separated components and the gradual price reduction of mass spectormeters, there is a growing demand for direct coupling of CE with MS instruments. The most frequent configuration is introduction of the capillary outlet into an electrospray interface (ESI) coupled to a single or double quadrupole in• strument. In this configuration, the outlet electrode of the CE is eliminated and the MS becomes the ground. Since the volumetric flow out of the capillary is neglible or nil, separated components are transported from the capillary to the electro spray using a liquid sheath flow. The major limitation in CE-ESIIMS is the requirement for volatile buffers. Ionic buffers are not appropriate. This narrows the choice of CE separation modes and resolving power. CE couplings for ESIIMS are available from Beckman, Bio-Rad, and ATI. The Beckman system can be interfaced to the Finnegan MAT quadrupole instruments, while the Bio-Rad can be interfaced to the Finnegan systems and the VG Platform 2 system. The latter CE interface allows the capillary to be liquid cooled from the CE directly to the ESI. FRACTION COLLECTION 685

Al.8 Fraction collection

Because of its high resolving power CE is often considered for micropreparative isolation of compounds. Seven commercial instruments offer fraction collection capability. The Waters and Isco systems provide for manual fraction collection; the Waters Quanta system permits replacement of the outlet vial holder with a circular polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) disk onto which separated components can be recovered for subsequent operations such as protein sequencing or Western blotting. For sample recovery using the Perkin Elmer-ABI system, sample is injected from the outlet position and fractions are collected into inlet carousel positions. The Beckman, Bio-Rad and Hewlett-Packard instruments have automatic frac• tion collection software permitting recovery of separated components in multiple outlet vials. The desirability of using CE as a micropreparative tool has to be carefully weighed against the problems encountered in fraction collection. When using narrow-bore (e.g. 50/-lm i.d.) capillaries, the volume injected into the capillary is quite small (typically a few nanoliters). Unless the analyte is in very high concentration, recovery of sufficient material will require repeti• tive injections of the same sample. In this case, the run-to-run migration times must be highly reproducible to ensure accurate collection of the analyte peak. Also, the recovered analyte must be stable under the collec• tion conditions for the time required to collect the desired amount of material (often several hours). An alternative strategy is the use of larger diameter capillaries (~75 /-lm). However, thermal effects may compromise resolution and low voltages or low conductivity buffers may be necessary to prevent excessive heating. Appendix A2 The CAPI series of instruments K. KITAGISHI

Otsuka Electronics Co. Ltd has two kinds of capillary electrophoresis which are system available commercially and are called the CAPI series. One is the CAPI-3100, a high-end of the market version with 3D-UV detection, controlled by a personal computer and the other is the CAPI-1000, a computer-free system at lower cost.

A2.1 CAPI-3100

A2.1.1 Specifications Autosampler • Left carousel (inlet end): 45 vials (500111) for samples and 6 vials (16ml) for buffers. For sample vials, commercially available tubes made from polypropylene or polyethylene of 500 III are acceptable. • Right carousel (outlet end): 7 vials (16ml) for buffers and 6 vials for fraction collection. • Sample temperature control: sample temperature can be maintained at a constant level in the range 4°C to 45°C with a sample temperature controller and a circulating bath optionally installed to the system.

Electrophoresis • Power supply: ±30kV, 300IlA. Cathode/anode convertible by computer control. Constant voltage/constant current or gradient voltage/gradient current (9 steps each) system is available. • Capillary: the standard has a 75 11m i.d. and is made of synthetic silica. The synthetic silica capillary has the advantage over fused silica of transparency, which causes a low background. Capillaries with i.d. of 20, 50 and 100llm can be adapted. Minimal total length is 40 cm (27.5 cm minimal effective length from inlet end to detection window). A capil• lary replacement is easy with a one-touch cassette system. • Capillary temperature control: Peltier cooling with a range of 5°C to 45°C. The high accuracy temperature controlling function (±0.2°C) in• hibits temperature elevation in the capillary, thus ensuring high repro• ducibility. CAPI-3100 687

• Injection: gravity and electrokinetic methods are available. Pressure injection is available optionally by regulating gas pressure.

Optics • Detection mode: UV-vis absorbance. • Detection element: photodiode array 512ch. • Measurable wavelength range: 190 to 600nm. • Wavelength accuracy: ±1.0nm. • Wavelength resolution: 1.3 to 20 nm. • Noise level: 5 x 10-5 AU (absorbance units) or less (at 254nm). • Time drift: 1 x 10-3 AU h-1 or less (at 254nm). • Minimum scale: 0.0001 AU.

Software • Measurement: random access is possible for both sample and buffer vials on the carousels. Automatic measurements with a multimethod table consisting of up to 50 lines under different analytical conditions. An analytical condition defined in each line can be applied sequentially to 45 different sample vials, at maximum, of autos ampler. A multi task function allows automatic data analysis while under run ('Run and Report'). • Analysis: both auto analysis succeeding measurement and post-analysis under voluntary analytical conditions are available. • 2-D analysis: calculations on pherograms such as addition, subtraction, division and differential can be achieved. Migration time, peak height, peak area and peak area % are calculated quantitatively from pherograms. • 3-D analysis: three-dimensional data are displayed as a 3-D plot, a contour plot and a spectral index plot. Multiwavelength pherograms and 3-D cross-sectional view can be drawn. For the chromatographic analy• sis of 3-D data, peak purity analysis, index analysis, calculations on spectra (sum, difference, ratio and differential) and library search are available.

Application kits. Application kits as a-, ~- and 1-series are available. The a-series are mainly ready-to-use electrolytes for common applications. They include linear polymer solutions for DNA and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-proteins, cationic surfactant or zwitterions in order to suppress pro• tein adsorption onto the capillary wall and suitable buffers containing addi• tives for cation or anion analysis. The ~-series contains modified capillaries: neutral hydrophilically coated capillaries, gel-filled capillaries, highly sensi• tive cell capillaries with an extended light path in a bubble shape. For the 1- 688 CAPI SERIES OF INSTRUMENTS series, several kits are available: a kit for molecular weight analysis of SDS• proteins consisting of a coated capillary, a standard protein mixture and a linear polymer solution, a kit for isoelectric focusing consisting of a coated capillary, a standard protein mixture and ampholyte and a kit for chiral separation.

A2.1.2 Features Versatile functionality and high quality operation ability are features of the CAPI-3100. The autos ampler affords automatic measurement of up to 45 samples and six buffers. Each line of a multimethod table represents meas• urement conditions like rinse of capillary, filling of electrolyte, sample injection, electrophoresis, capillary temperature, detection, the number of repeated runs, threshold for safety operation and data processing condi• tions. Voluntary values can be input for these conditions. Measurements with a multimethod table randomly accessible to 45 samples and six buffers are capable of routine analysis for a batch of samples or investigation to optimize analytical conditions with little labor. Automatic analysis can be performed during or after a run in the multimethod table. CAPI-3100 has a detection system consisting of a photodiode array as the detecting element with a remarkably low noise level. Spectral information obtained with this detection system enables purity analysis and library search to be undertaken. The maximum wavelength as well as the molar absorption coefficient at that wavelength are obtained from a spectrum. At this wavelength quantitative analysis can be made with higher sensitivity. Simultaneous quantitative of more than two components in a sample solu• tion can be carried out by multiple peak quantitative analysis. Subtraction or division between pherograms at two different wavelengths in the same run improves detection sensitivity. CAPI-3100 is equipped with all the devices necessary to obtain accuracy and reproducibility, such as a capillary temperature controller, various injection methods, autos ampler, high-quality detecting element and fully automated operating system. CAPI-3100 is considered to be suit• able both for method development and for routine analysis with high reproducibility.

A2.2 CAPI-IOOO

A2.2.1 Specifications Sampler • Sampler: six sample vials (250111 made of polypropylene) manually replaceable. CAPI-lOOO 689

Electrophoresis • Power supply: +25kV, 200/lA as standard; -25kV, 200/lA as optional. Constant voltage (1 kV step) or constant current (1.0/lA step) is applied. Voltage at constant current and current at constant voltage are displayed. • Capillary: the standard has a 75/lm i.d. capillaries with an i.d. of 20, 50 and 100/lm can be adapted. The minimal total length is 60 cm (40 cm minimal effective length from inlet end to detection window). The capillary is easily replaceable in the front of the instrument. • Capillary temperature control: forced air circulation system. Control range is from room temperature plus 3 to 49°C by digital steps with an accuracy of to.5°C. • Injection: vacuuming by electromotive pump. Injection time by digital set-up. An electrokinetic method is available optionally.

Optics • Detection mode: double beam UV absorbance. • Detection element: twin-type silicon photodiode. • Measurable wavelength range: 195 to 380nm (380 to 700nm, if a filter is switched). • Wavelength accuracy: ±l nm. • Wavelength resolution: 6 nm. • Noise level: 5 x 10-5 AU or less (at 254nm). • Time drift: 1 x 10-3 AU h-1 or less (at 254nm). • Minimum scale: 0.001 AU. • Output: 0.5, 1.0 V/AU 10mV full scale.

Data output 1. CAPI-1000 connected with Chromatocorder 21 by System Instruments affords data output immediately after analysis. The memory has a capacity of up to 80 chromatograms each of about lOmin. 2. CAPI-1000 connected with Integrator I or Integrator II as Mac• Integrator provides storage, analysis and reporting data functions. This set-up makes it possible to display voltage and current, to store, reanalyze and print out data. The functions of addition and subtraction of chromatograms, ratio chromatogram, baseline correction and over• lay of up to 10 chromatograms are optionally available. Integrator II allows data storage in the PICT file and transfer into drawing or word processor software.

A2.2.2 Features CAPI-1000 features a simple design for ease of use and is available equipped with a function to ensure data accuracy. The system configuration 690 CAPI SERIES OF INSTRUMENTS is as simple as the principle of the block diagram and is easy to use with a one-touch system on the panel switches. Its performance-centered design provides reliable data, i.e. a well-controlled vacuum injection system, use of a high-performance double beam UV detector for low drift and low noise and use of a large buffer vial for long lasting stable measurements. Safety is regarded as the most important for the configuration. The high voltage power supply is automatically turned off when the door is opened, and the ground remains fixed even if it is switched to the negative high voltage power supply optionally available. A wide variety of application kits in CAPI-3100 can be commonly used in CAPI-lOOO, which is suitable both for beginners and experts of CE to develop new analytical methods. Appendix B Troubleshooting K. KITAGISHI

Table B.1 Possible causes of and solutions to problems in capillary electrophoresis instrumentation

Problems Possible causes Solutions

No current A. Broken capillary Replace capillary B. No capillary Set capillary C. No buffer in capillary Fill buffer in capillary D. Low conductivity buffer in Current monitoring system capillary cannot detect very low (but not zero) current. Accordingly measurement can continue as normal. E. No potential field applied 1. Check high voltage 2. Confirm voltage setting F. Electrodes or capillary not 1. Confirm electrolyte volume immersed in electrolyte in buffer reservoirs 2. Confirm electrodes or capillary immersed in electrolyte G. Plug in capillary G 1: Dry electrolyte at edge 1. Trim capillary end of capillary 2. Minimize the period when capillary ends are not immersed in solution. G2: Precipitation at Dilute sample isoelectric pH G3: Insoluble product with Change electrolyte mixing of sample and components electrolyte G4: Obstructive particles in Filtrate sample or buffer sample or buffer (When plug in capillary cannot be removed by flushing the liquid, replace capillary) H. Bubble in capillary H1: High conductivity of Dilute sample with a low sample conductivity buffer H2: High conductivity of 1. Dilute electrolyte electrolyte 2. Use narrower-bore capillary 3. Apply lower electric potential H3: Organic solvent in sample Add aqueous solution to sample H4: Organic solvent in Degass electrolyte electrolyte Current A. Cracked capillary Replace capillary fluctuation B. Contamination on Wash capillary thoroughly capillary surface; inhomogeneity of capillary wall 692 TROUBLESHOOTING

Table B.1 Continued

Problems Possible causes Solutions

C. High conductivity of Measurement can be continued. sample However, the current should be stabilized: 1. Reverse EOF with additive 2. Dilute sample D. Inhomogeneity of medium Precondition in capillary (in gel or separation medium by applying viscous polymer) potential field (there are some cases where the problem cannot be solved) E. Different components Use the same components between medium in capillary and electrolyte in buffer reservoir F. Temperature fluctuation Thermostat capillary Abnormal A. High ionic strength of 1. Dilute electrolyte current electrolyte 2. Use narrower-bore capillary elevation 3. Lower applied voltage 4. Operate with constant current mode instead of constant potential mode B. Different components Use the same components between filling medium in capillary and electrolyte in buffer container No peaks A. Insufficient sensitivity for 1. Raise sample detection concentration 2. Increase injection volume of sample solution 3. Increase optical path (with broader-bore or extended optical path capillary) B. No injection of sample Confirm injection method C. No sample vial at injection Set sample vial correctly position D. No migration of sample Reverse applied electric field E. Sample adsorption on to Confirm separation method capillary wall F. Inappropriate wavelength Change detection for detection wavelength G. Insufficient conditioning Wash capillary sufficiently of capillary inner wall H. Detection Switch on lamp lamp not turned on I. Dead detection lamp Replace lamp Noisy baseline A. Smudge on slit Clean slit B. Detection Clean detection window window of capillary not clear C. Aging lamp Replace lamp D. Light source not turned on Switch on lamp E. Dead detection lamp Replace lamp F. High background 1. Change electrolyte (note especially in components indirect detection) 2. Change detection wavelength 3. Subtract or divide between absorbances at two wavelengths TROUBLESHOOTING 693

Table B.1 Continued

Problems Possible causes Solutions

G. Incorrect alignment of Check optics and align optics correctly H. Inappropriate detection factor HI. Inappropriate Change detection wavelength for detection wavelength H2. Short data interval Input longer interval H3. Small detection volume 1. Increase detection volume (extend detection window, use broader-bore capillary) 2. Subtract or divide between absorbances at two wavelengths Drift of Insufficient preconditioning Precondition lamp baseline of lamp sufficiently Stepwise Current fluctuations See 'current baseline fluctuation' Sharp spikes A. Obstructive particles in Filter sample or buffer on baseline sample or buffer B. Bubble in capillary 1. Degass electrolyte 2. Lower applied electric potential 3. Trim capillary end Insufficient separation a. Tailing peaks Adsorption of analyte on 1. Use coating of capillary inner capillary inner surface surface 2. Confirm separation system b. Overlapping Inappropriate separation Confirm separation system peaks system c. Separation Separation system not Improve separation with poor sufficiently established conditions (detection efficiency interval, capillary length, detection volume, etc.) Poor A. Fluctuation of 1. Preconditioning of reproducibility electroosmotic flow capillary of migration 2. Use of internal standard time 3. Check capillary temperature during migration B. pH drift of electrolyte 1. Check capillary temperature during migration 2. Minimize the number of assays for each vial 3. Increase electrolyte volume in buffer reservoirs 4. Minimize the period when capillary ends are not immersed in solution C. Undesirable gravity flow Maintain a constant fluid level for vials Poor A. Poor reproducibility of 1. Correct area/height with reproducibility injection migration time of peak 2. Check injection method area/height 3. Use internal standard 694 TROUBLESHOOTING

Table B.1 Continued

Problems Possible causes Solutions

B. Adsorption of analyte on 1. Use coating of capillary inner capillary inner surface surface 2. Confirm separation system. C. Undesirable gravity flow Maintain a constant fluid during sample injection level for vials Impossible to A. Insufficient power of 1. Increase injection flush pump for flushing pressure buffer (especially with viscous 2. Prolong injection period polymer solution) B. Plug in capillary Replace capillary Unexpected Stale electrolyte Freshly prepare electrolyte pherogram with normal current value Appendix C Commercially available buffer reagents H. SHINTANI

In the following, typical buffer systems normally used in high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) analysis and available on the market from Fluka reagent company are listed. The rapidly growing capabilities of HPCE have created a great demand for reagents of an appropriate quality. Ready-to-use buffers covering the pH range from 2.5 to 11 for HPCE are as follows: • Buffer solution pH 2.5 20mM sodium citrate • Buffer solution pH 3.0 20mM sodium citrate • Buffer solution pH 3.5 20mM sodium citrate • Buffer solution pH 4.0 20mM sodium citrate • Buffer solution pH 4.5 20mM sodium citrate • Buffer solution pH 5.0 20mM sodium citrate • Buffer solution pH 5.5 20mM sodium citrate • Buffer solution pH 6.0 20 mM sodium citrate • Buffer solution pH 6.5 20mM sodium phosphate • Buffer solution pH 7.0 20mM sodium phosphate • Buffer solution pH 7.5 20 mM sodium phosphate • Buffer solution pH 8.0 20 mM sodium phosphate • Buffer solution pH 8.0 20mM sodium tetraborate • Buffer solution pH 8.5 20mM sodium phosphate 696 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE BUFFER REAGENTS

• Buffer solution pH 8.5 20mM sodium tetraborate • Buffer solution pH 9.0 20mM sodium phosphate • Buffer solution pH 9.0 20mM sodium tetraborate • Buffer solution pH 9.5 20mM sodium phosphate • Buffer solution pH 10.0 20mM CAPS (3-cyclohexylamino-1-propane sulfonic acid) • Buffer solution pH 10.5 20mM CAPS • Buffer solution pH 11.0 20mM CAPS Capillary wash solution: • Sodium hydroxide solution for HPCE O.lMNaOH • Hydrochloric acid solution for HPCE O.lM HCl Index

Alc 440 Acid-etching bath 520 effect 78 Ab-Ag binding 220 Acidic Adulterated milk 594 Absolute amino acid enantiomer Adulteration 180, 596 mobility 551 378 Adult 265 quantification 271 buffer 262-3 Affinity 219, 224, 234, 291, recovery 54 compound 552 349, 632 Absorbance 86,88,681 drug 583 analysis 270, 275 detection 681, 683 monosaccharide 592 assay 250 Absorption 6, 618 Acridinium CE 25,31 detection 86 chemiluminescence chromatography 617 imaging 123 detection 89 complex 270 Abuse 315 Acrylamide 61-2,449,670 ligand 250, 291 Accelerator 559 bis-acrylamide mixture parameter 273 Acceptability 609 181 probe 250 Acceptor, rhodamine 293 coating 61 probe capillary Accuracy 26,34,53,314, monomer 61-2,76, 141, electrophoresis 222 334 664,670 system 278 Accurate temperature polymerization 62 Affinity-based interaction control 477 Acrylamide monomer 664 271 Acesulfame 607, 609, 610, Acrylic Aflatoxin 501 614 acid 664, 667 African sleeping Acetaminophen 392, 397, copolymer 667 sickness 399 404 ACTH 255, 263 Ag 427,442 Acetate 554, 555, 591 Activation energy 207 (CN)2 518 Acetate/phosphate Additive 6, 71, 74, 174, (I) 518 buffer 555 379,487,532,583, (I) cyanide complex 518 Acetate-based buffer 199 597,607,669,678 staining 142 Acetic acid 520, 522, 591 polymer 72 Agarose 61,141,174,450 Acetone 180 Adenine 89 polyacrylamide gel 173 Acetone/CTAB 554 Adenosine 34 electrophoresis 425 Acetonitrile 386, 554, 556 deaminase 63 gel 141 deproteinization 391 diphosphate moiety 208 gel electrophoresis 177, Acetophenone 633 diphosphate-glucose 179,427,442,445 Acetyl chloramphenicol 208 polyacrylamide-gel 8 437 diphosphate-glucose Agarose electrophoresis Acetylation 347 pyrophosphorylase 388 Acetylcystein 347, 368 208 Age 150 Acetylsalicylate 556 triphosphate 208 Agenergic agent 345, 347, Acetylsalicylic acid 313 Adenosine-5- 352 Acetylthebaol 315 monophosphate 560 Agglutinated particle 419 Achiral 372 Adhesion 223 Aggregate 317 surfactant 367 Adrenal phase 458 Acid cortex 255 Aggregation 178, 199 casein 594 gland 418 number 373 dissociation constant medullary cell 420 Agricultural 511 Adrenocorticotropin 255 application 219 Acid-base equilibrium Adsorption 57,139,199 Agriculture 456 constant 311 chromatography 657 Agrochemical 334 698 INDEX

AIDS patient 493 Alkylaryl ketone 31 derivative 88 Air cooling 34 Alkylbenzene 31, 75, 633, enantiomer 369 Al 499 649 naphthylamide 124 (III) 519 sulphonate isomer 668 neurotransmitter 156 assay method 520 Alkylbenzenesulphonate 648 buffer 670 ion 73,520 Alkyldisaccharaide 75 group 221 Alanine 149-50,368,416, Alkylglucoside 556 nitrogen 227 420 Alkylglucoside-boronate polycarboxylic Alanylglutamine 560 micelle 566 reagent 520 Albumin 425, 428, 431, Alkyllead 652 pyridine 534 556, 557 Alkylphenol 553, 557 sugar 112 Alcohol 224, 356, 645 Alkylphenone 631,633 Aminobenzoate 533, 555, dehydrogenase 22 Alkylphosphonate 560 592 precipitation 434 Alkylpyridine 561 buffer 554 Aldaric 619 Alkylsilane-derivatized Aminocaproic acid 399, acid 625 amino acid 112 428 Aldehyde 647 Alkylsulfate 558-9 Aminocyan 63 Alditol 619-20, 624 Alkyltin 652 Aminoglutethimide 372 Aldonic 619,625 Alkyltrimethylammonium Aminoglycoside Aldose 592 534,649 antibiotic 311 Alendronate 318 cation 566 monitoring 387 Alendronate-Cu2+ Allele 455, 477 Aminomethyl phosphonic chromophore 318 specific oligonucleotide acid 560, 649 Aliphatic primer 477 Aminomethyl acid 72,554 Allelic ladder 455 propanediol 555 amine 639,646 Allyl dextran 179 Aminonaphthalene 618 aromatic hydrocarbon Alphal-antitrypsin 430 disulfonic acid 555 629 Alpha1-globulin 428 sulfonate 558, 559 anionic surfactant 648 Alprenolol 351 trisulfonic acid 625 Alkali 520 Aluminium, see Al Aminopeptidase 124 buffer 263-4, 621 Alzheimer! dimentia 150 Aminopolycarboxyclic earth ion 73, 510, 515, Amaranth 610-11,614 reagent 523 520, 528, 590 Ambient temperature- Aminopolycarboxylate 554 fusion reaction 670 tolerant SSCP Aminopolycarboxylic media 618 analysis 451 acid 510-11 metal ion 510, 520, 590 Ambucetamide 360 Aminopolyphosphonate metal salt 175 Ameliorate 79 560 phosphatase 214,216, Amide bond 221 Aminoquinoline 534 437,440 Amine 79, 416, 550, 554, Aminosalicyclic acid 74 sulfite treatment 149 560, 593, 599, 639 Aminosugar 619 transition metal ion 521 additive 43 Aminotetralin 561 Alkaloid 315,589,596 analogue 233 Amiodarone 397 Alkanesulphonate 647 cation 646 Amitriptyline 393 Alkybenzenesulphonate nitrogen 224 Amlodipine 314 648 Amine-containing Ammonium 73, 528 Alkyl compound 224 acetate buffer 394 aryl ketone 633 Amine-reactive acetate/acetonitrile aryl sulphonates 639 group 224 buffer 559 benzylquaternary labelling reagent 233 ion-selective electrode ammonium 647 reagent 233 500 chain length 668 Amino 232, 345 peroxydisulfate 61, 141 diquaternary ammonium acid 87, 112, 119, 124, Amobarbital 394 534 149,198,264,339, Amoxicilla 309 ether sulfate 558 345,368,416,420, Amoxicillin 394 phthalate 647 445,521,583,593, Amperometric detection sulfonate 6 599,625 92, 95, 533, 534, 593, sulphate 647 analysis 369 639 Alkylamine 560, 668 content 240 Amperometry 2,86,91,92 INDEX 699

Amphetamine 315, 352-3, Anthraquinone Antihistamine 78 368,403-4,420 carboxylate 557 Antihistaminic 358, 360 Amphipathic polymer 57, sulfonate 558 Anti-human GH IgG 263 317 Anthropogeneous Antihypertensive 386, 397 Ampholyte 12, 141-2, pollution 646 agent 313, 397 183-5 Anticonformer 646 drug 401 Amphoteric surfactant 561 Antiarrhythmic 386 furopyridine drug 402 Ampicillin 309,393 drug 397 Antiinflammatory drug Amplification refractory Antiasthmatic 301, 309, 393 318,401,492 mutation system Antibacterial agent 399 Anti-insulin antibody 221 456 Antibiotic 301, 309, 311, Antileukemic activity 311 Amylose 78, 355 347,392-3,492,557, Antimalarial 360 Anaesthetic 345, 353 559,589,597-8 agent 360 Analgesics 301,313,386, Antibody 177,220,224, drug 78,598 397,556 240,247,270,392-3, Anti-migraine 301, 312 Analogue 255 401,417,419,431 polyclonal antibody 245 Analysis time 308,647, binding 227, 233 Antineoplastic 421 669 characterization 243 Antioxidant 597 Analyte 12, 108, 265, 347 complex 224, 229 Anti-phosphotyrosine diffusion 123 fab fragment 243 monoclonal ion 138 fragment 223, 250 antibody 245 molecule 457 heavy and light chains Anti-prostate-tumor drug zone 78, 86, 118 247 492 Analyte-wall interaction migration 223 Antipyrine 401, 492 33 production 249 Antispasmodic 357,360, Analytical quantitation 249 399 condition 26 Antibody-antigen 219 Anti-t4 Mab 227 methodology 308 binding 219 Anti-theophylline Androgen receptor mRNA complex 221-2,227, Mab 229 475 229,236 Antitumor 311 Anesthetic drug 402 reaction 219,223 drug 399 Angiotensin 418, 438 Antibody-bound necrosis factor antibody converting enzyme 314 antigen 219 252 Alpha-NH2 terminal 174 antigen binding 220 Antitussive 402 Aniline 561,639,645 labeled antigen 488 Anti-ulcer drug 301, 312, derivative 646 Antibody-digoxin-Cy5 399 Animal husbandry 456 complex 229 Antiviral anion gap 500 Antibody-labeled antigen agent 212 Anion-BT 309,553,556 complex 221 compound 318, 399 Anion-BT osmotic flow Anticancer drug 110, 301, AOAC 598 modifier 553 311 Apex 45 Anion 309 Anti-CEA monoclonal Apigenin 596 Anionic 559 antibody 245,252 Aplatic anemai patient borate 75 Anticoagulant 345,355 198 complex 517 Anticonvective media 271 Aplysia cali/ornica 420 detergent 181 Anticonvulsant drug 371 Apnea 393 dye 609 Anti-cyclosporin A Apolipoprotein 436, 475 solute 345, 360 monoclonal Apparent mobility 42 surfactant 179, 310, 584 antibody 220 Apple 587 Anode 179, 678 Antidepressant 301, 312, orange juice 590 Anodic side 514 345,355,393 juice 558, 593 Ansamycin 78 Anti-digoxigenin Fab 223 Applied Anterior Antiepileptic 386, 394 potential 619 pituitary gland 263 drug 387,390,394 voltage 3,72,610-11 pituitary lobe 255 Antifungal agent 360 Apricot seed 416 Anthocyan 609 Antigen 224, 270 APTS-oligosaccharide 204 Anthracene 630,631 binding 243, 451 Aqueous buffer 271 derivative 630 peak 220 Arg4!3_Pro413 477 700 INDEX

Arginine 150, 174, 345 ATP 208 Band broadening 22, 275, Argon ion Au 2,518 437 laser 86-9, 107, 110, 112, Auromatic bandpass filter 89, 114, 123,125,222-3,293, micropositioning 19 479 479,482,684 Autoimmune Barbital 440 lazer beam 22 disease 219 buffer 177 Arnica montana 596 Automated Barbiturate 370--1,386, A. chamissonis 596 analysis 121, 123 390,394,404,632 Aromatic 555--6 CE instrument 680 Bare acid 550, 555--6, 670 reproducible DNA capillary 682 amine 499, 534, 550, sequencing 480 fused-silica capillary 480 553,561,645--6 sequencing of DNA 61 Barium 554 amino acid 221, 593 system 477 Bark 311 carboxylate 556 velocity programming Base 283, 294, 550, 560 diamine 670 89 composition 292, 481 moiety 347 Automatic pair mismatch 452 quaternary amine buffer replenishment Baseline surfactant 561 680 resolution 311,376 sulphonic acid 558, 649 DNA sequencer 480 separation 264, 644 Aromatic-containing sampling device 681 shift 49 organic acid 649 Automation 271 Base-specific detection 278 Arsenazo 510, 517 Autoradiograph 455 Basic Arsenic species 651 Autosampler 2, 19, 124, compound 78 Arsenious 651 673,681,686 drug 387 Artifact 667 Autosampling 140 fibroblast growth factor Artificial Average molecular weight 455 cerebrospinal fluid 155 668-9 pH range 609 dialysis 499 Avidin 213,355--6,360 protein 78,79, 178 sweetener 607,610,612 Avidity 232 Basicity 231 Arylsulfonamide d• Axial Bayer liquor 553 camphor-lO• beam 87 Beam splitter 107, 479 sulphonate 370 beam excitation 456, 481 Beer 554,591,595 Ascite 177 Axial-beam lazer 110 Beer's law 682 fluid 175, 177, 247 Azo 609 Beetroot 609 Ascorbate 555, 595 Azorubin 611 ~-Endorphin 255 Ascorbic Benz [a) anthracene 630 acid 420, 595 ~-Agonist 347 Benzaldehyde 558 isoascorbic acid 595 ~-Antagonist 347,351-2 Benzendiol 644 Asparagine 200, 345 adrenergic agent 347 Benzene Aspartame 361, 593, 607, ~-Cyclodextran 156, 345, derivative 119, 632 610 347,361,631,645 sulfonate 559 ligand 521 cavity 345 Benzenesulfonamide 32 Aspartate 149,416,420 ~-Galactosidase 212-13, Benzenetricarboxylate Aspartic acid 149, 345, 278 554 609-10 ~-Phycoerythrin 223 Benzidine 561, 639, 645--6 Assay 310, 390 Baby hamster kidney 199 Benzo [a) pyrene 111 consideration 233 Baccatia 311 guanosinmonophosphate time 140 Background 74 290 Association 75 absorbent 90 Benzoate 6, 72-3, 550, constant 280 electrolyte 72, 74, 678, 553,555-7,590,591, Atenolol 78,314,347,371 683 597,598 Atherosclerosis 436 in terference 96 Benzo [g,h,i) perylene 630 Atomic noise 105 Benzo [k) fluoaranthene absorption signal 104 630 spectrometry 500 Bacterial endotoxin 501 Benzopyrene isomer 630 absorption Bag cell 420 buffer 560 spectroscopy 500 Baicalein 314 Benzoatelborate number 523 Ball lens 66 electrolyte 558 INDEX 701

Benzodiazepine 393, 404 effect 401 Borate/phosphate buffer Benzoic fluid 224,399,411,442, 648,664 acid 71, 533, 553, 610 486 Borate/SDS buffer 150, acid derivative 77 matrix 486 558 Benzoin 78, 356, 378 medicine 476 Borax buffer 436 enantiomer 379 molecule 219 Boric acid 443 Benzothiazole sulfonamide process 451 Bound (complexed) ligand 559 sample 220, 651 270 Benzoylecgonine 230-1 science 585 Boundary 106 Benzoylecgonine-Cy5.5 Biomass degradation material 109 231 product 557 Bovine 264 Benzylamine 6,73,521,534 Biomedical 589 hemoglobin 438 buffer 590 analysis 589 serum albumin 78, 233, Benzylbenzoic acid 533 application 589 556 Benzylpenicillin 394 field 61 serum albumin-warfarin Beverage 521, 555, 558, science 124 affinity system 273 590,596,612 Biomedicine 140 Brain 263,411 Biantennary Biomolecule 89, 199, 277, dialysate 155 oligosaccharide 449 tissue 411,416 structure 198 Biomolecule analysis 243 Branching 657 sugar chain 205 Biopolymer 9, 119, 140 Bread 554 Bi- tri-tetra-antennary Biopsy sample 418 Breakdown product 492 202 Biosample 339, 342 Breast carcinoma 438 Biased reptation regime Biosynthesis 198, 265 Bridging group 278 292 Biosynthetic process 204 Brij 35,314,650 Bicarbonate 500 Biot number 453 Brilliance 610 buffer 557 Biotechnology 617 Broad gamma-globulin BICINE 555 Biotin 213 177 buffer 598 Bipyridine 534 Broad-band collisional Bifunctional reagent 61 Bisacrylamide 670 Activation 96 Big chap 402 Bisulfate 556 Broadening 437 Bile Bisulfite 558, 647 Broadness 229 salt 74, 313, 334, Blocking agent 185 peak 233 372-3, 376, 378, Blood 486, 499 Bromide 6, 92, 309, 591 556,630 admixture 501 Bromobimane 442 salt monomer 373 pressure 262 Bromocresol green 90 salt surfactant 372-3 urea nitrogen 500 Bronchial dilator 493 Bilirubin 492 Blue Broth 555 Binaphthyl compound 373 diode laser 112 Brown 609 Binary mixture 457 laser diode 88 BSA-warfarin 219 Binding 270, 387 semiconductor laser 88 Bubble cell 683 constant 31, 32, 270, Blue-black 609 Bubble-shaped cell 66 273,275 Body fluid 114,283,486, Buffer 33, 139,247,427, parameter 270 535 390,552 site 233 Bombardment 96 additive 44, 45, 139 system 273 Bombesin 264 aluminum 594 Bioactive component 314 Bone 255 ammonium acetate 559 Bioassay application 342 disease 318 benzoate 558 Biochemical 61 Borate 75, 428, 558, 618 borate 555, 557-8 application 219 buffer 149, 177-8, 227, borate/cholate/ constituent 486 264, 315, 371, 401, isopropanol 560 reaction 207 438, 442, 533, 555, borate/SDS 557 Biochemistry 140,207 561,664 butylboronate 556 Biodegradation kinetic complex 528 capacity 36 study 318 Borate-carbonate buffer CAPSO 399 Biofluid 52, 53, 342 442 cation 560 Biological 550 Borate: glycerol: cellulose chiral additive 347 activity 198, 255 derivative 293 composition 45, 317 702 INDEX

creatinine 566 Calcium 92, 528, 553, 554, separation tube 104 electrolyte 352 556,590,591,592 surface 78, 444 ethylenediamine/MES chloride 592 temperature control 679 559 Calcium-free perfusate thermos tatting 46, 680 glycine 557 417 tube 109, 622 modification 551 Calibration 53 wall 45,57,87, 107, 109, modifier 310 linearity 647 199,221,265,449 naphthalene sulfonate plot 293, 372 charge 43 558 Calibrator 227 effect 402 pH 313,522 Calixarene 558 zone 583 phosphate 556, 558, 594 sulfonate 557 electrophoresis 3, 4, phosphate/borate 556 Cancer 499, 503 32,63, 174-5, 240, phosphate/SDS 556 Candy cherry 612 391, 411, 509, 521, phthalate 560 Cannabinoid 404 531,550-1,620,673 plug 271 Canthaxanthine 609 Capillary-end geometry 50 quinine sulfate 561 Capacity factor 29,402 Capillary-to-capillary replenishment 314 Capillary 104, 427, 550, correction 20 reservoir 118 673 difference 19 salicylate 560 affinity gel CAPSO 611 salicylate/phosphate 558 electrophoresis 62, buffer 393 SDS/phosphate 559 291 Captopril 314 sodium acetate 556 array 456, 476, 481 Caramel 609 solution 29, 57 array approach 456 Carbamate 649 specific conductivity 453 array electrophoresis Carbamazepine 387,394 tris/acetate 556, 561 476 Carbohydrate 95,198,199, trislborate 558 axis 86 202, 607, 617, 624, tris/citrate 566 bore 92 683 tris/p-anisate 554 cell 17 chain 621 veronal 558 channel 622 detection 620 Buffering 394 coating 178, 244 group 244 capacity 45 column 590 moiety 212 Bulk diameter 33, 72, 84, 453 oxidation 619 phase 263, 265 displacement 86 portion 184 sample 679 electrochromatography 12 structure 198 BUN 500 electrophoresis 1, 104, Carbon fiber 92 Bupivacaine 402 112,207,219,386, Carbonate buffer 518 Burn 434 411, 425, 486, 509, Carbonated Butalbital 394 517,531,550,583, drink 612 Butanol 556 617,673 soft drink 588 Byproduct 313, 610 electrophoretic immuno- Carbonic subtraction 221 anhydrase 32,265,275, C-6 Alkyl diquaternary gel electrophoresis 3, 8, 419,437 ammonium 534 18,20,61,76,174, Carbonyl 639, 646 C-12 to C-18 181,214,240,291, functional group 632 Alkyltrimethylam- 478,678,679 group 232 monium 534 gel sieving Carboxylate 550, 553-5, CI-C7 Carboxylate 555 electrophoresis 664 666 C4-C7 Carboxylate 554 inlet 667 Carboxylic C18-Derivatized ion electrophoresis 309 acid 550, 553, 609, 667 capillary 594 isoelectric focusing 3, Carboxypeptidase 208--11, C2-C14 Fatty acid 554 12,87,174,183,222, 438 C2-C18 Fatty acid 554 240,425,430,486, Carcinogenic stain 450 C8-C20 681 Cardiotonic drug digoxin alkyl sulfonate 559 isotachophoresis 12, 223 fatty acid 554 240,404, 437, 486, Cardiovascular Caboxylate 554 550,553,665 disease 313 Cadaverine 488,499, 503 length 3,62 drug 301,313-14 Caffeine 283, 313, 390, lumen 682, 684 Carminic acid 611 393 scanning device 87 Carotinoid 609 INDEX 703

Carousel 686 CD/electrokinetic Cephalomannine 311 Carrier chromatography 6,8 Cephalosporin 310 detection 453 CD/MEKC 6,8 antibiotic 355, 394 electrolyte 72, 509, 590 CD-CE Method 347 Cephradine 310 protein 233 CD-CZE Separation 347 Cerebellum 417 Carry-over 50 CD-modified MEKC 369, Cerebrospinal Carvedilol 355 371 fluid 150,177,220,411, Casein 213, 594 CDGE 478 425,434 phosphopeptide 594 CDNA 198 fluid (CSF) protein 425, Caseinomacropeptide 594 CDTA 509-10, 557 434 Catalyst 61, 141,670 CE 1,4,17,87,104,207, Cetrimide micelle 312 solution 89 211-12,219,291, Cetyltrimethylammonium Catalytic 308,345,366,386, 534 activity 207, 436, 437 411,425,486,509, bromide 75, 78, 534, conversion 214 531,550, 583, 597, 554,591,621 Catechol 95 617,673 chloride 96, 556 compound 92 assay 314 CF 476 Catecholamine 95, 442, column 1 CGE 3, 8, 18, 20, 61, 76, 445,595 lipid analysis 595 174, 181, 291, 478, Cathepsin non-aqueous solvent 679 buffer 444 595 CGE/SDS 181 D 425, 438, 443 method 345 Change mobility 280 Cathode 678 separation 8, 673 Channel 125 Cathodic side 180 Cerium (III) CHAPS 263,402 Catholyte 185 sulphate 528, 534 Characterization 118 Cation 6,74, 143, 531, 550, CE/LIF 223,227 Charge 609 560 competitive density 31 analysis 500 immunoassay 223, mass 438 exchange 230 Charge-coupled chromatography CE/LIF-based device 2, 87, 123, 430, 241,245 immunoassay 224, 232, 481 Cationic 237 Charged 658 anionic zwitterionic non-competitive benzenesulfonamide 275 neutral micelle immunoassay 222 carbohydrate 263 CE-buffer 347 complex 617 drug 312,345,357 CEC 12 carbohydrate derivative fluorosurfactant 79 CE-EC 618 618 herbicide 566 Cefixime 394 CD additive 360 metal complexe 514 CE-FL 107 charged-~-CD micelle 556 CE-ion spray MS 36 sulphobutyl ether mixed micelle 21 Celebrated therapeutic IV 315 polyethyleneimine 561 drug 198 ligand 31 polymer 78, 550, 561, cell 124,264,411 species 632 590,668 culture medium 150, 420 Charge-to-mass ratio 200, surfactant 6,57, 74, 78, function 503 207,449,528 178,309,311,550, injection 124 Chelate 517, 519, 590 561,621,665 surface receptor 503 Chelating triazine herbicide 566 Cell-line B8-300 204 agent 6,73-4,90,517, Caudate nucleus 421 Cellobiohydrolase 351 519 Cavity 345, 402, 629 Cellulose 174, 588 reagent 517 CBI-derivatized amino acetate 180 CHEM-ELISA 418 acid 371 acetate film 92 Chemical CBQCA 89, 112, 150 derivative 9,76, 77, 141 affinity 270 CCD 2,87, 123,430,481 ester 554, 670 composition 657, 669 camera 481 CE-MS 21, 36, 598 derivatization 419 CD 6,71,72,345,369, interface 95 inertness 671 402,534 CE-MS-MS 96 modification 589 concentration 72 Central nervous system reaction 22, 207 derivative 78 stimulant 352 synthesis 233 704 INDEX

Chemically selectivity 72 mode 6 immobilized selector 8,71,72,78, preconcentration 21 ribonuclease TI 213 345,352,355-7,555, Chromatographic modified fused-silica 679 electrophoretic capillary 179 separation 7,72,78,109, method 219 Chemiluminescence 84, 89 137,339,341,349, Chromogenic 394 detection 293 351-2,355,386,401, Chromophore 26, 74, 86, Chemiluminescence- 556 111-12,405,521, enhanced enzyme- separation efficiency 32 589,592,597,610, linked immunoassay stationary phase 366 683 418 surfactant 78, 367 Chromophoric group 618 Chemotherapeutic agent Chirality 376 Chromosome 17,455,477 309 Chirasil-B-Dex 361 Chronic CHES buffer 175 Chitosan 313 liver disorder 431 Chicory root extract 591 Chloramphenicol 597 obstructive pulmonary Childhood neurological acetyltransferase 208, disease 393 disorder 150 437 use 404 Chimeric (human/mouse) Chloride 309, 500, 510, Chryosin 611 monoclonal 535,590,591 Chrysene 631 antibody 245 Chlorinated phenol 639 Chylomicron VLDL 436 monoclonal antibody- Chlormequat 650 Cicletanine 372, 401, 402 cytoxin conjugate Chloro nitrophenol 557 CIEF 3, 12,25, 31, 97, 123, 246 Chloro-, nitro-, alkyl- 174,222,240,425, Chinese substituted phenol 430,437,486,681 herbal 352 644 Cigarette smoke 553 herbal drug 301,314 Chloroacetaldehyde 89 Cimetidine 312 herbal preparation 315 Chloroaniline 553 Ciprofloxaci 311 herbal tea 597 Chlorodisopyramide 397 Cis-trans-dothiepin 355 medicinal formulation Chloroethyltrimethyl Citic acid 649 314 ammonium 566 CIllP 12,97,240,486,665 tea 74 chloride 650 Citrate 442 Chinolingel b 611-12,614 Chloroform-isopropanol buffer 180, 438, 593 Chiral 372, 388 403 Citric 591, 591 achiral component 367 Chi orogenic acid 596 acid 534, 591 active component 596 Chloropheniramine 313, Citrus 591 additive 345, 347, 352-3, 371 juice 593, 595, 596, 597, 355 Chlorophenol 557-8, 639, 598 amino acid 368 645 pulp wash 555 analysis 51,301 Chlorophenoxy 556 Cleanup 649 buffer additive 345 acid 650 step 432 CE 32 Chlorophyl 112, 609 Clenbuterol 338 CE analyses 51 Chlorosulfuron 650 enantiomer 340 CE model 355 herbicide 650 Clinical 219 compound 8 Chlorothiazide 314 analysis 207,411,425, electrolyte additive 212 Chlorowarfarin 355 531 electrophoresis 270 CHO 198 chemistry 387,501 immobilised AI-acid Cholate 247, 556, 560, 595 diagnosis 150, 219, 445, glycoprotein 351 Cholecystokinin 264 486,487 mercaptan derivative Cholesterol 371 examination 124 368 lowering agent 339 forensic analysis 334, method 345 Cholic acid 646, 649 342 modifier 355 Choriogonadotropin 231 improvement 387 pharmaceutical 334 Chromate 6, 72, 73, 74, interest 438 phase 366 533-4,553,558,590 laboratory 486, 494 purity 72 Chromatic beam splitter sample 334 recognition 8, 352 107 significance 427 resolution 352, 355 Chromatographic test 425, 445 selectand 366,367,382 analysis 25 therapy 492 INDEX 705

Cl04- 92 DNA sequencer 482 sensitivity 84 Cluster 553 instrument 583 Concious rat 150 analysis 553 Common variant 440 Condensed zone 12 Carboxymethyl-~-CD 631 Compartmental Conductive medium 57 CMC 75, 367, 379 release 420 Conductivity 2, 4, 12, CN 416 Compatibility 671 90-1,179,453,551 Co 517-9 Competing species 223, cell 56, 91 Coated capillary 139, 179 231,233 detection 91, 550, 555, Coating Competition 227 557,566 procedure 179 reaction 401 detector 91, 591 technique 57 Competitive monitor 684 Coaxial binding 224 suppression 533 flow chamber 96 immunoassay 220, 222- Conductometric sheath flow 95 4,227,231-2,234, detection 533 Cocaine 315-16,404 236 detector 533 metabolite 230 Rt-PCR assay 455 Cone-shape 8 Cochenillerot 611 PCR product 142 Confectionery 598 Codeine 313, 403 Complementary Configuration 106, 108, Coefficient DNA fragment 478 271,684 variation 452 strand 452 Confocal Coelectroosmotic 511,514, Complex 233, 270, 273, optical configuration 645 316,523 110 mode 514 biological fluid 224 sequencing detection Coenzyme 437 biological mixture 208 456 NAD 214 entangled polymer Conformation 77, 255, 355 Coffee 553, 612 system 271 Conformer 667 Coherent equilibrium 517, 522 Conical aperture 92 laser beam 110 formation 509,522 Conjugate 233, 243, 283 light 97 curve 522 Conjugated UV 86 forming ligand 517 amino acid 499 Coiling 62 Complexation 31, 75, 273, antibody 247-8 Coke 612 509-10,515,552,629 Conjugation 227 Cola 590 borate 596 Constant Collection constant 668 denaturant gel capillary 118 Complexed ligand 275 electrophoresis 478 vial 118 Complex -formation velocity 25 Collagen 443 constant 509 voltage operation 73 synthesis 443 Complexing 517 Constant time-pressure Collinear 87 agent 72-3,312,517, product 679 geometry 87 520,590 Constant-field 669 confocal optical reagent 509 Constituent monomer 669 configuration 107 Complimentary tool 317 Constitute 308 Colloidal silica particle Composition 311,669 Contaminant 219 666 analysis 658 Continuous Color 609, 612 Compton derived semi• pressure control 19 Colored reaction 592 empirical model variation 114 Colorimetric assay 438 240 zone electrophoretic Colorimetry 500 Computer separation 125 Column 33, 56, 596 simulation 6, 119 Continuous-flow fast atom connection 63 Computer-controlled bombardment 96 efficiency 62 analysis 140 Contraction 262, 264 lifetime 181 Conalbumin-arylaminona• Contrast agent 386, 397 packing 387 phthalene sulfonate Conventional re-equilibration 551 219 gel electrophoresis 61 technology 16, 56, Concentration 95, 340, laser 112 671 432,434,651 OPA post-column Commercial gradient 478 derivatization dextran sample 625 limit detection 683 detection 112 706 INDEX

slab gel 76, 477 bonded modification 3 CV 452,455 Cooled Cow 594 Cy3-labeJed CCD camera 125 Cr (III) 519 angiotensin 211 image intensifier 125 Creatinine 6, 73 Cy5 227, 229-31 Cooling kinase 215,440 cyanine dye 223 efficiency 33-4 Creatinine 397, 493, 499, diacid internal standard system 34 501,534 227 Coomassie clearance 397 label 224 blue 173 Cresol 645 N -hydroxy-succinimide brilliant blue 142 CRR 263 ester 224 Coordinate bond 4 Criterion 308 reactive dye 224, 227 Copolymeric Critical Cy5-labeled magnetic resonance angle 105 antigen 227 imaging contrast factor 26 competing species 224 agent 665 micelle concentration 6, drug 229 Copolymer 657, 665---{j 75, 183, 347, 367, primer 212 Copolymerization 179 390,534 Cyanide 416, 510 Copper parameter 340 Cyanine (II)-S-amino acid 361 Cromakalin 379 (Cy3) labeled complexe 360, 554 Cross angiotensin 211 microelectrode 416,588 correlation 309, 312 dye 230 sulfate 318, 521, 534, 554 section 4 moiety 224 see also Cu Cross-linked Cyanine-labeled Copper (II) aspartame gel 181 antigen 236 complex 361 polyacrylamide 457 Cyano ligand 518 Copper (I) cyanide 510 polyacrylamide-filled Cyclamate 558, 607, Coptidis rhizoma 315 capillary 449 609-10 CORD blood sample 440 Cross-linker 61, 62 Cyclamide 610 Cordial 598 Cross-linking 179 Cyclic Cornea 493 reagent 76 aromatic hydrocarbon 76 Coronary heart disease Cross-reactivity 224,231, oligomer 369 436,477 500 peptide 220 Corpus striatum 150, 417 Cross-talk 481 structure 78 Correlation 255, 616 Cross-validation 334, 339 Cyclization coefficient 393, 523 Crown product 314 Cortex 417 ether 6,334,345,347, Cyclodextrin 6, 334, 402, Corticotropin releasing 357,360,534,561, 416,534,552,554, hormone 272 590 556,595,596 Cortisol 223 Cryoglobulin 425, 431 (CD) modified Cough syrup 342 analysis 431 MEKC 369 Coumarin 399 Cryopreciptate 431 modified MEKC 369 Counter Cryptand 74 ~-Cyclodextrin 554 cation 519 CSF 434,443 Cyclodextrin-modified flow 21 protein electrophoresis MEKC 597 ion 178,517 434 Cycloethylene Counterelectroosmotic 511 CTAB 78,264,311,554-5, diaminetetraacetic migration mode 511 591,621 acid 6 Counterion 2, 632 micelle 315 Cyclohexane-l,2- Coupling reaction 614 CTAC 556 diaminetetraacetic Covalent Cu 560,591 acid 509 attachment 227 (II) 370, 518 Cyclohexanediamine bond 57 chelate 593 tetraacetic acid capillary coating 449 electrode 593 520,557 functionalization 618 see also Copper Cyclohexanol 632 Covalent-bond Cultivation media 251 Cyclosporine 220, 221, coating procedure 180 Culture broth 317 386-7,392 Covalently Current flow 449 Cylindrical bonded 57 Curved DNA 451 cell 106 INDEX 707

cross-section 106 Decomposition microvial 124 electrode 90 product 610 procedure 609 flowcell 106 Decoupling procedure 622 Derivatized hollow tube 86 Deep-red amino acid 112, 345 hollow tubing 122 region 88, 112 aromatic amino acid 347 Cysteine 345, 488, 664 semiconductor laser 88 Derivatizing Cysteine-based Deer antler 416 agent 683 anionic chiral surfactant Deglucuronidated reagent 112, 369 379 urine 371 Desalting 21 Cystic fibrosis 397,476,493 Deglycosylation 198 Desferrioxamine 519 Cytidine Degradate 301, 308, 314 Desiallyated 204 deaminase 212 Degradation 246, 443, 667 Desialylation 198 deamination-catalyzed product 311,597 Design 63 reaction 212 Degree Designed 3-(4- Cytochrome 175 complexation 522 caboxybenzoyl)-2- C 175 ionization 551 quinolinecarbox• C hydrolyzate 593 Dehydroacetic acid 610 aldehyde 112 Cytokin 317 Dehydrogenase Desipramine 393,416 Cytoplasm 418, 420 isozyme 419 Detectability 369, 510 Cytosine-~-arabinoside Denaturant 453, 478 Detection 16,84,96, 111, 399 buffer 478 137,311 CZE 3,4,21, 32, 63, 97, urea 62 carbohydrate 618 222,240,347,393, Denaturation 452 cell 588 404,411,428,442, Denatured strand 451 electrode 622 509,531,550,583, Denaturing 291, 477 limit 84, 112, 229, 308, 591,607,665,673 agent 452 334,371-2,388,535, CZE-electrospray MS condition 294, 452 593,624,639 spectrometry 243, gel 477 point 110, 682 559 gel-filled capillary 294 segment 682 CZE-fluorescence 559 gradient gel sensitivity 84, 86, 88-9, CZE-MS spectrometry electrophoresis 476 107, 138, 204 243,559 milieu 452 system 84 Denaturing gradient gel volume 32, 294 DAC-~-CD 352 electrophoresis 478 window 25-6, 28, 50, cavity 345 Dendrimer 557 123,125,180,338 chiral selector 345 Densitometer 173 zone 25,89 Dairy product 554 Densitometry 142 Detector 552, 673, 681 Dansyl 376 Density 17 electrode 622 amino acid 75, 632 Dental carry 607 high sensitivity 84 Dansylated Deoxycholate 630 response 53 amino acid 89, 109, 149, Deoxynucleotide 283 window 29 370,376 Deoxynucleotidyl Detergent 314,648,670 amino acid enantiomer transferase 293 Brij 556 371-3,379 Deoxyribose 294 Detoxicant 314 Dansylhydrazide 646 Deproteinization 386, 391, Detrimental effect 45 Dansylhydrazine 494 394,442,492 Deuterium DAPMP ligand 519 reagent 394 lamp 86,682 DAT amino acid Deproteinizing reagent source 681 derivative 347 444 tungsten lamp 114 Data Deprotonation 620 Deviation 19,20,26,33, processing 26 Derivatization 84,87,89, 480 processing software 673 112,149-50,204, Dextran 9,77, 141, 182, processing time 456 340,345,367,369, 399,619 smoothing 26 387,394,438,442, buffer 345 Deamidation product 317 510, 555, 609, 667, Dextran-based coating 174 Decelerated movement 683 Dextromethorphan 402 mode method agent 649 Dextropropoxyphene 313 complex 518 carboxylate 555 Dextrose 355 708 INDEX

Diabetes 493, 607 Dihydroxybenzoate 554, Disperse 648 Diagnosis 124, 427, 434, 558 textile dye 648 442,481,486,488 Dihydroxybenzoic Dispersion factor 32 Diagnostic significance 219 acid 533 Displacement 683 Dialysate 156 Diketopiperazine 314 electrophoresis 21 Dialysis 340,418,432,434, Diltiazem 314,373 injection 667, 679 475 Diluted serum 223 Dissipation 679 tubing 21 Dilution 215, 487 heat 1 Diamine 560 Dimer 265 Dissociation 227 Diaminoalkane 179 Dimeric 1: 2 borate: di-diol complex 234 derivative 178 complex 293 constant 234 Diaminopropane 265, 556 Dimethindene 358, 360 Dissociation/association Diastereomer 291, 367-9, Dimethyl-/3-cyclodextrin constant 25 379 212, 338 Distribution Diazepam 403, 404 Dimethylbenzylamine 521, carbohydrate 205 Diazotized sulfanilic acid 534 Disulfide 610 Dimethylformamide 178, bond 222, 247 Dibenz[a,h] anthracene 590 linkage 181 630 Dimethylguanidine 499 Disulfide-related Dicarbocyanine Dimethylnaphthalenes 630 instability 247 succinimidyl ester Dimethylsulfoxide 315 Diterpene amide 311 112 Diniconazole 371 Dithiothreitol 180, 595 Dicarboxylate 555 Dinitrobenzoate 554 Diuretic 313,314,401,488 Dichlorophenol 557, 644 Diode drug substance 314 Dichromate 668 array detection 616 Divalent 143 Diclofenac 318 array detector 682 cation 648 Dicyanoargentate 518 laser 86, 110-12, 123, cationic species 179 Dicyonoaurate 518 224 Diversity manipulation 56 Didecyl-L-alanine 379 Diol 63 DM-/3-CD 347, 352-3, 361 Dideoxy fingerprinting 478 Diphenylamine 561 DMF 178 Dideoxynucleoside 283 Diphenyldimethyl- DMSO 150, 670 Dielectric constant 34, 73 phosphonium 566 DNA 199, 283, 294, 450, Dietary Diprophylline 442 455,585,664 component 487 Diquat 566,597,651 analysis 291,449-50 fiber 556 Direct calibration marker 293 requirement 607 chiral resolution 352 denaturation 62 Diethyl ether 401 detection 554, 649 diagnosis 476 Diethylenetriamine 534, determination 51 fragment 29,76-7, 110, 554,560,566 indirect UV detection 119,291,293,449- pentaacetic acid 509, 535 52,466,477,479-80 520, 554 injection 283 analysis 291 Difenzoquat 566 method 367, 369 Fx-174/Hae III 118 Differential analysis 500 separation 369, 373 hybridization 219 Diffuse layer 2 serum injection 390, 397 marker 293, 466 Diffusion 18,22,32,61, UV detection 111,533, molecule 77, 476 123,215,294 554,558,560 mutation 452, 476 coefficient 32-3 Discontinuous buffer polymorphism 453, 476 effect 476 system 21 precipitation 475 Digestion 264 Discrete zone 214, 215 probe assay 207 Digestive enzyme 264 Disease 150, 486, 492 replication 503 Digital signal 26 Diseased state 451 restriction fragment Digitonin-sodium Disk-shaped electrode 624 291-2 taurodeoxycholate Disodium 5,12-bis separation 684 378 (Dodecyloxymethyl)- sequencer 479 Digoxin 223, 227, 401 4,7,l0,13-tetraoxa- sequencing 62, 88, 114, Dihydrodiazepam 355 1,16-Hexadecaned• 124-5,143,291,293, Dihydrofolate reductase isulfonate 75 449, 451, 456-8, inhibitor 310 Disopyramide 397 478-82 INDEX 709

sizing 475, 477 Dual immunoassay 231 force 3 technology 456 Duchenne muscular mobility 4, 292 DNA-intercalator binding dystrophy 453 Electrical 219 Duodenum 418 decoupling 622 DNB-amino acid 345 Durability 56 double layer 34 DNB-derivitization 156 DXS 164 locus 477 Electrochemical 311 DNP 345 Dye 558, 609, 612, 639, cell 90 DNS-amino acid 345 648 detection 84,90,95, 149, DNSH 646 intermediate 558, 561 214,310,314,411, DNS-Phe 347 Dye-containing buffer 554 416,420,445,488, Dodecyl 665 Dye-to-protein binding 494,557-8,589,593, decyltrimethylammonium 173 617-19 chloride 649 Dynamic property 416 Dodecyl-~-D­ capillary coating 680 Electrochromatography 681 glucopyranoside 378 coating 57 Electrode 310,678 Dodecylbenzenesul• elution 89 Electrodispersive peak phonate 648 equilibrium 379 broadening 552 Dodecyltrimethylam• Dyphylline 393 Electroelution-separation monium 57 Dysfunction 492 220 bromide 291, 404, 553 Dystrophin gene 477 Electroendoosmotic flow Dodecylvinylimidazolium 199,236 665 e- acceptor ability 523 Electrogenerated Dominating factor 74 Eardrop 311 chemiluminescence Domipramine 312 Easy-operation 88 561 Donor fluorescein 293 ECD 84,90,95, 149,314, Electrokinetic 312 Dopamine 92,124,416,420 420,488,494,593 chromatography 76, 671 release 420 Econazole 360 flow 2 Dosage 301 Edge shape 19 injection 16-8, 20, 22, Dothiepin 355 Edman sequence analysis 36,46,53,139,450, Double 202 475,476,633,678-9 electrical layer 56 EDTA 6,311,509-10,520, mode 6 layer 2 554 process 120 stranded DNA 31, 212, Effective Electrolyte 6, 71, 74, 77, 451,476 cell volume 109 145,310,340-1,487, Doubled diode laser charge 551 588,668,680 source 111 length 611 additive 74, 78, 590 Double-stranded 294 mobility 550, 552 composition 96 DNA 76, 142, 212, 292- Efficiency 78, 315, 673 concentration 353 3,449,476-8,481 Egg ionic strength 72 Doxorubicin 110 white 183, 352, 355, 594, solution 402 Doxylamine 342 598 system 16 Driving force 2 yolk 594 Electrolytic Drug 114,278,334,411, Egg-laying hormone 420 conductance 551 583,597 EI95 Electromigration 18, 119, abuse 230,301,315, EI-MS 318 535,590,621,667 386-7 Einstein-Nernst equation injection 667 attachment 110 32 velocity 120 impurity 308 Electophoretic mobility Electron spray intermediate 559 678 ionization 262 metabolism 405 Electric Electroosmosis 119,314, receptor complex 270 analog signal 26 621 Drug-fluorescent charge 4, 74, 137 Electroosmotic conjugate 401 conductivity 33, 71, 75 control 54, 56 Drum 118 current 33 flow 1,21,42,177,245, Dry cured ham 593 density 292 252, 275, 292, 376, Drying 76 field 2, 4, 12, 22, 26, 33, 531, 550, 552, 583, Du Pont sequencing 57, 62, 183, 361, 478, 621,645,678 technique 479 480,482,545,590 mobility 34,531-2,631 710 INDEX

modifier 591 Eleutherococcus senticosus ammonium 500 property 56 596 compound 114,391,411 velocity 33, 56 ELISA 249, 316, 455, 500 fluorescent compound Electrooxidation 593 Ellipsoidal mirror 87 224 Electropherogram 25-6, Elution neurotoxin 242 28,34,52,119,125, order 314 opiate 262 173,202,221-2,227, range 283, 632 peak 339 232,290,397,420, Emetine 313 substance 386 428,431,443,452, Emission Endonuclease digest 293 598, 612, 614, 621, band 229 Endopeptidase 211 625 light 107, 114 Endorphin 255, 262-3 Electrophoresis 111, 140- spectrometry 500 Energy-transfer 476 1,220,263,418,427, Emitted fluorescence 479 Enilconazole 360 552,583 Emodin 597 Enkephalin 255 buffer 214,394,399,625 Enalaprilat 314 Entangled medium 312, 620 Enantiomer 72, 75, 212, polymer 457 Electrophoretic 6, 532 334,347,351-2, polymer solution 552 behavior 255 355-6,367-9,372-3, Entanglement 457 buffer 517 376,379,402-3,650 Enthalpy 647 environment 271 bamethan 355 Entropy 647 EOF 3 chlorpheniramine 352 Environmental 219, 550 heterogeneity 666 metoprolol 351 analysis 531 injection 678 mixture 78 carcinogen 219 migration 2, 233, 270, verapamil 355 sample 639 291,477 warfarin 355 water 646 mobility 2, 3, 29, 31, Enantiomeric 273 Enzymatic 33--4, 42, 178, 180, binaphthyl phosphate activity 417 183,200,212,251, 560 analysis 207 264,273,292,310- compound 366-7 desialylation 184 11, 418, 450, 487, impurity 301, 338 digest 317 509,511,523,532, mixture 366, 367 engineering 124 551,631,665,678-9 purity 334, 341 immunoassay method mode 4 recognition 78, 367 399 process 679 separation 78, 334, 367, oxidation 22 run 229 492 sequencing reaction 478 separation 125, 181, Enantioselective 342, 372 transformation 212, 341 315 MEKC technique 378 Enzymatically hydrolyzed separation capillary 22, separation 367 starch 625 482 Enantioselectivity 366, Enzyme 207,264,270,425, transport 669 376,378,382 436-7,488 velocity 552 Enalapril 314 activity 207-8, 219 Electrophoretically 437 Enatiomeric purity testing assay 207,419 mediated 51 ca tal ysis 208 microanalysis 22 End-column immunoassay 650 mediated microassay amperometric detection labeled alkaline 214 92 phosphatase 242 Electrospray 96 chemiluminescence profiling 124 interface 684 detection 90 reactor 63 ionization 95 detection 91-2, 624 substrate 88 Electrospray-chemical Endo Enzyme-antibody complex ionization 646 exopeptidase 211 419 Electrostacked band 63 Endo-~-N-acetyl- Enzyme-catalyzed Electrostacking 545 glucosaminidase F multiple procedure 639 198 phosphorylation Electrostatic Endocrine site 208 force 4 gland 255 Enzyme-labeled interaction 57, 79 Endocrinology 219 monoclonal repulsion 78, 517 Endogenous 486, 492 antibody 242 INDEX 711

Enzyme-linked Essential amino acid Factor VIII 204 immunoassay 207 composition 593 Famotidine 399 immunosorbent Estrogen 595 Fast off rate 273 assay 316, 455 Etched tip 420 Fast atom bombardment Enzyme-modified Etching 92 interface 96 capillary reactor 22 Ethanolamine 315, 560 Fast -scanning EOF 2-3,6-7,22,34,42, Ethidium detector 682 56,177,179,181, bromide 76, 292-3, 476, multiwavelength UV 184,199,275,347, 478 detector 114 376,430,440,444, Ethosuximide 394 Fat 264 514,531,535,552, Ethoxylated alcohol sulfate hydrolysate 554 583,645,669,678 surfactant 668 Fatty acid 554,591, 598 mobility 63 Ethoxylation 668 FD&C modifier 531 Ethyl acetate 283 red 615 reversal 347 Ethylene yellow 615 stabilization 42 glycol 553 FDA 394 suppressor 185 Ethylenediamine 34, 79 Fe 184,373,510,517-19, velocity 56 tetra acetic acid 6,509, 556 Eosin 520,554 Felbamate 386, 390, 394 bis (2,4,6- Europium 510 Fenoldopam 372, 379 trichlorophenyl) (III) 510 Fenoprofen 318, 356 oxalate-H,O, Evaporation 46, 391 Ferguson system 89 Excimer 97 analysis 247 bovine serum albumin laser 97 plot 181 complex 89 Excitation 125, 222, 293, Fermentation 590, 597 Y 557 482 broth 74,560,594 Eperisone 352 beam 106 media 555 Ephedra herba 315, 597 emission Fertility panel 231 Ephedrine 73,315,341-2, monochromator 109 Ferulic coumaric acid 596 347, 352, 372, 379, intensity 89 Feruloyl 520,534 light 106, 107, 114, 684 synapyl glucoside 596 alkaloid 315 source 108,109,223, glucoside 596 compound 315 224,684 Fetus 198, 265 enantiomer 352, 379 wavelength 87,88,89, Fiber optic array 125 Epillumination 114 Fiber-optic-based UV confocal optics 11 ° Exogenous compound 486, detection cell 118 FL microscope 107, 110 492 Field Epinephrine 316,341,420 Expectorant 314 decoupler 92, 95, 118 Epitope 231, 233 Experimental modulation 119 Equal concentration 271 design 340 programming CE 26 Equilibrium 273, 275 optimization 86 strength 361, 683 concentration 273 Explosive 639, 647 Field-amplified injection condition 271 External electric field 57 138,651 constant 349 Extinction coefficient 221 Filter 87, 107 dialysis 270 Extracellular Filtration 138, 499 reaction 270 fluid 411 Fish sarcoplasmic protein species 271 level 149 594 stipulation 271 Extraction 283,387,391, FITC 22,88--9,112,417 Equine insulin 264 487,649 derivatized 150 Equipment system 15 process 54 FlTC-labeled ERBB,oncogen 477 Extraneous injection 19 arginine 112 Ergovaline 597 insulin 419 Erythrocyte 74,418--19, F, Generation 475 Fk506 387 422 Fab 221 FL 110 Erythroid progenitor antibody 222 derivatization 112 cell 198, 265 arm 247 detection 104,108,111- Erythropoietin 198,265 fragment 220, 222, 223, 12,114 Erythrosine 610-11,614 263 emission 106-10 712 INDEX

labeled amino acid 112 cortisol oxime derivative Fluparoxon 308 labeling reagent 112 223 Flurazepam 393 microscopy 107 insulin 221 Flurorescently-labeled Flame myoglobin 178 sialyllactose 211 atomic spectroscopy 543 Fluorescence 2, 74, 84, 87- Flush 610-11 detector 387 8,442,479,589,618, Flushing 36, 611 spectrometry 500 631,683 Flusting 610 Flavonoid 314--15,589, capillary array scanner FMOC 345 596, 598, 609 125 FMOC-derivatized amino aglycone 596 detection 86-8, 104, 123, acid 150 3-0-glycoside 528, 596 207, 293, 369, 416, FMOC-peptide 275 7-0-glycoside 596 419,442,450,559, Focused zone 185 Flavor 609 566,625,666,683 Focusing 110 Flavoxate 399 detector 87,419,684 lens 682 FLEC 368-9 labeled DNA 125, 482 Folinate 595---{i Flexibility 271 polarization 219 Folinic acid 595---{i Flow quenching 270 Follicle stimulating atom bombardment scanner 88 hormone 255, 263 ionization 96 signal 481 Follitropin 231 counterbalanced CE 125 spectrophotometry 293 Food 219,550,553,583, direction 106 tagged oligonucleotide 607 profile 119 476 additive 597 rate 96 Fluorescent 110, 416, 550 analysis 531 Flowcell 104, 106 analyte 221, 452 component 589 arrangement 107 antibody 418 dye 616 Fluctuation 33 derivative 112, 264, 437 lipid 595 Fluor 227 derivatization 107 poisoning 597 label 223, 232 dye 125,237,250,293, protein 593-4 Fluoranthene 630 452,684 toxin 219 Fluorescamine 87,318, label 221, 224 Foodstuff 609 394,416,420,588 labeled amino acid 122 Forced air 34 labeled amino acid 593 labeled primer 476 Forced-cooling function 34 Fluorescamine-derivatized labeling 111-12,476 Forensic sample 87 marker 125 analysis 386, 403 Fluorescamine-labeled oligonucleotide 482 application 403-4 peptide 207 protein 224 drug analysis 404 Fluorescein 87, 114, 178, Fluorescent-labeled drug testing 219 293, 419 amino acid 22 identification 453-4 agent 557 antigen 488 sample 368 donor 476 Fluoride 309 science 315, 403 isocyanate 598 Fluorinated ethylene• significance 352 isothiocyanate 22,88-9, propylene testing 231 417 copolymer 597 Formamide 62,73 Fluorescein -di -~­ Fluor-labeled Formate 553 galactopyranoside antigen 221 buffer 444 212 antibody 232 Formateltartarate 553 Fluorescein• Fluorocarbon 680 Formic acid 443, 528 ethylenediamine 283 Fluorogenic Formulation 301 Fluorescein• reagent 112 stability testing 334, 341 ethylenediamine• Fluorohydrocarbon resin 1 Fosfomycin 399 deoxyadenosine-5' - Fluorophore 125, 173, 283, Four sequencing reaction monophosphate 452,454,456,482, 479 283 559,683 Fourier transform ion Fluoresceinisothiocyanate Fluorophore-conjugated cyclotron resonance 112 primer 479 MS 96 Fluorescein-labeled Fluorospectrometer 87 Fraction 681 anti-IgA F(ab*)2 Fluor-to-protein ratio 233 collection 63, 118, 418, fragment 222 Fluoxetine 355 667,685--{i INDEX 713

collector 118 Fused analysis 451, 458, 480, dilution 118 silica 1, 56, 104, 531, 483 Fractional 550, 583, 596, 611 expression 503 factorial design 308 silica capillary 1, 2, 56, mutation 476 Fracture 22 84, 179, 552, 561, sequence 451 Fragment 682 Genetic analysis 449-50 silica optical fiber 114 disease 453, 488, 492 length 294 FZE 4, 29, 33, 283, 292 loci 475 mobility 452 screening 452 size 466 G Philadelphia 440 typing 475, 481 Frame photometric G-6P 215 Genotyping 455, 475, 477 detection 97 G-6-PDH 213-15,419 Geometry change 66 Free 488 GABA 394,416 Gland 255,419-20 antigen 219-20, 229 Gabapentin 394 secretion 493 cyanide 111 Galactitol 620 Glass 1 energy 632 Galactose 620 chip 122 galacturonic acid 92 Galactosyl residue 199 coupler 92 labeled antigen 224 Galacturonic acid 592 Glaucoma 316 ligand 270,273,509 Gal-~ (1-3) Gal NAc 202 Gliadin 594 unlabeled antigen 221 Gallbladder 264 Globin 440 zone capillary Gamma chain 440 electrophoresis 4, CD 345,361,561,629 Glomerular filtration 397 283,666 globulin 193,425,427-8 Glucagon 264 Free solution capillary GTP 214 Glucaric acid 620 electrophoresis 583 region 430, 434 Glucitol 620 Freedom Ganglioside 416, 590 Glucomannan 77 interference 334, 339 Gas chromatography 95, Gluconate 442 Free-zone 212 386,607 Gluconeogenolysis 264 capillary Gas-phase ion 96 Gluconic acid 592, 620 electrophoresis 1, Gastric acid 264 Glucopyranose 8 199 inhibitory polypeptide Glucose 264, 283, 369, Frequency 264 493-4, 592, 607, doubling 86, 111 secretion 264 620-1 tripled 88 Gastrin 264 oligomer 355 Fresh Gastrointestinal tract 255, Glucose-I-phosphate 208 reconstituted milk 593- 264 Glucose-6-phosphate 215, 4 GATT 477 437 Fresnel's law 105 Gaussian peak 26 dehydrogenase 124, Frictional GC 95,386,388,551,607 213-14,419,437 coefficient 314,449 GCIMS 443 Glucuronic acid 620 force 3 Ge 140 Glutamate 114, 149,416, Frontal Gel 420 analysis 273 electrophoresis 122, 140, Glutamic acid 149-50, 345 Fronting 275 291,664,681 Glutamine 345 Frontoparietal cortex 149 filled capillary 437 Glutamyltranspeptidase 214 Fructose 593,607 filled CE 667 Glutaraldehyde 63 Fructuation 20 filtration 232 Glutathione 124,208,419, Fruit 595 instability 61 437,488 beverage 595 isoelectric focusing 430, peroxidase 208, 437 juice 555, 591, 595 440 Glutenin 589 FSH 255,263 matrix 77,668 Glutethimide enantiomer Fucosyltransferase 211 permeation 657 378 Fullerenes 631 Gelborange 611,614 Glycerol 292, 476, 478, 590 Full-scan collision 96 Gel-filled Glycine 112, 149, 345, 420, Fulvic acid 555 capillary 54, 61-2, 181, 428,534,594 Functional 291-2,294,476,483 Glycoform 212, 265 group 523, 609, 611, column 56 heterogeneity 198 632 Gene 449,451,477 Glycogen 264 714 INDEX

Glycogenolysis 264 Harmful effect 647 Heterobasidion annosum Glycol modified fused- Hb 440, 442, 443 452 silica capillary 179 HbA 440 rRNA gene 478 Glycolic acid 73, 521, 534 HbA1c 440 Heterocyclic Glycopeptide 200, 202, 205 HbA2 442 nitrosoamino 646 Glycoprotein 178, 184, HBED 510 Heteroduplex 452, 477-8 212,247,351,353, HbF 440 analysis 452 356-7 hCG 265 mobility assay 452 alpha-I-acid 353, 356 HCV-specific DNA molecule 452 hormone 198,265 product 475 polymorphism Glycosidic enzyme 212 HDL 436 analysis 478 Glycosylated 240, 244 Headspace 679 polymorphism assay 476 peptide 200 Heat 452 single-base substitution rEPO 198 dissipation 63, 125, 173, 478 Glycyrrhizae radix 314 366 Heterogeneity 223-4, 243, Glycyrrhizic acid 376 generation 71, 119, 673 657,658 Gly-Gly-Phe 438 Heat-damaged milk 594 Heterogeneous 202 Glyphosphate 649 Heavy behavior 275 Goat 594 metal 651 immunoassay 219 Gonadorelin 311 oil 630 material 657 Good sensitivity 682 He-Cd oligo DNA 291, 477 Gr50360a enantiomer 355 laser 87-9, 109-10, 112, size 475 Gr57732a 358 114,222 Hexadecylally-dimethylam- GRA 376 laser detector 353 monium 665 Gradient laser excitation 630 Hexadimethrine conductivity 21 laser fluorimetry 630 bromide 534, 557 elution 551 HeLa cell 199 Hexamethonium LC assay 312 Helium gas 180 bromide 265, 558 Grain 559, 597 Helium-Neon 88 hydroxide 534 Grape 592 green laser 11 0 Hexanesulfonate 555 juice 555 laser 87,88,97,123, Hexanoate 554 Grass peas 598 224,479 Hexanol 632 Gravity 430 Heme 492 Hexobarbital 353 flow 17 Hemoglobin 184,193,419, Hexokinase 63 injection 17, 679 425,431,434,438, HIBA 520 Green 440,445 High color 612 C trait patient 177 background 87 He-Ne laser 223 variant 193,440,445 performance capillary Ground state 207 Hemolysis 434 electrophoresis 500 Group Hene 111 High-impedance circuit 95 Ib 521 Heparin 78, 402 High-molecular-weight Growth 198 disaccharide 558 polysaccharide 111 Guanidine compound 499 Hepatic High-performance Guanidinium 174 oxidative function 492 liquid chromatography Guanidinoacetic acid 499 phenylalanine 137, 366, 417, 607, Guanidinosuccinic acid Hydroxylase 477 617 499 Hepatitis C 431, 475 Hinge region 222 Guest-host complex 345, Heptakis-[3-CD 316 Hippocampus 416 349,356 Heptane-SDS-butanol Hippurate 499, 555 Gunshot 561 buffer 76 Hippuric Herbal drug 314 acid 404, 442, 503 H2 dapmp 519 Herbicide 550, 556, 559- and orotic acid 598 Hair analysis 386,404 61, 597, 639, 649, Histamine 92, 598 Half life 397, 492 669 Histidine 112, 150, 174 Haloacetate 558 terbutylazine 597 buffer 555 Halogen 86 Heritable disease 453 Histidine-rich polypeptides lamp 123 Heroin 315, 316 493 Haloperidol 399,416 Hesperidin 596 Histone 178 INDEX 715

HIV IgG heavy and light Hydrophilic antibody 493 chains 247 aromatic compound DNA 475 IgG-protein G 219 632 subtype 452 lymphoma cell 290 coated capillary 61 HlV-1 455 mitochondrial compound 76 HIV-positive patient 418 dinucleotide head 373 Homo repeat 475 hydrophobic face 373 heteroduplex 452-3 mtDNA 475 Hydrophilicity/lipophilicity heterooligonucleotide 291 plasma 355 74 heterozygosity 477 recombinant Hydrophobic Homocysteine 442 erythropoietin 178 bond 4 Homocystinuria 442 red cell glucose compound 390,595 Homoduplex 452 transporter 193 hydrocarbon 629 Homogenate 417 serum 177 interaction 367,428, Homogeneity 227 serum albumin 150 519 Homogeneous serum transferrin 193 interior cavity 8 immunoassay 219 short tandem repeat 475 olefinic residue 179 Homologous series 31 tear fluid 221 polymer 671 Homopolymer 666, 668 tissue plamin activator property 487 Honey 596 204 region 181 flavonoid 596 TK-6 lymphoblasts 478 tail 373 Hops bitter acid 591 urine 198,360,625 Hydrophobicity 7,56,425 Hormone 223, 255, 583, Humanized Hydrostatic 535 595 anti-Tac monoclonal pressure 679 Host-guest antibody 245 Hydroxo form complex 8, 349 monoclonal antibody lanthanide complex 523 complex stability 8 anti-Tac 317 Hydroxy acid 361 inclusion-complex HUMF13a 454 group 609 stability 8 HUMFES 454 hippurate 499 HP-~-CD 345, 347, 352-3, Humic acid 555 Hydroxybenzoate 554, 558 361 Hummel-dreyer method Hydroxyethyl HPCE 500 271 methacrylate 179 HPLC 25,112, 137, 184, HUMTHOl 454, 475 Hydroxyethyicellulose 77, 232,308,366,387-8, HUMvWA 454 122, 182, 482, 534, 399,417,425,427, HVA 442 555,558,669 437, 486, 500, 551, Hybridization 293, 452 cluster 77 589,591,597,598, Hybridized species 476 molecule 77 607,617,681 Hybridoma medium 247 solution 77 FL detector 109 Hydrocarbon 629 H ydroxyindole FL flowcell 109 Hydrochlorothiazide 314 acetic acid 442 HPMC 150, 357, 560 Hydrocortison 311 Hydroxyisobutyric acid HQS 510,518 Hydrodynamic 139 520,534,560 HSe04- 96 flow 2,18,123,141,314 Hydroxylamine 560 Human injection 16, 17, 20, 36, Hydroxylpropyl 353 apolipoprotein ~ 46,53,313,318 methyicellulose 77, 150, gene 477 mode 34 178,182-3,357,452, blood 624 pump 9 560,594 cerebrospinal fluid 150 radius 551 5-hydroxymethyl-2- chorionic gonadotropin Hydrogen fur aldehyde 265 bond 71,77 Hydroxyphenolic acid 499 cord plasma 442 bonding 347,352 Hydroxyphenylamine 347, disease 270 peroxide 90, 283 349,351 erythrocyte 411,418 Hydrogen-bond enantiomer 349 genome initiative 480 interaction 632 Hydroxyproline 443 genome project 451 Hydrolysis 309 Hydroxypropyl-~-CD 72, growth hormone 220, product 314 315,340,371,372 222,317 Hydrolyzed dye 648 Hydroxypropyicellulose 77, hemoglobin 438 Hydromorphone 224 179 716 INDEX

Hydroxy-substituted Immersed flowcell 107-8 Indirect 111 pyridinecarboxylic Immersing liquid 109 absorbance detection isomer 79 Immersion capillary 97 683, 684 steroid 373 Immobiline compound 664 detection 45, 53, 90, Hyperkinetic behaviour Immobilization 57, 278 111-12,345,351, disorder 352 Immobilized 367, 369, 399, 405, Hyperlipidemia 401 affinity analysis 278 419, 442, 519, 552, Hypertension 313, 314 capillary enzyme reactor 553 Hyphenated technique 243 63 fluorescence 558,559 Hypothalamus 255, 263 carboxypeptidase Y 213 fluorescence detection Hypoxanthine 425, 442, enzyme 213, 598 74,111-12,419, 503,593 protease 213 533-4,560,632,639 urease 500 fluorometric detection 1- 92 yeast cell 124 590 Ibuprofen 356,397,405 Immuno affinity laser-induced IC 143,500,551 capture 221 fluorescence Ice cream 609 CE 220-1, 240 detection 111, 595 ICP 500 Immunoassay 219-20, 251, method 367, 369 ICP-MS 531 263,387-8,393,401, photometric detection Idazoxan 417 404, 436, 438, 488, 150,590,597,648-9, Identification 118, 220, 494,500,597 651 310, 315, 352, 372, detection 419 semiconductor laser 402,418,682 method 393 fluometry 632 IDL 436 procedure 419 separation 368 IEF 174,178,199,245,588 technology 237 spectroscopy 78 Igi\ 221,222,231,430 Immunochemical 315,488 UV 6,71,72,111,309, specific F(i\b)2 250 binding 231,233 311,531-3,550,554, IgD 430 CE analysis 222 560, 566, 589, 590, IgE 430 Immunocomplex 417 591,646,647,665, IgCl 221,230-1,243,247, Immunoconcentration 221 667-8,670 430 Immunodiffusion 270 visible detection 554 heterogeneity analysis Immuno-fixation 425, Indole 499 240 430-1 Indoxy sulfate 499 IgM 231,430 Immunofluorescence 597 Inductively IgS 475 Immunoglobulin 425, 428, coupled plasma atomic fragment 475 430-1 emission 97,500 ILe 345 Immunologically bound coupled plasma mass Illicit antigen 219 spectrometry 531, drug 315,352,404 Immunometric 533,651 heroin 315 direct light absorbancy coupled plasma optical Illness 486 method 436 emission Imafen 355 Immunoprotein panel 231 spectrometry 533 Image-splitting prism 125 Immunoreaction 234 Industrial Imaging Immunosubtraction 221 analysis 531 detector 121, 123 Immunosuppressant 392 chemical sample 550 Imidazole 6, 73, 174, 520- Implement 92 waste water 645 1,534,560-1,590 Imprecision 402 Inert Imidazole-H 2S04 Impurity 301, 610, 614, gas 184 background 664 gas pressure 185 electrolyte analysis 301, 308 Infection 309,427,434 system 521 Incident Infectious disease 219 Imidazole-sulfuric acid angle 106 Influx 416 buffer 590 light 87, 106 Ingredient 309-10,313, Imidazolinone 566 Incubation 437 436 herbicide 566 Indeno[1,2,3-cdj pyrene Inherited metabolic Iminodiacetic 630 disorder 443 acid 521 Indigo carmine 610 Inhibitor 270, 314, 437 Imipramine 312, 393 Indigotin 611 Inhibitor-antibody 248 INDEX 717

Inhibitor-protease Intercalating 684 Ion-association capillary association agent 76 electrophoresis 511, complex 248 dye 142,292-3,476 519 Initiator 61 Intercalator dye 212 Ion-exchange 232,617 Injection 278,294,611,667 Intercellular variation 419 interaction 534 amount 138 Intercept 309 membrane 91 artifact 46 Inter-company Ion-exchanger 555 channel 482 cross validation 37, 308, Ionic device 673 338 micelle 7 efficiency 678-9 Interface 22, 95 migration 617 error 278 condition 96 polymer 631, 668 length 32 Interfacial pressure size 551 precision 36, 338 difference 19-20 strength 4,33,73, 119, pressure 679 Interference 339, 683 243,262,313,318, process 19, 679 Interfering substance 391,394,427,444, reproducibility 18, 20, 138 535, 552, 666, 678, 34,36 In terferon 317 679 time 19,72 Interferon-related 2-5A strength buffer 139,175, volume 17,19-20,402, system 437 590 551 Intergenic spacer 475 substance 4 Injector linearity 51 Interleukin-l 317 surfactant 179 Inlet 678 Interleukin-4 317 Ionizable functionality 617 electrode 678 Internal Ionization 227,438,551, end 2, 19 diameter 104, 682 620,667 Inner radius 18 constant 29 diameter 1,92 reflection 105 equilibrium 29 radius 17 size standard 452 MS310 surface 56,61,119 standard 20,36,50,51, Ionized air 57 wall 2,56 139,278,293,309, Ion-pair HPLC 140 Inorganic 499, 590 338,341,392,394, Ion-pairing 534 anion 72,531-2,535, 402,416,430,442, reagent 310,511,610 590, 648 450,492 Ion-selective cation 6,96,531-2,535, transcribed spacer 475 electrode 92, 500, 533 646 Intersection point 123 Ionspray MS detection 318 ligand 510 Intoxication 487 Ion-spray pigment 609 Intra-assay reproducibility atmospheric pressure Inositol 620 229 310 hexaphosphate 178-9 Intra-strand conformation Iopiperidol 309 phosphate 74, 560, 593 451 Iothalamic acid 399,444 Insolubility 137 Invertebrate neuron 420 Iron, see Fe Insoluble Iodide 532, 533 Irreversible adsorption 45, polymer 658 Iodinated compound 399 139 Installation 682 Iodine 227, 587 Ischemic heart disease 313 Instrumental Iodoacetamide 222 Isis 2922 291 technique 617 Iohexol 399,405 Islets of Langerhans 222 variable 119 Ion 583,590 Isocitric acid 591 Instrumentation 456 association agent 519 Isoelectric Insulin 264,317,419 charge 3 focusing 140-2,174, secretion 419 chromatography 143, 178,183,199,263, Insulin-like growth factor 500,531,551 427,588,664 I-binding protein exchange 607 mode 12 477 pairing 607 point 12, 25, 31, 123, Integral 278 paring effect 517 141,198,427,588 Integrated detector 673 pairing interaction 552 Isoenzyme 438 Integration 26 pairing reagent 517, Isoflavone 596 Intensity 227 609 Isofocusing 430 Interaction 75, 174, 270, spray-sheath flow Isoform 175, 183, 200, 212, 275,347,445 interface 96 243,265,445 718 INDEX

Isolectric focusing 430 Known point-mutation fluorescence detector Isomer 349,352,357,369, 478 684 401,402,403,598 Kraft lignin 557 Laser-excited confocal Isomeric dichlorophenol Krypton fluoride laser 97 fluorescence 644 Kynurenic acid 416 capillary array Isomerization 301 Kynurenine 411 scanner 481 Isoorientin 596 Laser-induced Isoprenyl pyrophosphate L isomer 402 detection 371 111,560,595 L-Menthoxyacetic acid fluorescence 87, 112, Isopropanol 557, 560 370 118,123,137-8,202, Isoproterenol 352 LlD-Marfey reagent 368 214,216,221,263, Isotachophoresis 21, 404, LA2 114 283, 399, 405, 443, 430,436,531,588 Labeled 454-6,476,488,589 Isotachophoretic antigen 223-4, 227 fluorescence (LIF) sample concentration 16 competing species 233 detection 109, 183, zone sharpening 144 FITC 480 211, 251, 684 Isothiocyanate T4 227 fluorescence detection derivatization method theophylline-antibody 109,369,420,597 560 complex 229 vibration 97 group 114 Labeling reagent 232 Latex particle 219,666 Isovue 399,405 Laccaria Laudanosine 379 Isozyme 142, 215 bicolor 475 Lauric acid 428 Ithium 583 laccata 475 LDH 438 ITP 21,309,515,531,535, Lactate 6, 74, 419, 522 LDL 436 550,588,591 dehydrogenase 216 Lead 651 ITS 475 Lactic ion 534 IVa metal ion 521 acid 522, 528, 534, 590, Leading 12, 404, 535 591 electrolyte 645, 650 JA 125 fermentation 590 terminating buffer 21, Joint 124 Lactococcus lactis 438 436 Joule (heat) 45, 73, 75, 97, Lactoglobulin 175, 594 terminating and 149,173,181,450, Lambda running electrolyte 679 chain 231 21 Jugular vein 421 light chain monoclonal Least square regression 53 Juice 591 gammopathy 221 Lectin-sugar 219 Laminar 2 Length 4, 621 K 431, 528, 590 flow 84,119 variation 453 Kaempferol 596 Lamotrigine 394 Lens effect 86 Kb 31 Langerhans 420 Lentivirus 212 Ketamine 353 Lanthanide 510, 520, 522 Leucine 345 Ketoconazole 360 metal ion 509, 521 aminopeptidase 214,437 Ketone 629 Lanthanoid (III) 520 Leucinostatin 317 Ketose 592 LAS 648 Leukemia 399 Keyhole limpet surfactant 648 Leukocyte-A 317 hemocyanin 233 Laser 87,684 LHRH 263 Kidney 198, 255, 265, 318, beam 86,109 LIF 87,118,202,214,216, 397,431 diode 88, 90, 97 221, 263, 283, 455, disfunction 493 doppler 476,488 Kinetic 208 electrophoresis 665 detection 456 analysis 658 dye 649 LIFD 109, 112 constant 273 excitation 110, 630 Ligand 32, 270, 273, 275, parameter 310 fluorimetry 630 511,520 rate 270 induced fluorescence complex 273 stability 509 263,311,401,434, Ligase chain reaction 476, study 680, 681 557 478 Kinetic 208 Laser-based Light Km 213 detection 452 absorbency 436 INDEX 719

beam 110 thermostated capillary Lymphoma cell 455 chain 430-1 34 Lyophilized human emmission 150 Liquid-junction hemoglobin 443 path 17,581,589,682 coupling 96 Lysate 418 scatter 88 Lissamine 20, 434 Lysine 150,174,345 scattering 77,97,104, Lithium 583 Lysosomal enzyme 438 219,419 chloride 317 Lysozyme 175, 318 source 86-8, 123 phosphate buffer 561 Light-control feedback 86 Liver 198,265,430 M13 sequencing primer Lignin 557 oxidative function 401 114 Lilly drug 339 Living cell 207 M13mp18 DNA fragment Limit LOD 111-12,372,379 480 detection 111, 112, 312, Longer Macrocyclic 372,379 chain surfactant 647 antibiotic 78, 349 individual 631 DNA fragment 479 Magnesium 520, 558, 560, Limitation 678 Longer-chain 590,591 Linear alcohol 557 acetate buffer 534 acid 361 Longitudinal chloride 183 alkylbenzene sulfonate coordinate 33 Magnetizable bead 219 558,668 diffusion 32 Maillard reaction 594 amine 3 Lorazepam 404 Major hemoglobin variant CCD 123 Lot variation 373 440 chain 450 Low Malachite green 90 glycosaminoglycan 78 concentration 237 Malate 554 hydrophilic polymer detection limit 20 Malic acid 591 594 molecular weight ion 591 Malignancy 488 limit 234 pH buffer 347 Malonate 554, 555 oligosaccharide 355 solventlbuffer Maltodextrin 78, 355, 356 polyacrylamide 76, 141, consumption 551 Maltoheptaose 204, 621 174,477,480 viscosity 18, 139 Maltose 607, 620, 621 polymer 452 Lower Mammalian cell 124, 149 polymer sieving 3, 9, 29, directivity 88 Mammary gland 255 122,466 optimum electric field Mandalic acid 521 polymer solution 466 479 Manipulation 291, 421, 682 range 51 Low-melting agarose 77 Mannitol 620 regression analysis 53 Low-mobility component Manual reversal 678 relationship 31, 53 667 Mapping 22 Linearity 53, 250, 334, 338, Low-molecular-mass Maprotiline 312 372,403,444,616 organic ion 535 Marijuana metabolite 230 detector response 334 L-Phenylalanine 124 Marine origin 651 Lineweaver-Burk analysis L-Pseudoepinephrine 341 Mask 180 278 Lubricating layer 458 Mass Lipid 583, 589, 595 Luciferase charge ratio 317,583 Lipophilic bioluminescence 90 sensitivity 450 chain 75 Luminescence 90 spectrometry 202,310, dye 436 detection 510 387,533,551,557, Lipoprotein 425, 436, 445 Luminol90 559-61,589,684 Liquid chemiluminescence 90 spectroscopy 2, 95 chromatography 95, 111 Lumino-labeled transfer rate 379 cooling 34 compound 89 transport 657 dosage formulation 313 Lung 418 transport equation 120 handling 680 Luteinizing Matching ion-exchange resin 114 hormone 255,263 fluid 97 junction-ion spray hormone releasing glue 97 interface 667 hormone 263, 272, Mathematical junction interface 95 417 analysis 682 sheath flow 684 Lutropin 231 model 56 720 INDEX

Matrix-assisted laser cyano complex 518 Methylflavone carboxylic adsorption electrode 618 acid 399 ionization 96 ion 74,492,509,515, Methylglucamine 428 assisted laser desorption 531,534,590 Methylguanidine 499 MS 247 mask 122 Methylhippuric acid 404 Matrix 62 Metal-(PAR) 517 Methylhydroxyethyl- assisted laser desorption Metal-ligand cellulose 180, 594 ionization 202 exchange Methylmaionic acid 425, component 683 chromatography 379 443 effect 390 interaction 552 Methylpyridine 561 Maturation 198 Metallo-cyanide Methymalonic aciduria 443 Measurable difference 270 complex 510, 511 Metol 519 Meat extract 310 Metallothionein 183 Metomidate 353 Me-~-CI> 345,355 isoform 418 Met-recombinant human MECC 174,183,240,247, Metaphosphoric acid 591 growth hormone 390,393,404,417, Metaproternol 352 antigen 234 434,486,550 Metastasizing 438 MFI>l1 455 Mechanical stability 682 Methacryl residue 179 m-hydroxy 3,4- Mechanism hydrolysis 310 Methamphetamine 368 dihydroxymandalic Medicarpin 376 Methanesulfonate 554 acid 521 Medium 3 Methanol 183, 554, 590, Mianserin 355 Medium-chain acyl- 595,609,610 Micellar coenzyme A Methanolic sodium agent 646,649,650 dehydrogenase 477 hydroxide solution concentration 72 MEEKC 557,632 670 electrokinetic capillary Mefloquine 360 Methaqualone 403, 404 chromatography 3, MEGA 373 Methionyl recombinant 6,111,174,240,367, MEGA-borate micellar human growth 390,417,486,511, phase 632 hormone 222 550,588 MEKC 3,6,111,263-4, Method 393 emulsion electrokinetic 367-9,373,376,550, development 32, 250, chromatography 557, 588,632 316,382 632 Membrane 118 development kit 250 phase 310,632 collection 214 development time 250 pseudo-phase 317 interface 22 robustness 334 Micelle 7,71,74,373,487, Mephenytoin 371,372 transfer 334, 340 555 Mephobarbitol 357 validation 301,334 Micelle-forming Mercaptoethanol 180 Methotrexate 399 fluorocarbon tail Mercury 651 Methoxylated agarose 77, 457 lamp 89 182 Micelle-like Mesh Methydimethoxy pseudostationary phase formation 77 amphetamine 352 76 size 77 Methyl Micelle-mediated capillary Metabolism 342, 371 ~-CI> 72 electrokinetic Metabolite 264, 360, 421, amphetamine 352 chromatography 445,488,492 cellulose 243 366 Metacerebral, Methyl-2-benzylamine 534 MEKC 367 B1420 Methy1cellulose 77,179, Micellular 263 Metal 517,590-1 184, 185 Michaelis-Menten additive 552 Methyldimethoxyethyl- constant 213 cation 72 amphetamine 352- Michaelis-Menten kinetic chelate 510, 519, 521 3 278 chelate capillary Methylene 62 Miconazole 360 tube 521 bisacrylamide 61, 141, Micro chelation 517 179 liquid chromatography chelator monomer 665 blue 112 95 complex 509, 515, 521 group 31 Micro-bore cyanide 511, 518 unit 667 capillary 583 INDEX 721

Microchip 122-3 property 291 sieving mode 25, 71 CE 123 rate 679 size 8,181,449,625 electrophoresis 122 reproducibility 34 sizing 475, 482 Microcolumn time 20, 25, 29, 31, 33, DNA fragment 482 separation 22 41, 45, 51, 54, 119, weight 25, 31, 95, 180, Microconcentric 181,275,291,308, 181,240,270,657 column 66 338,402,427,445, Molecule 224, 227 Microdialysate 411,416 452,480,611,620, Molybdate 533 Microdialysis 22,150,411 647,667 Molybdenum 669 probe 149 time reproducibility 338 Mono Microdrop injector 19 time window 75 diamide 554 Microelectrode 92, 624 velocity 3,7,20,25,29, di-ethylhexylphosphate Microemulsion 76, 379, 33,63,137,138,142 560 632 zone 89 di, tri-protic carboxylic electrokinetic Migration-rate 679 hydroxy carboxykic chromatography 591 Milk 183, 255, 591 acid 520 Microfabricated casein 593-4, 598 disaccharide 620 capillary electrophoresis protein 180, 183, 593-4 disialyl residue 202 chip 482 secretion 262 oligo saccharide borate channel 216 Mimic biologic function complexe 528 system 252 436 Monochromater 109, 682 Microfabrication 20, 482 Mineral water 590 Monoclonal 431 Microfluidic circuit 252 Miniaturization 90, 122, antibody 221-3,229, Micro-handling 22 390,482 243,248,392 Microheterogeneity 198, Minute sample volume cryoglobulin 431 200,202,212 271 gammapathy 427 Microinjection 22 Miotic agent 301, 316 immunoassay 393 Microinjector 419 Mirror 86, 87 nature 177 Micromachined Mitochondrial DNA 475 Monokis-6-0- CE chip 482-3 Mixed buffer 403 octamethylene• glass chip 122 Mobile permethyl-~-CD planar glass structure cation 2 356 482 phase heptane/SDS 557 Monomer 61, 664 Micromachining 121, 123 Mobility 18, 73, 273, 310, Monosaccharide 592, 617 Micropreparative 685 449,523,533,678 enantiomer 528 CE 66 difference 275, 451 Monovalent 143,275 tool 685 Mobilization 123, 185 cation 648 Microreactor 213, 437 step 193 ion 71 Microsatellite 454 Mode 95 Morbidity 387 Microscope 107 Modeling 72 Morphine 223-4, 229, 231, charge-coupled device migration 531 315,316,404 66 Modifier 57, 532 antibody 224 objective 87 Modulation depth 119 Morphine-Cy5229,231 optic 2 Moiety 347 Morpholine 3, 553, 598 Microstructure 122 Molar Morpholinoethanesulfonic Microtechnique 543 absorption coefficient acid 555 Migrated zone 125 688 Motilin 264 Migration 89 absorptivity 86, 532 m-RNA 455, 503 behavior 62, 71, 118, Molecular MS 84,95,202,310,318, 291,523 absorptivity 86 405,501,684 buffer 317,629 biology 207,476 CE 84 data 34 mass 198, 247 detection sensitivity 137 dispersion 119 medicine 270 Multianalyte immunoassay index 371 recognition 277 229,231 order 179,357,369,611, sieving 291,292,449, Multi-anion analysis 500 639 466,481 Multi-capillary 88, 143, order reversal 373, 376 sieving gel 76 216,445,483 peak 20 sieving media 141 Multi-ion analysis 500 722 INDEX

Multi-lane NAD 215,419 N-dodecoxy• electrophoresis 478 NADH 214-15,419 carbonylvaline Multimatrix Nadolol 397 378-9 adaptability 250 NADPH 216 NDS 648 Multiple Nafion tubing 92 Near capillary 140 NaH2PO.394 infrared indirect capillary detection 110 Naphthalene 559, 632 absorbance 90 capillary system 463 carboxylate 554 Near-infrared 88 cation 73 dicarboxylate 554, 558 diode Laser 111 component 184 disulfonate 558, 560 Near-IR fluorophore 294,479 sulfonate 554, 558 dye 114 injection 53, 673 Naphthalene-2,3- fluorescent dye 114 mutation 452 dicarboxaldehyde 416 Needle 311 reflection 107 derivatized amino acid Nefion ionomer 57 sclerosis 434 112 Nefopam 355 Multiplexed detection 481 Naphthalenedialdehyde 566 Negative charge 2 Multiplexing 455 Naphthalene-mono, di, tri peak 271, 589, 683 Multiplication 455 sulphonate 648 Negatively Multi-point detection 97 Naphthalenesulfonate 533 charged 509 Multi-sample capacity 681 Naphthol yellow 611 charged colored ion 609 Multiwavelength 316 Naphthylamide 345 charged complex 519 Murine monoclonal IgG Naproxen 318,356,401 charged micelle 588 245 Narcotic charged particle 665 Muscle 255 analgesic 402, 488 charged SDS Musts 590 Naringin 596 micelle 517 Mutant 178, 478 Narirutin 596 Neohesperidin 596 Mutated fragment 452 Narrow inner diameter Neomycin 311 Mutation 451-2 92 Nephelometry 249 detection 451, 453, 456, Narrow bore hollow Net 477 tube 1 charge 78 site 477 Native 452 charge density 4 Mutation-specific amino acid 111 Neuraminidase 200, 204, primer 456 double-stranded 291 212 Mycobacterium FL detection 110-11 Neurochemical 416 tuberculosis-specific peptide 88 Neuroleptic drug 399 amplified DNA protein 88, 199 Neuron 418 fragment 478 Natural Neuropeptide Y 417 Mycotoxin fumonisin 597 color 609 /3-endorphine 417 Myelin basic protein gene colorant 615 Neuroscience community 475 compound 583,596 422 Myoglobin 175, 178, 431, dye 609 Neurotensin 264,418 434 epo 198 Neurotin 394 Myristyltrimethyl• product additive 376 Neurotoxin 593 ammonium product chiral micelle Neurotransmitter 92, 155, bromide 591 373, 376 156,394,416 Nd:YLF laser 88 Neutral 390, 632 N-o-linked sugar 199 NDA 112,416 amino acid derivative N,N,N',N'• derivative several amine enantiomer 378 tetramethylethylene• 369 analyte 21 diamine 61-2, 141, derivatization 114 complex 509 185 NDA-derivatized 149 compound 632 N,N'-di (2-hydroxybenzyl) glutamate 416,417 hydrocarbon 629 ethylenediamine-N, rat brain hydrophilic surface 179 N'-diacetic acid homogenate 416 marker 56 509-10 NDC 554 molecule 588 Na2B.O, 394 electrolyte 554 PAC 356 N-acetylator 487 N-dodecoxy• PEG oligomer 667 N-acetylprocainamide 397 carbonylproline 378 pH 263 INDEX 723

phosphate buffer 559 Non-covalent biospecific N-oxide 62 species 588 interaction 219 N-phosphonomethyl surfactant 75 Non-covalently bonded 57 glycine 560 triton X 667 Non-crosslinked N-tris (hydroxymethyl) New polyacrylamide 179 methyl-3- born 393, 443 Non-crosslinked aminopropanesulfonic drug application 308 hydrophilic polymer acid 509, 518 N-gluco-N- 181 Nucelase A variant 178 methylalkanamides Non-crosslinked linear Nuclear fuel waste 520 75 polymer network Nucleic N-glycanase 198,202 449 acid 140-1,283,449-50, N-hydroxy-succinimide Non-denaturing 589, 593, 679, 681, ester 221 condition 451-2 683 Nicardipien 314 gel 477 Nucleoside 9,283,290, Nickel 517 polyacrylamide capillary 434,585 complex 551 gel 291 Nucleotide sequence 451 pinhole 86 Non-fluorescent amide Nutrition labeling 595 Nicotinamide 534, 595 derivative 437 Nutritional Nicotinic acid 386, 401 Non-gel polymer solution assessment 430 Nifedipin 314 292 disorder 430 Nitrate 6, 92, 417, 487, Nonglycopeptide 200 supplement 372 532,590-1 Non-immunoreactive Nutritive 607 Nitrilotriacetic acid 554 UV-absorbing sweetener 607 Nitrite 6,90,92,417,487, species 220 532,591 Non-ionic Obesity 607 Nitrophenol 268, 557 detergent 561 Objective ~-galactoside 213 polyether 668 lens 107 Nitrophthalic acid 554 surfactant 75, 149, 178 zone 25 Nitrosoamine 63, 597, 639, Non-nutritive 607 Octadecylsilica 631 646 sweetener 607 Octanol-water partition N-linked Nonpolar compound 137, coefficient 632 glycopeptide 202 632 Octapeptide angiotensin oligosaccharide 199, Non-radioactive detection 224 202,204 477 Octopamine 353 sugar chain 198 Non-reducing end 199, Octylglucoside 75 N-methylformamide 556 212 Off rate 275 N-methyl-N-2-sulfoethyl Nonstable pH 611 Off-axis model 97 dithiocarbamate Nonsteroidal Off-column 420 511 antiinflammatory detection 84, 86 N-methylpseudoephedrine 345,355---6 fluorescence detection 88 enantiomer 379 aromatase inhibitor Off-line 208, 421 NMR, 178, 345, 352, 357, enantiomer 371 analysis 208 371 Nonstoichiometric binding coupling 96 Noble metal electrode 95 455 enzymatic reaction Noise 104 Noradrenaline 416 mixture 208 coefficient 90 Nordoxepin 312 Official AOAC Nomifensine 355 Norephedrine 78,341 fluorometric Nonaqueous Norepinephrine 416,419 method 598 buffer 595 Norfluoxetine 355 Ogston 292 CE 671 Normal model 292 media 73 benzoic acid 556 sieving theory 62 Nonaromatic amino acid phase 657 Oligo polysaccharide 617, 345,347 sera 183 620 Noncaloric 607 Normalization 313 Oligoadenylate Non-carbohydrate Normalized peak area 278 diasterase 437 substituent 617 Normorphine 224 synthetase 437 Non-competitive Nortriptyline 312 Oligoclonal 434 method 222 Norverapamil 342 band 434 724 INDEX

Oligodeoxynuc1eotide immobilized Orange 591,609 isomer 291 enzyme 208, 213 citrus juice by• Oligomer 555, 566, 630, interface 420-1 product 598 665-6,668 MS 262,667 juice 520, 590, 596 separation 658 peptide mapping 213 Organic size 621 post-capillary reactor acid 6,509,550-1,554, Oligomerization 76 437 583-92, 648-9 Oligonucleotide 63, 122, pre concentration 21, 521 base 550 223-4,283,291,478, protease digestion 264 hydroxy modifier 632 482,657,664 UV detection 84 ion 499,535,550-1 linker 223 On-fly acquisition 682 modifier 356, 368, 372 monomer 122 On-tube detection 682 phosphate 550, 559 Oligosaccharide 8, 78, 89, OPA 112,368-9 pollutant 597, 598, 639, 149,198-200,202, Open-tubular capillary 646 645 212, 355---{), 592 Operator solvent 72 mixture 202 efficiency 450 sulfate 550, 558 O-linked O-Phthaldialdehyde 112, Organochlorine 639 glycoprotein 149 347 Organolead 651 N-linked Ophthalmic solution 316 Organomercury 651 oligosaccharide Opiates 224 compound 651 245 Optical species 651 glycopeptide 202 absorption 111 Organometallic compound oligosaccharide chain alignment 84 515,639 198 axis 107 Organophosphonic acid On-capillary boundary 104 649 complex formation 510 configuration 110 Organophosphorus complexation 509 fiber 87, 109 compound 560 conversion 509 filter 109 Organoselenium 651 preconcentration 531, isomer 349, 352, 521 Organosulfate 559 535 path 84 o-benzylbenzoic acid 533 Oncology 219 resolution 345, 347 Orotate 555, 595 On-column 84, 91, 112 separation 347 Orthogonal absorbance 123 system 107 correlation 54 complexation 517,520 Optical element 97 geometry 87 derivatization 124, 149, Optical-gating injection 22 Osmotic flow 553, 678 420 Optic 86 Otosporin 311 detection 84, 87 Optimal Outlet enrichment 651 buffer 611 buffer vial 118 fluorescence condition 72, 611 end 2,22 derivatization 124 pH 45 Overdose 392 ITP 535 resolution 255 Overloading 26 staining 293 separation condition 517 Ovine lentivirus 212 Ondansetron 308 Optimization 6,71, 72, Ovomucoid 352 One-spectral-channel 111,351,494,501, Oxalate 425, 553 detection 479 535,552,665 Oxazepam 404 Onized capillary wall resolution 314 Oxazine 632, 750 silanol group 583 size 482 Oxidation 622 On-line Optimized end column state 510 absorbance 6 detection 624 Oxide compound 501 catalytic hydrolysis 213 Optimum Oxidized insulin ~-chain chemiluminescence operating condition 521 213 detection 89 pH 438 Oxomemazine 353 chromatographic sample position 624 Oxprenolol 351 concentration 16 separation 349 Oxygen partial pressure coupling 96 separation 62 detection 2, 450, 455 parameter 311 Oxyprenalol 397 digestion 22 L-menthoxyacetic Oxytocin 255, 263 enzyme assay 208, 213 acid 370 Oyster sauce 556 INDEX 725 p53 gene 477 rDNA fragment 295 pyridine 561 PAA 61 solution 475 Permanent slab gel 61 PCR-SSCP 477 non-covalently bonded PAC 356 Pea oligosaccharide 592 57 Pacific yew 311 Peak Permeation 22 Packed apex 45 Peroxydisulfate 62 open-tubular column area 20,25-6,402 Peroxynitrite 244 597 area/height 25 Peroxyoxalate- Packing material 63 broadening 32, 119,379, chemiluminescence PAD 592,619 552 89 PAH gene 477 corrected area 46 Perpendicular 87 PAHs 629,639,645 dimension 41 Perspex bracket 86 Pain 262, 313 dispersion 32 Perylene 630 Palladium distortion 78 Pesticide 219, 639, 649 decoupler 92 efficiency 50 Petroleum ether 312 metal joint 92 height 20, 444 pH 4,71,552 p-Aminopyridine 534 homogeneity 308 drift 36 Pancreas 255,264 identification 41, 616 gradient 73,123,141,183 Pancreatic polypeptide identity 309 shift 71 264 impurity 682 Pharmaceutical 334, 583-9 Pantothenate 595 parameter 50 analysis 301,311,531 Paper processing 553 purity 611, 682 compound 589 PAR, 509, 510, 517 shape 273,645 drug 352 complex 511 symmetry 78, 315 electrolyte solution 521 Parabolic flow 2 tailing 49, 139 product 595 Paracetomol 313 width 25 Pharmacokinetic analysis Parallel Pediatric patient 390 22 migration 478, 482 PEG 182, 428, 434, 443, Pharmacological multi-lane 594,645 evaluation 301 electrophoresis 481 Penciclovir 318, 399 Phase change 104 Paraquat 566,597,651 Penicillin 309, 311, 393 PHB ester 610, 614 Paraxanthine 493 Pentafluorobenzoyl 179 Phellodendri cortex 315, Parenteral solution 520 Pentanesulfonic acid 310 597 Particle size 665-6 Pentenyl pyridine 561 Phenanthrene 315,631 Particle-capillary Pentobarbital 394 Phencyclidine 229-30,234 wall interaction 665-6 PEO 200, 294, 457 Phenobarbital 386, 394, Partition 72 Pepsin 438 421 coefficient 7,29,31,647 Pepsin-catalyzed Phenol 73, 503, 550, 553, Partitioning 183 oligopeptide 557,632,639 Pasta extract 614 cleavage 208 Phenolic Patent blue 611-12 Peptidase 438 acid 557-8 Path length 104, 138 Peptide 33,87,112, 199, carboxylic acid 75 Pathobiology 418 224,255,388,431, carboxylic derivative 75 Pathological 434,499,583-9,593, compound 557,596 condition 434 657 group 227 metabolite 488 binding membrane 150 hydroxyl group 224 Patient 404 bond 427 lignin degradation diagnosis 434, 442 bond scission 247 product 557 symptom 427 hormone 255 sulfonic acid 610 PCP-Cy5.5. 229, 231 isomer 368 Phenoxy acid PCR 212,455 mapping 123, 200, 213, herbicide 339, amplification 294,476-7 264 555-6,557,650 product analysis 143, substrate 208 Phenoxyacetate 556 293,466,477 Peptide-binding Phenoxyalkyl PCR-amplified membrane 420 acid 639,649-50 372 bp DNA sample 477 Percent acid herbicide 649-50 DNA fragment 466, 475, chiral separation 32 Phenoxypropionic acid 477 Perdeuterated 556 650 726 INDEX

Phenyl compound 360 Photomultiplier 87-9, 107, PNGase 202 Phenylacetate 556 479,481 p-Nitrophenyl-2-amino-3- Phenylalanine 124, 156, Photon 125 hydroxypropanone 360, 425, 442, 488, counting system 89 enantiomer 357 593,609-10 Photopolymerization 62, Point-mutation enantiomer 342 670 detection 477-8 hydroxylase 477, 488 Photoresist 122 Polarity 514, 665 Phenylalkyl Photostability 224 reversal 678 alcohol 75, 649 Photo tube 86 switching 140 Phenylenediamine 561 Phthalate 6, 72-3, 553, 591 Polarization 104 isomer 646 buffer 591 Polio virus 455 Phenylethanol 361 ester 639, 647 Pollutant 597,629,639, Phenylketonuria 156, 488, tartrate 522 644 492 Phthalic Poly Phenylketonuric 488 acid 533-4, 556, 591 (alkyl oxide) patient 488 anhydride 667 oligomer 667 Phenylphosphonate 560 Phycobiliprotein 223 (amidoamine) 76 Phenylthiohydantoin, Physical (amino acid) polymer amino acid 57, 97 assumption 33 667-8 Phenylurea 650 parameter 270 (f3-malic acid) 667 Phenytoin 371, 386, 392, Physicochemical (ethylene glycol) 76-7, 394 property 119, 137, 141,466 Pheochromocytoma cell 255,264 (ethylene glycol/oxide) 150,420 Physiological 76 Pherogram 19,86,687 concentration 224 (ethylene oxide) 76-7, Phosphatase 208 Phytate 556, 560 141,294,457 Phosphate 309, 442, 550, Phytic acid 74, 178, 597 (methyl methacrylate/ 556,558,611 pI 31,123,141-2,200, ethyl acrylate/ buffer 149, 178, 199, 222-3,245,427,440, methacrylic acid) 357, 440, 533, 561, 445,588,593 631 593-4,665 Pigmentation 255 (N-acryloyl- Phosphateiborate Pilocarpine 316 arninoethoxyethanol) buffer 555-7,594,644 Pindolol 313 77 Phospholipid 560, 595 Pine needle 560 (oxyalkylene) Phosphonate 550, 559-60 Piperidine-dione type diamine 112, 666 Phosphonium 550, 561 compound 378 (sodium N-undecylenyl- Phosphopeptide 594 Pituitary gland 255 L-valinate) 379 Phosphoramidate 291 pKa 29,310,314,361,397, (styrenesulfonate) 77 Phosphoric 591,669 402, 511, 551 (vinyl alcohol) 182 Phosphororganic Placenta 255 (vinylchloride) 56 compound 649 Plackett-burman 340 (9-vinyladenine) 278, Phosphorothioate Plano-convex cylindrical 291 oligonucleotide 291 lens 481 (9-vinyladenine )- Phosphorous acid 669 Planorbis corneus 420 polyacrylamide Phosphorus-specific flame Plant conjugated gel 291 photometric extract 556 Polyacrylamide 9, 61, 76, detection 560 growth regulator 556 141,174,184, Phosphotyrosine 245 material 75, 593 449-50,457,561, Photodecomposition 22 Plasma 53-4, 183,255, 592-3,666 Photo diode 86, 97 355, 372, 411, 486, electrophoresis 594 array 87,97,125,309 553 gel 31,77,141,291,449, array detector 86, 610 membrane 420 463,633,670 array spectral Plastic microwell plate 219 gel electrophoresis 180, analysis 379 Plasticizer 647 316,427,593 position sensor 97 Plate 597 gel polymerization 670 Photolithographical number 388 gel-filled capillary 292, process 482 Plug 351 294 Photometric method 543 flow 119 layer coating 61 INDEX 727

matrix 664 Polyfluorocarbon 56 capillary 561 polymer 453 Polyglutamate 596 Polyquaternary amine sieving medium 482 Polyhaloganated polymer 178 Polyacrylamide-coated 436 compound 501 Polysaccharide 9, 76, 77, capillary 222, 436, 487 Polyimide 57,84,669,682 119,466,592,619 Polyacrylamide-filled coating 1 Polystyrene capillary 278 Poly-L-aspartic acid 555 carboxylate particle 666 Polyacrylate Polylysine 665 latex particle 665 polymer 665 Polymer 182, 355, 550, nanoparticle 665 Polyamine 150,418,499, 558,583,657 sulfonate 669 503,578 analysis 671 sulfonate polymer 558 Polyamine-coated chain 457 Polysulfonate 558 capillary 61 composition analysis Polysulfonated Polyanion 179 669 naphthyl urea 399 Polyaromatic 632 conformation 668 Polytetrafluoroethylene 56 Polybrene 178-9, 352, 361 entanglement 77 Polytetrafluoroethylene- Polycarboxylic acid 591 kinetic 665 polyhexafluoro- Polycation 179 oxidation product 665 propylene Polycationic separation 657 copolymer 56 ammonium compound sieving 475 Polyvalent 645 sieving mode 8,140 hydrophobic cation 552 species 179 sieving system 681 Polyvinylidene Polyclonal-monoclonal Polymerase difluoride 685 431 chain reaction (peR) Ponceau 611 Polyclonal 431 212,291,466 Porcine 264 antibody 177, 223, Polymer-capillary somatotropin 318 229-30 interface 458 Pork 559 anti-digoxigenin fab Polymeric meat 597 fragment 227,229 additive ficoll-400 664 Porous anti-thymocyte equine buffer additive 664 gel model 56 immune globulin carboxylate 555 glass 92 183 cation 555, 558 Porphyrin immunoassay 392 impurity 664 acid 110 monoclonal antibody particulate 665 carboxylate 556-7 transformation sieving medium 669 Positional 243-4 surfactant 668 isomer 556-7,645 Polyclonol-polyclonal Polymerization 61, 181, Positively immunoglobulin 431 449,665,668 charged 509,666 Polycyclic kinetic 670 Post aromatic amine 501 scheme 449 capillary reactor 437 aromatic compound 345, solution 61 column derivatization 356 Polymorphism 481 123 aromatic hydrocarbon Polymyxin 317 Post-analysis technique 88,111,501 Polyol-borate 118 Polydextran 312 complex 592 Post-capillary reactor 89 Polydisperse 78 Polyol 593 Postcolumn 208 Poly-dT 278 Polyoxometalate 669 derivatization 84 length isomer 278 Polyoxyethylene/propylene enzymatic assay 124, Polyelectrolyte 173 diamine 566 213 Polyether 668 Polypeptide 31,255,317 micro-reactor 213 Polyethylene 56, 686 protein hormone 255 mixing 213 glycol 418, 428, 460, Polyphenol 557, 596, 598 radionuclide 555--6,558,566 oxidase 596 detection 150 glycol-coated Polyphosphate 597, 649, Posterior pituitary capillary 63 669 lobe 255 glycol 457, 556 Polyphosphonate 597,649, Post-reaction reagent 86 oxide 182, 200, 312, 399, 669 Post-separation 112 450,566 Polypropylene 56, 686 Potassium 499, 520, 583 728 INDEX

carbonate 442 phenol 111 Protein-silica interaction dichromate 648 pollutant 639 222 sulfate 175 Probe 476 Proteolytic enzyme 425, Potato 566, 593 beam 97 437--8,445 Potentiator 310 catalysis 211 Protolytic equilibria 552 Potentiometric Procainamide 397 Pseudo detection 533 Processing 609 epinephrine 341 titration 551 Product 436 ion-exchanger 555 Potentiometry 2, 86, 91, 92 diffusion 437 stationary micellar Power Profen 556 phase 42 operation 673 Progesterone 265 Pseudoephedrine 315,379 supply 673 Prognosis 486 Pseudostationary Practolol 347 Proinsulin 264 hydrophobic micelle Praestol 185k 534 Prolactin 231,255,263 phase 183 Pravastatin sodium 309 Proline 345, 443 phase 42, 74, 630 Prealbumin 425, 430 Prompt diagnosis 486 Pseudouridine 442, 503 Pre-capillary 509 Propan-l-ol 355 p-Sulphonate calix 645 complexation 509 Propan-2-ol 291, 355, 356 PTFE 550 derivatization 510 Propanol 590 PTH-derivatized D,L- Precipitation 50, 434 Propanol-modified-~-CD amino acid 376 Precise quantitation 314 402 PTH-glycin 97 Precision 16, 25, 229, Propionate 554 Pull ulan 182 308-9,313-14,334, Propranalol 78,347,371, Pulp 553 338,379,386,390, 397 Pulpwash 591, 598 401, 403, 425, 444-5, enantiomer 72 Pulse laser 125 551,667 Prostate tumor 399 Pulsed data 372 Protease 436 amperometric detection Pre column 17 enzyme 436 88, 95, 592, 619, 651 complexation 517 inhibitor 248 potential waveform 624 Pre concentration 17, 20, Protease-catalyzed UV laser 88 21,63 hydrolysis of peptide Pulsed-field Prederivatization 112 211 CE 119 Predicted optimum Protein 87, 140, 173, 199, condition 669 condition 311 271,347,388,583-9, gel CE 119 Predictor 438 593-5,657 technique 119 Pregnancy 265 adsorption 175 Pump 56 Preinjection 20 analysis 173 Purification 418 Preparative-scale conjugate 224 control 86 separation 140 conjugated 250 Purine 283, 393, 442 Pre post-separation detection 593-4 base 442 sample 456 gel electrophoresis 588 Purity 308, 309 Prescription 313 hormone 255, 264 Putrescine 488, 499, 503 Preservative 598,599,614, kinase 208 PYA 352 616 label 223 PVP 347 Pressure 17, 430 separation 427 Pyrene 631 injection 18, 679 sequencing 685 Pyrenyldiazomethane 443, mobilization 184, 681 succinylation 223 555 mode 19 synthesis 503 Pyridine 73, 357, 521, 534, Pressure-con trolled Protein/peptide drug 301 561,651 Injection 19 Proteinaceous carboxylate 556 Pretreatment 372, 487 compound 593,598 Pyridinecarboxylic acid 79 Prewashing 57 Protein-carbohydrate 219 Pyridylamino 618 Primary Protein-coated 397 Pyrimidine 283, 442 amine 89, 112, 420 Protein-drug 219 Pyromellitate 72 hydroxyl side 345 complex 271 Pyromellitic acid 533, 558 Primidone 387,394 Protein-dye 219 Pyronin succinimidyl ester Primitive solution 20 Protein-protein 219 112 Priority 629 Protein-SDS complex 181 Pyrophosphate 208 INDEX 729

Pyruvate 74,90,419 trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2- molecule 62 dihydroxy-chrysene protein 278 Quadratic regression 372 Receptor:ligand 219 model 314 Racemization 368-9 complex 273 Quadripole 684 Racemorphan 371, 402 Recombinant Quality Radial movement 119 biotechnology-derived control 313,314, 612 Radiation 283 protein 181 Quanititation 386 Radioactive bovine 318 Quantifiable assay 231 ATP-G32p substrate bovine somatotropin Quantification 372, 591 208 183 Quantify intermediate 273 DNA precursor 450 chimeric glycoprotein Quantitation 25, 26, 32, Radiodetection 97 317 50,138,142,227, Radio-enzymatic erythropoietin 175, 198, 301,315,334,340, immunoassay 438 212 342,373,390,401-2, Radioimmunoassay 316, human erythropoietin 431,444 417 198 accuracy 475 Radioisotope 173, 208 peptide 208 parameter 230 assay 208 protein 198, 202, 317 Quantitative Radiolabelled therapeutic peptide 224 analysis 16, 25,41, 310, amino acid 150 therapeutic protein 204 688 DNA 455 Recondition 680 assay 248-9,314,455 Radiolabelling 455 Recovery 250,334,339 CE analysis 342 Radius 3 experiment 54 data 50,455 Rain water 554 Rectangular expression 32 Raman capillary 63, 66 index 29, 142 microprobe spectroscopy channel 125 information 29 62 column 63 reproducibility 20 thermometry 33 cross-section 106 Quantum yield 224 Ramp-up voltage control shape 125 Quartenary ammonium 3 120 wall 108 Quartz 109 Randam Red 609 material 108 noise 26 He-Ne laser 224 Quaternary Ranitidine 312 wine 596 alkaloid constituent 315 Rapidity 84 Redox-couple 62 alkylamine 561 Rare Reduced amine surfactant 561 earth element 521-2 carboxymethylated ammonium 76, 519, 651 earth metal ion 515, 520 lysozyme 207 phosphonium compound Rat Reducing sugar 355 566 brain 156,416 Reduction 622 Quenching 227 brain cortex 418 Redutive amination 202 Quercitin 596 cortex microdialysis 416 Reflectance 105 glycoside 596 gastric ATPase 455 Reflection 105--6 Quinine 560 Rate, dissociation 275 Refractive 84 sulfate 150 Raw data 26 index 96, 104--6, 109, Quinobene 558 Rb+ 92 533,671 Quinolinecarboxaldehyde Reaction 208 Regeneration 145 618 kinetic 683 Regioselectivity 233 Quinolone antibiotic 311 pathway 207 Regression R-136475 rate monitoring 334, line 616, 309 Rabbit skeletal muscle 341-2 Regulation 610 tissue extract 208 tee 89 Regulatory agency 308 Racemate 341,349 Reactive dye 224, 559, 648 Relative Racemethorphan 371, 402 Reagent consumption 139 chiral separation Racemic Real-time data factor 32 amino acid 369 analysis 173 molecular mass 245-7 amino alcohol 78 Reanneal 452 recovery 54 drug 338 Receptor 270, 273 standard deviation 293 mixture 378 antagonist 312 Relaxation 264 730 INDEX

time 457 Retinitis pigrnentosa 453 clinical analysis 430 Release transmitter 420 Retrieval 682 clinical chemistry Reliability 609 Reverse laboratory 387 Renal 430 electroosmosis 179 diagnosis 445 clearance 399 migration order 382 rRNA 452 disease 418,499 phase 617 RSD 139, 293, 402 failure 427 phase liquid Rt 475 function 397 chromatography 183, Rt-PCR 455 Rennet 221,227 Ruggedness 139, 342 coagulation 593~ strand 452 Running whey 593~ transcription 475 buffer 34, 36, 53, 91, Repeat polymorphism 477 transcription-PCR 455 179,212,397,418, Repeatability 34, 334, 616 transport 420 437-8,517,610-11 Repetition rate 88 Reversed voltage 518 Replaceable linear EOF 179,311,552 Run-to-run 37 polymer solution movement mode method peak area 679 483 519 reproducibility 36 Replenishing 680 phase 390, 657 variation 450 Replenishment 449, 611, phase chromatography 616 183,369,607 S form D-Los Angeles 440 Replicate 227 Reversible polarity 678 SIN ratio 26 Reproducibility 2,16-17, Reversion 6 Saccharide 583, 592-3 19, 32-3, 139~O, Rhein 597 Saccharine 607, 610, 614 142, 174, 313, 315, Rheumatoid Safety, pharmaceutical 308 334,386,388,402-3, arthritis 431 Salbutamol 308, 309, 339 421,429,444-5,455, factor 431 sulphate 308 500-1,551-2,616, Rhodamine 88-90, 108, Salicylate 74, 92, 386, 397, 679 125 404,556 Reproducible injection 679 acceptor 476 Saline solution 561 Reproduction 255 Rhubarb aloe 597 Saliva 53,283,393,401, Reptation 292 RI 84,96,105,109 486,493 Research animal 487 detection 97 Salivary Residence time 457 gradient 97, 123 amylase 493 Residual monomer 664, gradient imaging 123 fluid 493 665,670 RIA 417,500 Salt 534, 678 Resolution 74-5, 79, 96, Riboflavine 62, 109 Sample 119,250,301-8,340, Ribonuclease 63, 180 bias 450 342,373,449,533, Ribonucleotide 533, 649 capacity 125 620,632,673 monophosphate 597,669 carryover 49 enantiomer 372 Ribose 294, 620 clean up 391 loss 33 Ribosomal RNA gene 295 deproteinization 442 Resolving agent 356 Rice protein 594 derivatization 618 Resonance ejection 96 Rifampycin b 78, 349, 353, extraction 54 Resorcarene 631 355 injection 16,22 Respiratory syncytial Right angle 114 injection length 32 virus 317 Rigid gel 271 introduction 139 Restriction Rigidity 379 manipulation 487 endonuclease digestion Rinsing solution 145 mass 25 453 Risk arcing 449 matrix 53, 138,211, 411, fragment length River 645 425,444,678 polymorphism 476, RNA 283, 294, 475 preconcentration 20, 84 477 analysis 291, 294 preparation 138,144, fragment 212 reverse 308,390 site 454 transcription 294 pretreatment 110, 183, Retention Robustness 334 342,492 index 31, 633 evaluation 334, 340 slug 271 time 139,597,616 Routine stacking 16,20 window 75 analysis 478 throughput 125, 681 INDEX 731

tray thermos tatting 46 Selectivity 75, 90, 315, 334, Serine 200, 345 treatment 283,401 339-40,352,416, Serotonin agonist 339,369 zone 20, 97 452,487,494,501, Serratia macescens Sample-focusing technique 528,552 nuclease isoform 683 mechanism 551 183 Sample-to-sample Selenious compound 651 Serum 220, 283, 393, 411, headspace 679 Selenium 499, 651 431,486,555 Sampling procedure 308 Self-heating 120 aspartate Sanger Semiconductor aminotransferase 440 method 478 laser 88 biliprotein species 183 reaction 294, 480 lasers/laser diode 88 cicletanine 401 Savinase 436 Sensitive detection 84, 89 drug 386 SBE-~-CD 345, 353, 360 Sensitivity 90, 96, 104-5, electrophoresis 430 Scandium(III) 520 111,338,402,404, lipoprotein 436 Scanning 452, 494, 532, 535, protein 177, 425, 427, detection 682 647 445 diode-array detector limitation 311 sample 521 682 Separand 3, 292 Serum-based digoxin 223 Scatchard analysis 273 zone detection 87 Serum-containing medium Scattered light 106 Separation 4, 32, 96, 108, 252 Scattering 87,105, 107 111,314,334,349, Serum-free hybridoma effect 87 372, 390, 429, 482, culture medium 252 light 479 552,610,649 Setup 89 Scavenging 664 buffer 271,278, 312, SH residue 62 Scharlachrot 611 610-11 Shale oil 630 Scintillation 150 capability 137 Shape 243 SCN- 92,96 capillary 84 Shear Scrapie prion protein 417 capillary diameter 86 force 458 Scute coptis 315 chemistry 457 stress 458 SDS 6,200,310,367,390, difficulty 119 Sheath 436, 509, 517, 556, efficiency 1,3,17,19, flow connection 118 594,597,664 29, 61, 78, 84, 90, flow cuvette 110, 112, capillary gel 174, 292, 312, 501, 479 electrophoresis 180 647,658 flowcell 107 matrix 667 medium 141,463 Sheath-flow SDS-CGE 240,245-7 mode 4 cuvette 88, 107 SDS-PAGE 174,180 parameter 308 cuvette flow chamber SDS-polyacrylamide 174 process 509 107 SDS-protein complex 9, profile 317 Sheep 264,594 31,76-7,681 selectivity 74 liver extract 183 SEC 63 time 26,673 Shell fish toxin 501 SEC-CZE 63 tube 106 Shellfish 310 Second voltage 313 poisoning toxin 598 fragment 452 Sequence Shielding effect 57 harmonic emission 88 analysis 456 Short tandem repeat 454, Secondary change 452 475,476,481 amine 352 isomer 280 Shrinkage 76 hydroxyl side 345 Sequence-induced Sialic structure 291-2, 451, anomalous acid 198, 199, 204, 212 477,480 migration 451 acid containing Second-harmonic emission Sequence-specific glycopeptide 200 111 diagnostic marker acid content 184 Secretion 264 280 Sialidase Sedative 345, 353 Sequencing 110,450 activity 211 Sediment 646 accuracy 480 Siallyation 204 Sedimentation 270, 431 human genome 480 Sialoganglioside 592 rate 431 reaction 293, 449 Si-C Seed 592,597 Sera 492 bond 174 732 INDEX

bond-based vinyl Single-strand acetate 650 coating 179 analysis 452 borate 649 Side product 683 conformation borate buffer 149 Sieving polymorphism 451, chloride 183 matrix 294, 482 476-8 cholate 313, 556, 557 medium 9, 31, 119, 141, Single-stranded 291 cholate micelle 561,629 181,292,449, 477, DNA 62,480 deoxycholate 313, 552,558,667,669 oligo-DNA 477 372-3,630 network 457 oligonucleotide 291, deoxycholate buffer 598 polymer buffer 476 292,477 dodecyl sulfate 6, 180, polymer 77, 679 state 680 200,240,367,390, solution 293 Site-directed mutagenesis 509,517,556,596 Signal-to-noise ratio 26, 178 dodecylbenzenesulfonate 89-90,96,338 Size 240, 609, 622 554 Silane reagent 181 analysis 658 hydrogencarbonate 611 Silanized column 597 determination 466 hydrogencarbonate Silanoate 174 exclusion 277,657 buffer 611 Silanol group 2, 56, 78, chromatography 63, hydroxide 610, 611 173, 180, 181 270,614,657,667, n-Octanesulfonate 519 Silanyl moiety 213 669 phosphate 611 Silica 63 Size-based phosphate buffer 669 surface 4, 57, 174, 180, separation 240 sulfate 594 213,552 Size-exclusion 617 sulfobutylether-I3-CD Silica-solution interface chromatography 669 352 56 Sizing 455 taurodeoxycholate 372, Silicone Skin 262, 431 630 wafer 22 Skull 255 Soft drink 555, 593, 598, rubber membrane 557 Slab 609 Siloxane bond 61 disk gel Software option 680 Siloxy functionality 621 electrophoresis 76 Soil 556, 639, 646 Silver stain 173 format 449 leachate 558 Simple gel 122,141-2,181,479 Solid amine 550 gel electrophoresis 173, laser 88 inclusion 276 293, 453, 455 phase fluorescent Simplicity 342, 390 gel SDS-PAGE 245 labeling technique Simulation 275 gel-based 264 model 275 electrophoretic phase-packed column 63 Simultaneous separation 174 scintillator 150 absorbance 114 Slanted-edge 19 support 221, 229, 234 analysis 143,609 Slide-type injector 19 surface 118 immunoassay 229 Slot blot 293 Solid phase Sine-wave signal 119 Slow off rate 273 extraction 138, 221, 312, Single Sludge 639 340,391,399,417, antibody 220 Small amount injection 501,650 base mutation 456 139 immunoseparation 220 cell 411, 418 Small-bore packed capillary 21 human erythrocyte 216 capillary 125 Solubility 311,392 point mutation 451 Smooth Soluble stranded 294 muscle 262, 264 CD. 183 therapeutic oral dose muscle antispasmodic linear polymer 480 372 399 Solute 345, 357 Single base Snake 119 anion 519 deletion 478 Snap-cooling 477 capacity factor 629 mismatch DNA 478 Soap 669 zone 2 resolution 480 Sodium 499, 500, 520, 535, Solution viscosity 3,17-18 substitution 477 590,592 Solution-phase, Single-nucleotide 10-undecylenate 76, 630, immunochemical mismatch 452 647 kinetic 237 INDEX 733

Solvation 552 S-S bridge 62 specificity 223 Solvatochromic parameter SSCP 451, 476, 477, 478 Subattomole detection 88 629 analysis 452 Subcritical fluid extraction Solvent Stability 110, 301, 342, 651 evaporation 391 509, 610, 671 Subcutaneous extraction 138, 391 constant 521, 522, 523 injection 312 gradient 552 testing 334 tissue 421 refined coal 630 Stable substrate 211 Substance P 264 Solvophobic Stacking 386, 425, 434 Substituted 629 additive 631 effect 678 base 283 association 629 Staining 173, 184 phenol 557, 644, 645 Somatostatin 263 process 142 purine 283 analogue 264 step 427 Substrate 124, 207, 213, Somatotropin 317 Standard 270,436,437 Sorbate 555, 558, 591, 597, deviation 53, 193 Subtle 598 Lac I gene 477 difference 137 Sorbic acid 591, 610 Starburst, dendrimer 76 factor 314 benzoic acid 597 Starch 591, 607 Subtype 452 SOS 519 Stationary Sub-unit 181 Southern front 79 Successive run 273 analysis 453 phase 71,607 Succinate 6 blot 475 Statistical algorithm 33 Succinylation 250 blotting 476 Steady state 392 Sudan B black 436 Soybean 560 Steam distillation 645 Sugar 111,202,589,591, genotype 475 Stearic configuration 667 624 Spacer arm 223-4, 233 Step gradient filling 62 acid 555 Spacial width 25 Stepper motor 118, 125 juice 553 Spaetzle 612, 614 Stepwise fashion 517 moiety 212, 528, 596 Spatial width 25, 28 Stereogenic center 352 Sugarcane cultivar 596 Spatial-scanning Stereoisomer 339, 347, Sulfanilic acid 592 LIFD 110 360-1,372,388 Sulfate 442, 550, 559, Speciation analysis 509, Stereospecificity 425 590-1, 665-6 515 Steric Sulfated disaccharide 559 Specific factor 352 Sulfobenzoic acid 533 amino acid 445 hindrance 353 Sulfonamide 394, 550, 559, binding 219 Stevia sweetener 598 597 Specificity 211, 308, 404, Stimulant 345 Sulfonate 224, 550, 554, 647 Stoichiometric 227,273 558-60 Spectra library 86 amount 220 Sulfonated Spectral study 273 azo dye 559 analysis 614 Stoichiometry 278,310 calixarene 558 comparison 611 Stomach 264 ~-CD 357 identification 611 Stone formation 442 polystyrene 119, 669 information 86 Storage 609 reactive dye 558 Spectrophotometric condition 308 Sulfonic method 618 Straight-edge 19 acid 609, 611 property 270 Stray light 87 Sulfonyl Spermidine 347,488,499, Striatal microdialysates urea 95,550,559,597, 503 114,416-17 650 Spermine 488,499,503 Striatum 155 Sulforhodamine 88 Spherically porous particle Strong Sulfur 213 alkaline buffer 593 containing amino acid Spontaneous alkaline solution 442 extraneous injection 18 condition 618 containing compound injection 46 light source 84 488 Sport-banned drug 488 Structural 657 keratin 404 Sprite 612 information 84, 95, 96 Sulphametazine 310 Sr 421,528 sequence 657 Sulphonamide 310 734 INDEX

Sumarin 492 Tap 509,518 isothiocyanate isomer Sumatripan 312 water 597,650 R 90 Supernatant 397, 434, 438, water analysis 521 Tetramethylrhodamine 444 Taramasalata 612 isothiocyanate• Support 391 Target concentration 372 labeled DNA Suppressed Tartaric acid 534 fragment 479 conductivity Tartrate 528, 554, 590 Tetramethylrhodamine• detection 533, 555, Tartrazine 610-11,614-15 labeled 559,590,646 Taurine 416,420 antigen 223 conductometric CE 91 Taurodeoxycholate 369, synthetic disaccharide Suramin 399 372-3,630 211 Surface charge 212 Taxines 311 trisaccharide 212 Surface-bound Taxol 309,311 Tetranucleotide 477 dextran 179 Taylor-aris dispersion Tetrapeptide 263 Surface-modified 21 theory 32 Tetraphenylphosphonium Surface-to-volume ratio Tear 486, 493 ion 566 Surfactant 6, 71, 74, 183, fluid 220 salt 519 312,367,368,372-3, Tem-2-~-lactamase 309 Tetrasulfonated 390, 517, 550, 552, Temperature 4, 33, 72, 291 label Cy5.5 231 561,639,647 change 44 Textile dye 558, 649 Surfactant/mass ratio 181 control 44, 140,673,679 Thalassmia 440, 442 Sweetener 598, 607, 610, gradient programming THC-Cooh 230 612,614,616 680 THC-Cy5 231 Sweetening agent 607 Terahydrofolic acid 596 Theobromine 393 Symmetrical square• Terbium(III)-acetyl Theophylline 229, 283, wave 119 acetone 90 309,386,390,392-3, Sympathomimetic 345,347 Terbutylazine 650 421,493 drug 347 Terephthalic acid 51, 555 Theoretical Sympathomimetic 345, 347 Terminator 650 equilibrium model 72 Syn 646 Terminating plate number 86, 122, anti conformer 646 buffer 404 137,550,597,673 Synaptic constituent 12 plot 522 vesicle 420 electrolyte 535 Therapeutic Synchronized Tertiary structure 178 drug 443,488,492 cyclic CE 122 Tetraalkylammonium 75 drug level monitoring Synthesis 443 bromide 399 219,301,342,386 cationic polymer 665 salt 518 screening 486 Synthetic Tetraantennary treatment 486 chiral surfactant 376 oligosaccharide 198, 205 utility 198 color 598, 609 Tetraborate buffer 596, 610 Therapy 486, 492 dye 607, 609, 611 Tetrabutylammonium 90, Thermal material 657 310,556 coefficient 33, 453 polymer 657 bromide 519 cycling 478 sweetener 607 Tetracycline 311 diffusion 1 Systemic lupus Tetradecyltrimethyl• dissipation 1 erythematosus 431 ammonium effect 33, 50, 673, 685 bromide 519, 553-5 expansion 120, 611 Tablet 313, 612 hydroxide 554 fluctuation 34 capsule 614 Tetraheptylammonium gradient 32, 34, 294, 453 Tacrolimus 387 bromide 595 gradient peak Tagged drug 401 salt 76 broadening 479 Tamoxifen 311 Tetrahydro-cannabinol noise 97 Tandem carboxylic acid 404 Thermodynamic 509 mass spectrometric Tetrahydrofuran 561 parameter 270 condition 96 Tetraalkyl ammonium 347, Thermooptical MS 310 519 absorbance 97 repeat 454 Tetramethylrhodamine 222, Thermospray Tans epimer 316 294 ionization interface 96 INDEX 735

Thermostable Transient Trough Level 392 DNA ligase 478 temperature gradient 33 Trypsin 438 Thermostated thermal gradient 33 Trypsinogen 175 effect 34 Transition 509 Tryptic THF 561 metal ion 73, 510, 515, digest 43, 207, 263, 442 Thiazole 372 520 mapping 202 orange 212, 293 rare earth metal ion 520 peptide 200 Thin layer chromatography state 207 Tryptophan 88, 123, 156, 308,607 Translational 184, 411, 593 Thiol 232, 550, 559 sugar modification 198 enantiomer 78, 150 drug 369 Translocation 455 Tubular membrane 22 group 222 Transpeptidation reaction Tumor reducing agent 180 208 cell 438, 503 Three dimensional Transplantation 488 malignancy 438 image 125 Transport velocity 78 suppresser 477 data 611 Transverse flow 63 Tunability 87 Threonine 149,345 Trauma 434 Tunable fluorescence Throughput 121, 143, Tri-aza aromatic ligand detection 89 455-6,483 compound 373 Tungsten 669,684 Thymidylic acid 291 Triangular shape 45 source 682 Thymine 294 Triarylmethane Turbidity measurement Thyroid color 610 666 gland 255 dye 609 Turbutaline sulphate 309 stimulating hormone Triazine 566, 649 Turnover 207, 421 255,263 dye 648 Tween-20 75, 149, 264 Thyrotropin releasing Trichloroacetic acid 442 Two-dimensional imaging hormone 263 Tricine 428, 440 system 86 Thyroxine 227 Tricine-based buffer 199 Two-dye labeling 477 Ti:sapphire laser 114 Tricyclic 386, 393 Tyrosine 123, 184, 593 Tight-binding (slow-off) antidepressant 312 Tyrosine-containing system 276 Triethylamine 558 protein 88 Time Triethylenetetraamine- consuming 141,388 hexaacetic acid 520 Ubiquitous injection 18 window 514 Trimellitate 72 Ucon-coated column 290 Time-resolved fluorescence Trimethylammonium Ultracentrifugation 270, detection 88 butylsufonate 178 436 Tin 651 propylsulfonate 317 Ultradilute solution 124 Tinc-torial strength 610 Trimetoquinol 373 Ultrafiltration 421, 442, Tissue 411,417-18,420--1 hydrochloride 372 501 analysis 411 Trinitrobenzene probe 493 enzyme level 438 sulfonate 554 Ultra-high-speed analysis homogenate 438, 444 Tri-o-methyl-~-CD 650 482 sample 411 Tripeptidase 438 Ultra-high-throughput 482 Tissue-bound activity 208 Ultramicroelectrode 84, 92 cytokine 418 Triplicate 227 Ultramicrosampling 48 TLC 308,607 Tris 399, 428, 440 Ultrasensitive detection TM-~-CD 355 (hydroxymethyl) 111 Toluenesulfonic acid 559, aminomethane 34 Ultraviolet 509, 531 560 buffer 309 light absorption 104 Toluidine 645 Tris-borate 558, 594 Unbound Toothpaste 597,669 Tris-borate buffer 96, 292, non-immunoreactive Total ligand 522 664 compound 219 Toxicity 371, 492, 639 Tris-borate-EDTA Uncharged polymer 658 Toxicological study 403 buffer 666 Uncoated fused silica Toxin 499, 583, 597-8 Tris-boric acid 594 capillary 222 Transfer RNA 213 Tris-SDS mixture 183 Unconjugated Transferrin 184, 425, Triton 443, 553 antibody 247-8 430,431 Tropolone 534 cytotoxin 247--8 736 INDEX

Uncross-linked UVIVIS Viscous polyacrylamide 9, absorbance 84,86 agent 679 666 UV-transparent polymer 9 Undecylenate 630 hydrophilic polymer sample 18 Undiluted serum 223 182 Visible Uniconazole 371 absorbance 588-9 Uniformity 56 V(v) 517 blue region 88 Unreacted monomer Vacancy peak method 271 laser 111 664-5 Vaccine 317 range 533 Untreated Vacuum region 86 fused-silica capillary 175 injection 18 Visualization 587 silica capillary 665 suction 17 agent 309 Uracyl 294 Validated Visualizing agent 520 DNA glycosylase 62 assay 308 Vital constituent 609 Urea 96, 178, 199, 291, method 308 Vitamin 583, 589, 595 355,371,404,499, Validation 139,248,301-8, B12 deficiency 443 501,594 334,494 C 595,598 herbicide 75, 649 report 583 C, Bl, B3, B6, B12 595 Urea-denatured condition Valine 345,368 Volatile fatty acid 598 180 buffer 352 Voltage Uremia 499 Valproic acid 394 pre-conditioning 44 Uremic Valveless flow control 123 ramp 50,611 serum 442 Van Deemter equation Voltammetric toxin 499 32 characterization 416 Uric acid 339, 425, 442, Vanadate 533 Volumetric flow 684 499,501 Vancomycin 275 Von Willenbrand factor Uridine analog 212 Vanillymandelic acid 442 gene 475 Urinary Vaporization 5-hydroxyindole acetic solvent 95 Waldenstrom's acid 442 Variable macroglobulinemia metabolite 442 number tandem repeat 431 oxalate 442 475,477 Wall porphyrin 442 Variance 310 adsorption 45, 78 protein 431 Variant 442,452 coated capillary 669 Urine 177, 220, 229, 262, Variation 184,456 effect 403 283,353,360,371, Varietal origin 594 interaction 450, 552 393, 411, 443, 486, Various opiates 224 Wall-jet 554, 556 Vasoactive arrangement 624 cleanup 443 intestinal peptide 264, configuration 624 drug screening 386 417 Wall-jet-like protein 425 Vasodilator 313 configuration 95 Uronic acid 592, 619 Vasopressin 255,263 Warfarin 78, 342, 355, Utility 403 Vegetable 591 402 UV 394,430,509,531, Verapamil 314,342 enantiomer (SIR) 402 550,666 Vesitone 376 Washing absorbance 220,345, Vinyl powder 436 588-9 sulfonate monomer 558, process 36 absorbent 73 664 Waste water 558 absorbing ions 550 sulphonate 665 Water 556,639,646 absorption 104 Viral subtype 452 analysis 531 chromophore 318,671 Viscosity 53, 71, 182, insoluble polymer 665 detection 104,416 243,679 soluble 658, 665 laser 86, 111, 588-9 linear polyacrylamide Waveform laser induced 480 frequency 119 fluorescence 88 Viscosity-enhancing parameter 624 light 110 agent 185 Wavelength 361,392 spectrophotometer 386 Viscosity-modifying range 86 spectrum 417 component 679 selection 681, 682 INDEX 737

Weak complexing Xenon 684 Zolpidem 353 agent 520, 590 arc lamp 89 Zone Western blotting 685 gun 96 broadening 33, 92, 666 Wet chemical method 543 lamp 86 dilution 123 Wheat X-ray crystallography 178 distortion 184 bran 596 Xylidine 561 electrophoresis 21, flour 591 173 gliadin 594 Y chromosome-specific electrophoresis detector Whey 183,555 sequence 212 108 protein 178,594,598 Yag laser 125,482 length 309 White noise 86 Yellow 609 mobilization 123, 681 Whole-column detection Yield 683 movement 87 110 Yolk 598 velocity 25 Width 482 Yttrium (III) 520 Zone-broadening 84 Wild-type gene 451 Zopiclone 353 Wine 553, 555, 557, 590 Z E isomer 357 Z-shaped cell 66 Wogonin 314 Z cell 589,683 Zwitterion 3,71,78-9, Wogonin-7-o-glucuronide Zeta potential 33-4, 78, 141,178,317,427 314 119,174,552 Zwitterionic Woolfiber-method 614 Zinc 518 analyte 78 Wounding 493 complex 554 compound 248 Zirconium detergent 263 Xanthine 425, 442 ceramic sample 518