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The Fortification of Salt with Iodine, Iron, and Folic Acid

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The Fortification of Salt with Iodine, Iron, and Folic Acid The Fortification of Salt with Iodine, Iron, and Folic Acid by Elisa June Teresa McGee A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto © Copyright by Elisa June Teresa McGee 2012 The Fortification of Salt with Iodine, Iron, and Folic Acid Elisa McGee Master of Applied Science Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto 2012 Abstract Micronutrient poor diets around the globe and in particular in the developing world cause deficiencies in iron and folic acid. This may be rectified by the incorporation of these micronutrients into currently running salt iodization processes. The objective of this project was to develop folic acid and iodine spray solutions to be ready for pilot scale testing and to investigate the stability of triple fortified salt containing iodine, folic acid and microencapsulated ferrous fumarate. The optimal spray solutions were buffered to pH 9 with a carbonate/bicarbonate buffer to stabilize folic acid and contained 1%-2% w/v folic acid and 1%-3% w/v iodine (as KIO3). They remained in solution and retained ≥80% of both micronutrients after 5 months of storage at 25ºC and 45ºC. Double fortified salt produced using these spray solutions retained 100% of both folic acid and iodine over a 5 month period when stored at ambient conditions. Unfortunately triple fortified salt did not sufficiently retain the micronutrients due to excess moisture absorption and inadequate encapsulation of iron. ii Acknowledgments Firstly I would like to sincerely thank my supervisor Dr. Levente L. Diosady for giving me the opportunity to advance this project. I am very grateful for his guidance and support throughout my research. I would like to thank The Micronutrient Initiative (MI) for their financial support. I would also like to thank Dan Mathers, the supervisor of the ANALEST analytical lab at the University of Toronto, for his training and continued guidance pertaining to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). I would also like to thank him for the donation of solvents and HPLC columns. Finally, I would like to thank the members of the Food Engineering Group for warmly welcoming me into the lab, always being willing to lend their assistance, and for being wonderful co-workers and friends. I would especially like to thank Angjalie Sangakkara, Lana Kwan, and Dan Romita for their guidance on the salt fortification project and their encouragement to grow both professionally and personally. iii Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. vii List of Appendices ........................................................................................................................ ix 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 1 2 Background ................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Nutrition Intervention Programs ............................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Focus on Micronutrient Malnutrition ........................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Impact on Developing Countries .................................................................................. 4 2.2 Salt Fortification Strategy Development .................................................................................. 5 2.3 Micronutrient Deficiencies ....................................................................................................... 6 2.3.1 Iodine ............................................................................................................................ 6 2.3.2 Iron ................................................................................................................................ 8 2.3.3 Folate .......................................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Micronutrient Properties ......................................................................................................... 12 2.4.1 Iodine .......................................................................................................................... 12 2.4.2 Iron .............................................................................................................................. 13 2.4.3 Folate .......................................................................................................................... 16 2.5 Analytical Methods to Quantify Folic Acid Based on p-ABGA ............................................ 18 2.6 Salt Fortification Technologies .............................................................................................. 19 2.6.1 Iodine Salt Fortification .............................................................................................. 19 2.6.2 Iron Salt Fortification ................................................................................................. 21 2.6.3 Iodine and Iron Fortification ....................................................................................... 21 2.6.4 Iodine and Folic Acid Fortification ............................................................................ 23 2.6.5 Multiple Fortification.................................................................................................. 24 2.7 Project Objectives ................................................................................................................... 24 iv 3 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................. 26 3.1 Materials ................................................................................................................................. 26 3.2 Fortification Methods ............................................................................................................. 28 3.2.1 Buffered Spray Solution Preparation .......................................................................... 28 3.2.2 Spray Drying Microencapsulation .............................................................................. 30 3.2.3 Fortified Salt Preparation ............................................................................................ 30 3.3 Analytical Methods................................................................................................................. 31 3.3.1 Iodine Stability Testing .............................................................................................. 31 3.3.2 Iron Stability Testing .................................................................................................. 31 3.3.3 Folic Acid Stability Testing ........................................................................................ 31 3.3.4 pH Testing .................................................................................................................. 33 4 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................. 34 4.1 Folic Acid Analytical Method Development.......................................................................... 34 4.1.1 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) ................................................. 34 4.1.2 Spectrophotometry Based Coupling Method ............................................................. 35 4.1.3 Effect of Folic Acid Degradation on the SBCM ........................................................ 38 4.2 Triple Fortified Salt ................................................................................................................ 39 4.3 Double Fortified Salt .............................................................................................................. 44 4.3.1 Optimization of Spray Solution Formulations ............................................................ 44 4.3.2 Stability of Spray Solutions ........................................................................................ 46 4.3.3 Stability of Double Fortified Salt ............................................................................... 49 5 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 52 6 Recommendations..................................................................................................................... 54 8 Nomenclature ............................................................................................................................ 64 9 Appendices ..............................................................................................................................
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