A GUIDE TO THE WETLAND PLANTS OF JUG BAY By MARCY DAMON and CHRIS SWARTH JUG BAY WETLANDS SANCTUARY Comparison of three types of 'arrowhead' leaves. TABLE OF CONTENTS Seasons and Cycles of Wetland Plants .............. 2 Types of Plants ..................................................... 4 Characteristics of Wetland Plants ...................... 5 Structural Adaptations ..................................... 6 Reproductive Strategies ................................... 6 Types of Wetlands ............................................... 7 How to Use the Guide ....................................... 10 Wetland Plants ................................................... 12 Map .........................................................centerfold Table of Jug Bay Wetland Plants ...................... 32 Index .................................................................... 37 Green Arrow Arum Broadleaf Arrowhead Pickerelweed Arrow arum leaves have two, usually divergent, basal lobes opposite their broadly-tapering tips. At the end of the leaf petiole, there are Originally published April 1996, three large divergent veins—one going to each basal lobe and the third updated March 2013 by Elaine Friebele, Lindsay to the leaf tip—from which secondary veins emerge something like the teeth of a comb. Near the margins of the leaf, the secondary veins then Hollister, Chris Swarth with help from merge with one or two veins occuring paralle to the edge. Arrowhead Cynthia Bravo and Jennifer Muro lacks a single mid-vein but rather has many veins that branch out from the point where the leaf joins the stem. Pickerelweed leaves likewise have some veins originating from the distal end of the leaf petiole. However, those veins projecting downward arch concentrically into the basal lobes, then curve upward paralleling the leaf margins, and eventually end at the leaf tip. Pickerelweed also have exceptionally smooth leaves. A GUIDE TO NOTES THE WETLAND PLANTS OF JUG BAY The extensive wetlands at Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary are home to a great variety of water-loving plants. More than 150 species of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants have been identified, and more are surely to be discovered. This guide will help you learn more about these fascinating plants as you travel through the Sanctuary. A WETLAND IS. mysterious, beautiful, rich with life, muddy, exciting, and unexpected. Wetland are transitional habitats, often located between well-drained uplands and the deeper, permanent waters of rivers and bays. Most wetlands share three gen- eral characteristics: They are covered by water for all or part of the year. They possess saturated soils that are depleted of oxygen. They have specially adapted wetland plants. 1 Wetlands are also one of the most productive and ecologi- INDEX Plants, Wetland (defined) Herbaceous 5 cally complex habitats on Earth. Wetlands provide food Alder, Hazel 23 Woody 5 Poison Ivy, Eastern 27 and shelter for a myriad of wildlife and serve as nurseries Alisma subcoratum 31 Alnus serrulata 23 Polygonum artifolium 18 for fish, shellfish and birds. Wetlands are valuable for hu- Amaranthus cannabinus 30 Polygonum punctatum 24 Amaranth, Tidalmarsh Polygonum sagittatum 18 man society, too. Most of our nation’s commercial finfish (Water Hemp) 30 Pond-lily, Yellow 13 Pontederia cordata 17 and shellfish depend on estuaries and wetlands during por- Arrow Arum, Green 15 Arrowhead, Broadleaf 16 Reed, Common 29 tions of their life cycles. Wetlands hold floodwaters, help Acorus calamus 20 Rosa palustris 28 Beggartick, Smooth 24 Rosemallow, Crimsoneyed 21 trap sediments, reduce waterborne pollutants and aid in Bidens laevis 24 Rose, Swamp 28 Sagittaria latifolia 16 groundwater recharge. Let’s hear it for wetlands! Blueflag, Harlequin 25 Buttonbush, Common 27 Saururus cernuus 31 Cardinalflower 29 Skunk Cabbage 25 SEASONS AND CYCLES OF WETLAND PLANTS Cattail, Broadleaf 14 Smartweed, Dotted 24 Cattail, Narrowleaf 14 Spatterdock (Yellow Jug Bay’s wetlands undergo Cephalanthus occidentalis 27 Pond-lily) 13 Ceratophyllum demersum 22 Sweetbay (Magnolia) 23 amazing seasonal changes. In Chelone obliqua 30 Sweetflag 20 early spring the young , curled Coon’s Tail 22 Symplocarpus foetidus 25 Hamamelis virginiana 26 Tearthumb, Halberdleaf 18 leaves of Spatterdock (Yellow Hempvine, Climbing 28 Tearthumb, Arrowleaf 18 Heteranthera reniformis 26 Toxicodendron radicans 27 Pond-lily) begin poking above Hibiscus moscheutos 21 Typha angustifolia 14 the mud; they are one of the first Hydrilla verticillata 22 Typha latifolia 14 Impatiens capensis 19 Turtlehead, Red 30 signs of the marsh plant com- Iris versicolor 25 Waterplantain, American 31 Jewelweed 19 Waterthyme 22 munity coming back to life. By late spring and summer a Mudplantain, Kidneyleaf 26 Wetlands (defined) profusion of dense, almost impenetrable plant growth covers Lizard’s Tail 31 Forested Floodplain 9 Lobelia cardinalis 29 Marsh 7 the mudflats. This remarkable development during a rela- Magnolia virginiana 23 Non-tidal 9 Scrub-shrub 8 tively short growing season attests to the productivity of this Mikania scandens 29 Nuphar lutea 13 Swamp 8 ecosystem. By late summer wild rice stands 12 feet high. At Peltandra virginica 15 Wildrice, Annual 12 Phragmites australis 29 Witchhazel, American 26 the end of the growing season, in the fall and early winter, Pickerelweed 17 Zizania aquatica 12 2 37 the tremendous biomass of marsh plants dies back and un- dergoes bacterial decomposition and degradation. Fungi and sunlight also break down plant tissue. Through decomposi- tion the nutrients in the plant tissue are slowly released into the tidal waters, serving as a major energy source for the es- Tidal - Family Common Name Scientific Name tuarine and riverine ecosystem. By winter the above-ground Woodyor Herbaceous Tidal Perennial or Annual Non Typhaceae Narrowleaf Cattail Typha angustifolia P H X plant material dies back, and the wetlands are mostly barren Broadleaf Cattail Typha latifolia P H X X Hybrid Cattail Typha X glauca P H X except for stands of brown cattail stalks. Wrack (broken up Ulmaceae Common Hackberry Celtis occidentalis P W X marsh plants) piles up on shore. Seeds and rhizomes remain American Elm Ulmus americana P W X Smallspike False Net- alive but dormant in the mud—waiting for the warming tem- Urticaceae tle Boehmeria cylindrica P H X X Canadian Woodnettle Laportea canadensis P H X peratures of spring to start the cycle once again. Lesser Clearweed Pilea fontana A H X Canadian Clearweed Pilea pumila A H X Violaceae Marsh Blue Violet Viola cucullata P H X Parthenocissus quin- During the growing season, wetland plants reduce water pol- Vitaceae Virginia Creeper quefolia P H X Fox Grape Vitis labrusca P H X lution by readily taking up nutrients such as nitrogen, which enters the river from wastewater treatment plants, farm run- off, and acid precipitation. Bacteria, algae, and wetland sedi- ments also play important roles in chemically transforming Nomenclature based on USDA Natural Resources Conservation Ser- nutrient pollutants. vice Plants database, updated March 2013 This list is based on the Vascular Plants of the Jug Bay Wetlands Sanc- tuary, the Jug Bay herbarium, and information in Brown & Brown (1972) Wetlands nationwide continue to be lost to development and and Tiner (1988). Thanks to Bill Sipple, David Laughlin, and Cris Flem- ing for comments. degradation in spite of their universally recognized values. In Maryland alone, over half of the wetlands have disap- peared since colonial times. Local, state, and federal regula- tions now require all development projects that may 36 3 adversely impact wetlands to undergo an environmental Poaceae Sweet Woodreed Cinna arundinacea P H X X Deertongue Dichanthelium clandestinum P H X X review process. Coast Cockspur Grass Echinochloa walteri A H X Virginia Wildrye Elymus virginicus P H X X Rattlesnake Mannagrass Glyceria canadensis P H X X Types of Plants Fowl Mannagrass Glyceria striata P H Rice Cutgrass Leersia oryzoides P H X X The plants of freshwater tidal wetlands fall into a variety of Whitegrass Leersia virginica P H Nepalese Browntop Microstegium vimineum A H X categories. Most of the plants in the wetland are emergent Switchgrass Panicum virgatum P H X X Common Reed Phragmites australis P H X macrophytes, species that are relatively large and that Annual Wildrice Zizania aquatica A H X Polygonaceae stand above the mud or water surface. Many are perenni- Halberdleaf Tearthumb Polygonum arifolium P H X X Marshpepper Knotweed Polygonum hydropiper A H X als, which grow up every year from a rhizome Dotted Smartweed Polygonum punctatum A H X X Arrowleaf Tearthumb Polygonum sagittatum P H X X (underground storage stem) in the mud. Spatterdock and Swamp Dock Rumex verticillatus P H X Pontederiaceae Kidneyleaf Mudplantain Heteranthera reniformis P H X cattails are perennials. Many other plants are annuals, Pickerelweed Pontederia cordata P H X X Potamogetonaceae which sprout from seeds in the spring. Wild Rice and Jew- Curly Pondweed Potamogeton crispus P H X X Primulaceae Fringed Loosestrife Lysimachia ciliata P H X elweed are annuals. Ranunculaceae Littleleaf Buttercup Ranunculus abortivus P H X X Blisterwort Ranunculus recurvatus P H X X King of the Meadow Thalictrum pubescens P H X X Rosaceae Canadian Serviceberry Amelanchier canadensis P W X X Jug Bay is also home to submerged aquatic vegetation, also White Avens Geum canadense P H X Red Chokeberry Pholina pyrifolia P W X called SAVs. These threadlike, flowering plants are