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Summer 2020 Gems & Gemology SUMMER 2020 VOLUME LVI THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE GEMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Naturally Colored Yellow and Orange Diamonds New Technique for Separating Natural from Laboratory-Grown Diamond History of the Chivor Emerald Mine, Part II Optical Whitening and Brightening of Pearls Summer 2020 VOLUME 56, No. 2 EDITORIAL 193 Yellow and Orange Diamonds, New Identification Techniques, and the Chronicles of Chivor Duncan Pay FEATURE ARTICLES 194 Naturally Colored Yellow and Orange Gem Diamonds: The Nitrogen Factor Christopher M. Breeding, Sally Eaton-Magaña, and James E. Shigley Presents the four major groups of defects responsible for the color in nearly all yellow and p. 195 orange diamonds. 220 Separation of Natural from Laboratory-Grown Diamond Using Time-Gated Luminescence Imaging Colin D. McGuinness, Amber M. Wassell, Peter M.P. Lanigan, and Stephen A. Lynch Researchers from De Beers Group Technology present a technique that expands on the surface luminescence used in the DiamondView instrument to provide additional imaging information and quickly distinguish colorless or near-colorless natural diamond from laboratory-grown diamond. 230 History of the Chivor Emerald Mine, Part II (1924–1970): Between Insolvency and Viability p. 255 Karl Schmetzer, Gérard Martayan, and Andrea R. Blake Chronicles developments at the Chivor emerald mine in Colombia between 1924 and 1970, based on archival records. 258 Optical Whitening and Brightening of Pearls: A Fluorescence Spectroscopy Study Chunhui Zhou, Tsung-Han Tsai, Nicholas Sturman, Nanthaporn Nilpetploy, p. 261 Areeya Manustrong, and Kwanreun Lawanwong Presents a study that suggests optically brightened pearls can be consistently separated from non-brightened pearls using fluorescence spectroscopy. 266 Hydrogen and Oxygen Stable Isotope Ratios of Dolomite-Related Nephrite: Relevance for Its Geographic Origin and Geological Significance Kong Gao, Ting Fang, Taijin Lu, Yan Lan, Yong Zhang, Yuanyuan Wang, and Yayun Chang p. 269 Examines the effectiveness of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in discriminating dolomite- related nephrites from the four most important occurrences worldwide. REGULAR FEATURES 281 Lab Notes Cat’s-eye andradite • Quench-crackled dyed blue chalcedony resembling Larimar • Irradiated blue diamond with interesting DiamondView image • Multiple radiation stains suggest inter- p. 293 esting geological residency • Hemimorphite resembling Paraíba tourmaline • Exceptional purple Montana sapphire • Negative crystal containing a mobile CO2 bubble in blue sapphire heated with pressure • Pink Mozambique sapphire • HPHT-processed CVD lab-grown diamonds with low color grades • HPHT lab-grown pink diamond with unstable color 292 G&G Micro-World Böhmite in corundum • Chabazite in Ethiopian opal • Fluorophlogopite in Burmese spinel • Unusually shaped rutile crystal inclusions in Russian emerald • Sapphire with negative crystal containing mobile graphite daughter crystal • Windmills in rare mineral sphalerite • Trapiche-like pattern in emerald from Pakistan • Quarterly Crystal: Pyrite in quartz 298 Gem News International Purplish pink diaspore reportedly from Afghanistan • Fossil ivory update with Lee Downey • The “Fragility of the Eternal” kunzite: Origin, cutting, and identification • Petrified woods in the Russian Far East: Gemology and origin • Portrait of a Paraíba rough • “Rhodatrolite,” a new gem material from Indonesia • Field trip to Crater of Diamonds, USA • Greenish blue p. 312 glass imitating gem silica • Marble imitation of jadeite rough Editorial Staff Editor-in-Chief Editors, Lab Notes Assistant Editor Duncan Pay Thomas M. Moses Erin Hogarth gia.edu/gems-gemology Shane F. McClure Managing Editor Contributing Editors Stuart D. Overlin Editors, Micro-World Subscriptions James E. Shigley Copies of the current issue may be purchased for [email protected] Nathan Renfro Raquel Alonso-Perez $29.95 plus shipping. Subscriptions are $79.99 for one Associate Editor Elise A. Skalwold Donna Beaton year (4 issues) in the U.S. and $99.99 elsewhere. Cana- Brooke Goedert John I. Koivula dian subscribers should add GST. Discounts are avail- Editor-in-Chief Emeritus able for renewals, group subscriptions, GIA alumni, Technical Editors Editors, Gem News Alice S. Keller and current GIA students. To purchase print subscrip- Emmanuel Fritsch tions, visit store.gia.edu or contact Customer Service. Tao Z. Hsu Customer Service [email protected] Gagan Choudhary For institutional rates, contact Customer Service. Christopher M. Breeding Martha Erickson Jennifer Stone-Sundberg (760) 603-4502 Database Coverage [email protected] [email protected] Gems & Gemology’s impact factor is 1.844, accord- ing to the 2017 Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports (issued July 2018). G&G is abstracted in Production Staff Thomson Reuters products (Current Contents: Phys- ical, Chemical & Earth Sciences and Science Cita- Creative Director Photo/Video Producer Video Production tion Index—Expanded, including the Web of Faizah Bhatti Kevin Schumacher Larry Lavitt Knowledge) and other databases. For a complete list Production and Illustrator Pedro Padua of sources abstracting G&G, go to gia.edu/gems- Multimedia Specialist Russel Samson Albert Salvato gemology, and click on “Publication Information.” Juan Zanahuria Multimedia Associate Manuscript Submissions Photographer Christopher Bonine Gems & Gemology, a peer-reviewed journal, welcomes Robert Weldon the submission of articles on all aspects of the field. Please see the Author Guidelines at gia.edu/gems- gemology or contact the Managing Editor. Letters Editorial Review Board on articles published in G&G are also welcome. Please note that Field Reports, Lab Notes, Gem News Ahmadjan Abduriyim Richard W. Hughes George R. Rossman International, Micro-World, Diamonds from the Tokyo, Japan Bangkok, Thailand Pasadena, California Deep, and Charts are not peer-reviewed sections but Timothy Adams Jaroslav Hyršl Andy Shen do undergo technical and editorial review. San Diego, California Prague, Czech Republic Wuhan, China Copyright and Reprint Permission Edward W. Boehm Dorrit Jacob Guanghai Shi Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Chattanooga, Tennessee Sydney, Australia Beijing, China Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the lim- James E. Butler A.J.A. (Bram) Janse James E. Shigley its of U.S. copyright law for private use of patrons. Washington, DC Perth, Australia Carlsbad, California Instructors are permitted to reproduce isolated arti- cles and photographs/images owned by G&G for Alan T. Collins Mary L. Johnson Elisabeth Strack noncommercial classroom use without fee. Use of London, UK San Diego, California Hamburg, Germany photographs/images under copyright by external par- Sally Eaton-Magaña Stefanos Karampelas Nicholas Sturman ties is prohibited without the express permission of Carlsbad, California Basel, Switzerland Bangkok, Thailand the photographer or owner of the image, as listed in the credits. For other copying, reprint, or republica- John L. Emmett Lore Kiefert Fanus Viljoen tion permission, please contact the Managing Editor. Brush Prairie, Washington Lucerne, Switzerland Johannesburg, Gems & Gemology is published quarterly by the South Africa Emmanuel Fritsch Ren Lu Gemological Institute of America, a nonprofit educa- Nantes, France Wuhan, China Wuyi Wang tional organization for the gem and jewelry industry. New York, New York Eloïse Gaillou Thomas M. Moses Postmaster: Return undeliverable copies of Gems & Paris, France New York, New York Christopher M. Welbourn Gemology to GIA, The Robert Mouawad Campus, Al Gilbertson Aaron Palke Reading, UK 5345 Armada Drive, Carlsbad, CA 92008. Carlsbad, California Carlsbad, California Chunhui Zhou Our Canadian goods and service registration number is 126142892RT. Gaston Giuliani Ilene Reinitz New York, New York Nancy, France Chicago, Illinois J.C. (Hanco) Zwaan Any opinions expressed in signed articles are under- Leiden, The Netherlands stood to be opinions of the authors and not of the Lee A. Groat Nathan Renfro publisher. Vancouver, Canada Carlsbad, California Yunbin Guan Benjamin Rondeau Pasadena, California Nantes, France About the Cover Naturally yellow and orange diamonds, both of which are colored by nitrogen defects, are the subject of the lead article in this issue. Orange diamonds are a rarity of nature, ranging from subtle hues to vivid intensities of color. The rectangular diamond shown on the cover has a Fancy Vivid orange color and weighs 1.32 ct. The oval is a Fancy pinkish orange, internally flawless diamond weighing 2.48 ct. Photo by Robert Weldon/GIA; courtesy of Christian Tse. Printing is by L+L Printers, Carlsbad, CA. GIA World Headquarters The Robert Mouawad Campus 5345 Armada Drive Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA © 2020 Gemological Institute of America All rights reserved. ISSN 0016-626X Yellow and Orange Diamonds, New Identification Techniques, and the Chronicles of Chivor Welcome to the Summer Gems & Gemology! This issue is packed with informative contents, including the characteristics of yellow and orange diamonds, new gem identification techniques, and the colorful history of the Chivor emerald mine. In the world of fancy-color diamonds, yellow diamonds are by far the most common while those with an unmodified orange hue are among the very rarest (kudos to Robert Weldon for capturing them on the cover). Both yellow and orange diamonds owe their color to “In the world of fancy-color diamonds, nitrogen-related defects. In the lead yellow diamonds are by far the most article, a GIA team
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