JOURNAL of INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH for MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 2.417, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 2, March 2016
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JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 2.417, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 2, March 2016 DELINEATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES IN MYSURU DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA USING GEOINFORMATICS TECHNIQUE VAHID SHARIFI 1 SRIKANTASWAMY. S 1 MANJUNATHA M.C 2 BASAVARAJAPPA H.T 2 1Department of Studies in Environmental Science, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka, India 2Department of Studies in Earth Science, Centre for Advanced Studies in Precambrian Geology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India ABSTRACT Water is one of the main natural resources that essential for human’s daily life, domestic, industrial and other various fields. This needs periodic assessing and monitoring for its sustainability. Mapping and integration of lithology, geomorphology, drainage, lineament, soil, slope, land use/land cover and other related features had carried out in Southern tip of Karnataka State using GIS techniques in assessing the groundwater prospect zones. The present study aims to predict the good, moderate, poor and very poor groundwater prospects zones using water level measured in available dug/bore wells of the study area collected during the year 2014. Each lithological units and geomorphological landforms are mapped during limited field visits and digitized using Visual Image Interpretation (VIIT) and Digital Image Processing (DIP) on Satellite Remote Sensing data through GIS’s software. The final results highlight the potentiality of GIS application in mapping of groundwater prospect zones and its periodic monitoring and exploration in Southern tip of Karnataka State. KEYWORDS: Groundwater Prospect Zones; Mysuru District; Geoinformatics. 1. INTRODUCTION Groundwater is one of the most vital natural resources and the largest available source of fresh water (Neelakantan and Yuvaraj., 2012; Kumar., 2013). Over exploitation and large withdrawal of groundwater resources imposes stress on groundwater regime distorting the aquifer recharge-withdrawal equilibrium and majorly affecting the ecological imbalance (Garg, 1976). The groundwater prospecting especially in hard rock terrains requires thorough understanding of geology, geomorphology and lineaments of an area, which are directly controlled by the terrain characteristics such as weathering grade, fracture extent, permeability, slope, drainage pattern, landforms, land use/land cover and climate (Lokesha et 315 www.jiarm.com JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 2.417, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 2, March 2016 al., 2005). Geomorphology controls the subsurface movement of groundwater resources at many locations and this can be utilized for management of groundwater resources (Valliammai et al., 2013). Lithology affects the groundwater recharge by controlling the percolation of water flow in the study area (El-Baz and Himida., 1995). Geoinformatics technique has emerged as a powerful tool for better delineation of groundwater prospect zones using subsurface water level and correlation by integrating the multi thematic layers of the study area (Carver., 1991; Goyal, et al., 1999). 2. STUDY AREA The study area lies in between 11 044’ to 12 039’ N latitudes and 75 054’ to 77 008’ E longitudes covering an area of 6316.05 Km 2 in Southern tip of Karnataka. The district is divided into seven taluks namely Mysuru, Hunasuru, Krishna Raja Nagara, Piriyapatna, Heggadadevana Kote, Nanjanagudu and Thirumalakudalu Narsipura (Fig.1). The general elevation in the district ranges from 700-800 m above MSL except for the denudational hills and ridges. Average annual rainfall is 776 mm (2012) and temperature ranges from 18 0 to 38 0C. The climate is semi-arid and undulating plains, valleys and hillocks in the area represent the topography. Relative humidity ranges from 21 to 84% while wind speed ranges from 7.9 (during October) to 14.1 Kmph (during July). Annual potential evapo-transpiration is 1533.5 mm (CGWB., 2012). FFig.1. Location map of the study area 316 www.jiarm.com JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 2.417, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 2, March 2016 Fig.2. Observation Well points map of the study area 3. Materials and Methods i. Collection of Groundwater level data: Subsurface water level data has been collected as secondary data (Zilla Panchayat, Mysuru) for the year 2014. ii. Satellite data: Landsat-8; ASTER G-DEM and Google Earth Image. iii. Thematic maps: Single theme maps have been generated such as Google Earth map, Observation well point, Lithology, Geomorphology, Drainage, Lineament, Soil, Slope, Land use/land cover, Integration and final Groundwater prospect map (2014). iv. GIS software: ArcGIS v10.2 and PCI Geomatica v2012. v. GPS: Limited Ground Truth Check (GTC) has been carried out using a handheld GPS (Garmin 12) to check the conditions of drainage, lineament, soil, slope categories and land use/land cover patterns. Fig.3. Landsat-8 Image of the study area 317 www.jiarm.com JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 2.417, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 2, March 2016 Fig.4. Google Earth Image of the Study Area 4. Results and Discussion 4.a Lithology: Geologically, the district is mainly composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks of Precambrian age either exposed at the surface or covered with a thin mantle of residual and transported soils. The rock formation in the district falls into two groups, charnockite series, granite gneiss and gneissic complex (Basavarajappa et al ., 2012). Pegmatite veins and dolerite dykes are common intrusive in the study area. The low-lying areas are covered by a thick mantle of fertile soil, while, the elevated portions and hills are capped by laterite (CGWB., 2009). Chamundi granite is one of the batholiths observed within the city limits of Mysuru (Basavarajappa et al., 2012). Dolerites are in large numbers to the west of Hunsur and Gundlupet taluks. The Sargur schist belt in H. D. Kote taluk extends from Sargur to Mysore city for about 40 km (Basavarajappa et al., 2012) comprising the complex series of meta sediments and basic igneous rocks. 318 www.jiarm.com JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 2.417, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 2, March 2016 Fig.5. lithology map of the study area 4.b Physiography Mullur betta noticed with an elevation of 3150 m above MSL falls in the area. Hekkan betta (3732 m) of the Naganpur Reserved Forest; Shigebetta (3724 m) of the Ainurmarigudi Reserved Forest and Jainbaribetta (3231m) of the Bedrampadi reserved forest mark the water divide making the southern boundary of H.D Kote taluk (Basavarajappa et al., 2012; CGWB., 2012). The South Western parts of the district falls under semi-malnad category with elevation ranging from 2,200 to 3,150 m above MSL, where as the general elevation of uplands is noticed as 700-900 m. 4.c Geomorphology Geomorphological process is generally complex and reflect interrelationship among the variables such as climate, geology, soil and vegetation (Buol., 1973). Geomorphologically, the district is classified as denudational uplands covering upto 85 to 90% of an area; while the next important geomorphological unit is noticed as older flood plains mainly observed in H.D Kote and parts of Mysore taluks. The third important units are the ridges and valleys which are mainly restricted to Nanjangud, H.D Kote and North Western parts of Mysore taluks. Flat valleys are not very common except for isolated appearances. However, the H.D Kote taluk in the southern parts of the district has higher elevation ranging from 2200-3150 m above MSL (Pushpavathi., 2011). 319 www.jiarm.com JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 2.417, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 2, March 2016 Fig.6. Geomorphology map of the study area 4.d Drainage: The drainage pattern of the study area was digitized using ASTER GDEM of 30m resolution; each tanks, ponds, streams, lakes and rivers were identified and digitized. Identification of stream pattern studies help in interpreting many geological features (Basavarajappa et al., 2012) in water resources management and groundwater studies (Anil Kumar Misra ., 2011). Drainage pattern refers to spatial relationship among streams or rivers, which may be influenced in their erosion by inequalities of slope, soils, rock resistance, structure and geological history of a region. Fig.7. Drainage map of the study area The study area is endowed with five perennial rivers namely East flowing Cauvery, Kabini, Nugu, Gundal and Lakshmanthirtha draining major part within the district 320 www.jiarm.com JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 2.417, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 4, Issue 2, March 2016 (Basavarajappa et al., 2012; CGWB., 2009). The main Cauvery River flows from west to east in the northern parts of the district till its confluence Kabini River at T.Narsipura taluk. Drainage pattern is dendritic to sub-dendritic controlled by fractures, joints & lineaments parallel to sub-Parallel drainage pattern is also developed at few places (Basavarajappa et al., 2012; CGWB., 2009). 4.e Lineament: A lineament is a linear feature of structural, lithological, vegetation, drainage anomalies which represents the underlying geological structure (Basavarajappa et al., 2012). In hard rock terrain; lineaments & fractures act as master conduits in occurrence, movement and storage of groundwater (Ramasamy, et al., 2005, Subash Chandra et al. , 2010). The study area is traversed by 3 sets of joints-trending in N-S, NE-SW and E-W direction. There are 4 sets of lineaments in the study area trending in NNE-SSW, NNW-SSE, NE-SW & E-W (Basavarajappa et al., 2012; 2013; CGWB., 2009). A large part of Talakadu is covered by sand dunes in the river bank due to fault running through the river Cauvery (Valdiya, 2008). Fig.8. lineament map of the study area 4.f Soil: Soil is the essential unit in controlling the infiltration of rainwater and surface flow patterns (Basavarajappa et al., 2012). The soil types of the district are grouped into three viz., the red sandy soils, red loamy soils and deep black soils.