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Cunninghamella Elegans UCP 542 As an Alternative Biosorbent: Effects of Ph, Pre-Treatment and Dye Concentration on Reactive Black B Removal

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Cunninghamella Elegans UCP 542 As an Alternative Biosorbent: Effects of Ph, Pre-Treatment and Dye Concentration on Reactive Black B Removal Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(8): 167-182 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 8 (2015) pp. 167-182 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Cunninghamella elegans UCP 542 as an Alternative Biosorbent: Effects of pH, Pre-Treatment and Dye Concentration on Reactive Black B Removal Maria Helena M. Estevam Alves1,4, Marcos L. Cavalcanti14, Layla C. Mahnke2,4, José Henrique E. S. Freitas3,4, Keissy V. Santana1,4, Galba M. Campos-Takaki4* and Aline E. Nascimento4* 1Master in Development of Environmental Processes, Catholic University of Pernambuco, 50.050-590 Recife - Pernambuco, Brazil 2Center of Biological Sciences Biological Sciences Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-420 Recife - Pernamcubo, Brazil 3Department of Biochemistry Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-420 Recife - Pernambuco, Brazil 4Nucleus of Research in Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Pernambuco, 50.050-590 Recife - PE, Brazil *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T This study was carried out to evaluate biosorbents obtained by Cunninghamella K e y w o r d s elegans biomass with different physico-chemical treatments and its efficiency to remove Reactive Black (B) from aqueous solutions. The pH, dye concentration and Cunninghamella morphology were evaluated, and then, compared to activated charcoal. The pH was elegans, a crucial parameter in the process. Biomass treated with NaCl, NaOH, NaHCO Reactive Black, 3 and autoclaved determined highest percentages of decolourisation and removal Biosorbents, efficiency of the dye. The morphologic analysis revealed changes induced by the Pretreatment treatments. The assays showed that the biosorbents of C. elegans biomass were capable to remove reactive dyes like Reactive Black (B). Introduction A combination of environmental pressures gases in receiving bodies and change the and the need for low cost process makes the processes of photosynthesis. These treatment of textile industry wastewater molecules exhibit high toxicity, and are represents business opportunities associated mostly considered carcinogenic and with the scientific challenge. Among the mutagenic (Aksu, 2005; Al-Degs et al., compounds present in the effluent, the dyes 2007). containing azo groups are the most important class of substances which promote In this sense, through environmental color. These contaminants can affect the biotechnology, there are numerous studies transparency of the water, the solubility of that indicate wide variety of microorganisms 167 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(8): 167-182 as fundamental tools in environmental Materials and Methods remediation of aromatic compounds, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Microorganism oil and dyes. The main incentives for industrial-scale biosorption are high The strain of Cunninghamella elegans (UCP selectivity, efficiency and effectiveness of 542) was obtained from the Culture removal, the possibility of regeneration, low Collection of the Nucleus of Research in cost and availability of equipment with Environmental Sciences and Biotecnology conventional costs (Anjaneya et al., 2009). Catholic University of Pernambuco Brazil and registered in the World Federation Azo dyes are characterized by one or more Culture Collection (WFCC). The strain was groups -N=N- attached to aromatic systems. maintained in Synthetic Medium for Reactive dyes have this name due to its Mucoralean (SMM) at 5°C. ability to form covalent bonds with fiber. They can be used for dyeing cellulosic fibers Growth and production of biomass with good dyeing characteristics, strength and chemical stability. The azo dye Reactive The isolate was inoculated in SMM medium Black (B) represents one of the most dyes (Synthetic Medium for Mucoralean - used in the textile industry today (Anjaneya Hesseltine and Anderson (1957) Solid, pH et al., 2009; Aksu and Balibek, 2010). 5.3, temperature 28°C. A pre-inoculum was made containing 105 spores per ml, with 50 Microbial surfaces have different functional ml of this solution was inoculated in 500 ml groups, which are responsible for the of liquid medium SMM. Cultures were kidnapping of hazardous compounds present incubated at 28°C on an orbital shaker at in industrial effluents. Cunninghamella 150 rpm shaken for 15 days for biomass elegans is a filamentous fungus which has production. been used as a model for microbial metabolism of xenobiotics in mammals Preparation of Reactive Black B solution (Abourashed et al., 1999; Aksu, 2005) as well for the biodegradation of chemical A stock solution of the azo dye Remazol environmentally relevant. Their biomass can Black (B) was prepared at a concentration of be produced from low cost manner, using 100 mg/L. Dilutions were made for the simple fermentation techniques or obtained respective final concentrations to 5 mg/L, 10 as a waste of many industrial fermentation mg/L, 20 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 40 mg/L and 50 processes and can be widely used for mg/L. biosorption of anionic and cationic dyes (Ambrósio and Campos-Takaki, 2004; Aksu Preparation of biomass for removal tests and Balibek, 2010). A portion of the washed mass was used as Based on the ability of biosorption of C. live biosorbent (Type I - control) to remove elegans UCP 542 in the removal of dyes, the dye from the solution. The rest of the already reported, the present study aimed to produced biomass was pretreated with six investigate the influence of physical- different methods as follows: chemical treatment, dye concentration and pH on the potential of fungi as biosorbent, (I) 0.1M H2SO4, (II) 0.2M HCl, (III) 0.1M low cost removal of reactive commercial NaOH (IV) 0.1M NaHCO3, (V) 0.1M NaCl, Reactive Black B in aqueous solution. (VI) Autoclaving at 121°C and 18 PSI. 168 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(8): 167-182 The biomass after each chemical after the treatments (Kalme et al., 2006; pretreatment was washed until the pH of the Maurya et al. 2006). washing solution reach a neutral range. Finally, the biomass was filtered and dried at Determination of discoloration temperature of 50°C ± 5°C for 2 h. After percentage, removal efficiency and this time the masses were used as biological relation of dye concentration adsorbed by sorbents for the removal and discoloration biomass assays using 200 mg of living biomass and treated. The filtrate was analyzed for residual dye concentration to determine the discoloration Determination of pH effect and dye percentage, and the mass of dye adsorbed to concentration biomass was calculated by the equation: Studies were conducted to determine the Discoloration percentage (Discoloration %) influence of pH and dye concentration in the removal process. Aqueous solutions of the (Eq. 1) same initial concentration of Remazol Black (B) dye (30 mg/L) were prepared and adjusted to pH 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 by addition ABSi Initial absorbance of hydrochloric acid (1N HCl) or sodium ABSf Final absorbance hydroxide (1N NaOH) were added 125mL Removal Efficiency (R) of the dye solution in 250mL Erlenmeyer flask, which was placed in contact with 0.2 g (Eq. 2) of biosorbent subjected to chemical and Co Initial concentration physical treatments under controlled Cf Final concentration temperature of 28°C in a shaker (Marconi Dye adsorbed by Biomass (q) MA-184) to 150 rpm for a period of 18 hours. The same process was performed at (Eq. 3) different initial dye concentrations (5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 20 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 40 mg/L and Co Initial concentration M adsorbent 50 mg/L) with the pH set at 3. The material mass was filtered separating the biomass for Cf Final concentration V - Solution structural analysis and the filtrate was volume analyzed for residual dye concentration by UV/VIS spectrophotometry with the Activated charcoal adsorption assay wavelength of 600 nm. All the experimental tests were carried out in triplicate. Through The powdered activated charcoal PAC, the absorbance readings of each supernatant used in the study was supplied by Sigma solution, was estimated the percentage of Aldrich inc. The powder was used in a discoloration by biomass. From this comparative study conducted at 150 rpm at a preliminary observation, was established a temperature of 28°C for 18 hours. A mass of mathematical relation between the 0.2 g AC corresponding was added in discoloration and biosorption (Cripps et al., Erlenmeyer flask containing 125 ml of dye 1990), widely used in studies of solution at concentrations of 5 mg/L, discoloration of azo dyes recently, through 10mg/L, 20mg/L, 30mg/L, 40mg/L, 50mg/L which it was possible to calculate the was used with values corresponding pH percentage of discoloration of the samples from 3 to 8. All tests were performed in 169 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(8): 167-182 triplicate, the final dye concentrations were has a significant impact on the efficiency of determined by spectrophotometric reading at dye removal by biomass. The efficiency also a wavelength of 600 nm using a UV/VIS decreases with increasing pH of the solution. spectrophotometer. Keum et al. (2006) analyzed the removal of Ultrastructural and morphological the indigo carmine dye as an adsorbent analysis using dead fungal biomass of Aspergillus niger in nature and could observe that the The samples collected at intervals quoted are adsorption kinetics for biomass is favored in subject to routine method described by De acidic range around from 4.0 to 5.0. Souza, (2000) using SEM JEOL 5600LV Vijayaraghavan and Yun (2007) reported scanning electron microscopy. For the that extremely acidic conditions are favor morphological analysis of samples isolated for the biosorption of reactive dyes and also subjected to various treatments will be important for biosorption by microbial deposited directly on the surface of glass biomass. The pH of a dye solution plays an slides and were viewed under a microscope important role in the biosorption process, NIKON Model Alphaphot 2 Y52.
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