DOCSLIB.ORG

Energy Management : Technological, Environmental and Economical

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Energy Management : Technological, Environmental and Economical ENERGY MANAGEMENT: TECHNOLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE OPERATING REGIME AT MAJUBA POWER STATION by LAURENCE CORNELIUS GREYVENSTEIN for the degree MAGISTER INGENERIAE in ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT at the RAND AFRIKAANS UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR: PROF. L PRETORIUS NOVEMBER 1997 2 "It is not so very difficult to predict the future. It is only pointless ....What is always far more important are fundamental changes that happened though no one predicted them or could have possibly have predicted them." Peter Drucker CONTENTS Chapter Topic Page i. Opsomming 4 ii Abstract 6 iii Definitions 8 1 Introduction 9 Technology for energy management 14 Economic forces in energy management 32 Energy management and the environment 47 Recommendations 56 A Case study 60 Conclusion 74 References 77 4 i. OPSOMMING Suid Afrika staan vandag voor groot uitdagings rakende ekonomiese groei. In 'n verslag waarin vyftig lande se ekonomiese en politieke mededingingheid gemeet is, behaal Suid Afrika die sewe en veertigste posisie. Die land se grootste speler in die energiebedryf het besluit om hierdie uitdaaging die hoof te bied, met die visie "om die wereld se goedkoopste elektrisiteit to verskaf vir groei en vooruitgang". Kragstasies in Eskom ding mee teen mekaar om elektrisiteit aan die netwerk te verkoop. Majuba kragstasie is huidiglik die duurste elektrisiteitsvoorsiener in die Suid Afrikaanse netwerk. Die bestuur en personeel van Majuba is genoodsaak om vindingryke strategied aan die dag te le om oorlewing in hierdie kompeteerende mark te verseker. Dit is nie nodig om in 'n kristalbal te staar om te besef dat streng wetgewing binnekort ingestel sal word om atmosferiese besoedeling te bekamp. Die huidige elektrifiserings projekte sal die laspatroon van daaglikse energiegebruik beinvloed. Arbeidskoste en inflasie het skerp gestyg die afgelope tyd en verdere stygings is te verwagte. Dit is noodsaaklik om te weet wat die invloed wat al hierdie faktore op die Suid Afrikaanse kragindustrie sal he. Majuba moet instaat wees om hierdie veranderinge te identifiseer en aksieplanne in pick he om al die geleenthede wat in hierdie uitdagings le te benut. Hierdie werk ondersoek die tipes aanlegte wat volgens literatuur gebruik word om die daaglikse energie aanvraag te bevredig. Dit word dan vergelyk met die tipe aanlegte wat in Suid Afrika gebruik word. Dit lei tot die gevolgtrekking dat die geinstalleerde aanlegte in Suid Afrika the behoorlik toegerus is om effektief die daaglikse las patroon te bevredig the. 5 `n Gevalle studie word gedoen op Majuba kragstasie wat sedert Desember 1996 in 'n twee skof opset bedryf word. Dit behels dat 'n eenheid aangeskakel word om teen die oggend piek aanvraag op vol wag to wees en dan weer na die aand piek afgeskakel word. Dit word ook getoon dat die soon bedryf winsgewend is vir 'n relatief duur kragontwikkeling aanleg. 6 ii. ABSTRACT In a country that ranks forty seventh on a list of fifty countries in a world competitive survey economic growth should be a high priority in South Africa. The main player in South Africa's energy industry took up the gauntlet and is moving to economic growth with the vision 'to provide the world's cheapest electricity for growth and prosperity." Competition was introduced among the electricity producers by a process called trading and brokering. Majuba power station, the most expensive electricity producer on the South African grid, was left out in the cold. Management of Majuba is challenged to derive resourceful strategies to ensure sustained profitability. These strategies will require a study into world trends to enable them to be more competitive. Crystal ball gazing is not needed to know that major restrictions on pollution of the atmosphere by industry will be curbed by stringent legislation. The current electrification programme in South Africa is bound to impact the shape of the daily load curve. Labour cost and the rate of inflation have been increasing and can be expected to keep on rising in the foreseeable future. It is important to know what macro effect these factors will have on the South African power industry. Majuba must be able to identify the changes lurking on the horizon and have contingency plans in place to meet these challenges. In this work different types of plant needed to meet the daily load demand are researched from literature. It is then compared to the types of plant installed in South Africa. This leads to the conclusion that the installed plant in South Africa is not sufficient to meet the daily demand effectively. 7 A case study is done on Majuba Power Station that has been operating in a two shifting mode since December 1996. This means that the units is started every day to be on full load in time for morning peak and then shut down after evening peak. It is also shown that this mode of operation is proffitable for a relatively expensive power generator. 8 DEFINITIONS Load Factor This is a term that describes the percentage of the time that a particular electricity generating unit will produce energy. It is calculated from the total time producing Availability In a time period usually a year, a unit is able to produce electricity. The percentage of time the unit produces electricity is the availibility. A unit will be unable to produce electricity for planned maintenance periods and periods of unplanned break downs. These periods will decrease the availibility. Reliability The reliability of a unit depends on the reliability of all its components. Reliability is an indication of the time a unit can run without a failure that would result in a load loss and therefore inversely proportional to failure rate. Thermal efficiency The fuel used in electricity generation has a certain energy value or calorific value. The thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy produced from the fuel to the energy supplied by the fuel. Supply side Every electric utility has a mix of electricity generating units. These units are dispatched to meet the energy demand. All the units in a power system is reffered to as the supply side. Demand side Electricity is supplied to a wide range of consumers. These include domestic, commercial and industrial consumers. Combined they are reffered to as the demand side. Utility A single company that owns a number of power generating facilities in an electrical system is called an utility. Power plant A single electricity generating facility is a power plant. Power plants can consist of more than one electricity generating units. 9 CHAPTER 1 . INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Modern man depends on energy. As technology evolves the need for energy increases dramatically. It is known that energy consumption increased exponentially after the Second World War. This increase in demand creates forces for more reliable and economical energy supply. The power industry is not only affected by the economic climate, but can also play a roll to influence it. A competitiveness survey conducted by IMD, Lusanne on forty six countries [1] shows that South Africa is currently ranked at forty four. This ranking did not change much since 1993, when South Africa was ranked at forty three. The ranking is determined by comparing 244 criteria in eight categories which are internationalisation, domestic economy, government, finance, infrastructure, management, science and technology and people. Two reasons can be singled out for the level of competitiveness not improving. These are science and technology and finance. The South African science and technology ranking dropped from 29 in 1993 to 40 in 1997. The finance ranking dropped from 23 to 36 in the same period. A significant improvement was seen in the government category where the ranking improved from 43 in 1993 to 34 in 1997, due to the first democratic elections held in 1994. It can be derived that the efforts of the South African government does concentrate on the development of technology and improvement of the economy. Herein lies a challenge for business and industry. 10 1.2 Eskom's contribution to economic growth Eskom, South Africa's major energy supplier, takes a step towards addressing this need through the vision: "To supply the world's lowest cost electricity for growth and prosperity " [2]. The commitment of management to this vision puts the management and personnel of Eskom power stations under a constant pressure to achieve their goals. A corporate philosophy of trading and brokering was introduced in 1996. This system is used to determine which units will be called upon to export electricity to the national grid. Every power station enters a bid for a specific generating unit to produce energy at a certain price for a certain period of the day. The number of generating units required to meet the forecasted demand is determined. The prices in the bid will determine which generating units will be called up to generate energy for the following day. Power stations with a lower production cost will be preferred for loading and the more expensive units will only be used when the demand for electricity is high and when the cheaper generating units are unavailable. 1.3 Majuba' situation Majuba Power Station is the last coal fired, six pack power station in Eskom's current expansion plan. It is situated near Volksrust in the south of Mpumulanga. Construction at the Majuba site started in September 1983. After many deferments, Unit 1 went on commercial load on 1 April 1996. An additional unit is scheduled to go on commercial load every April until unit six in 2001 [3]. Majuba is one of South Africa's largest capital 1 1 projects to date, at an estimated cost-to-completion of R12,5-billion [4]. The production cost of Majuba Power Station is almost three times higher than the current cheapest station on the national grid.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Developing Energy Landscape in South Africa: Technical Report
    The developing energy landscape in South Africa: Technical Report RESEARCH REPORT SERIES RESEARCH REPORT The developing energy landscape in South Africa: Technical Report OCTOBER 2017 Energy Research Centre, CSIR, and IFPRI The developing energy landscape in South Africa: Technical Report Suggested citation for this report: ERC, CSIR and IFPRI. 2017. The developing energy landscape in South Africa: Technical Report. Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town October 2017. Authors: ERC: Gregory Ireland, Faaiqa Hartley, Bruno Merven, Jesse Burton, Fadiel Ahjum, Bryce McCall and Tara Caetano. CSIR: Jarrad Wright IFPRI: Channing Arndt Energy Research Centre University of Cape Town Private Bag X3 Rondebosch 7701 South Africa Tel: +27 (0)21 650 2521 Fax: +27 (0)21 650 2830 Email: erc@erc.uct.ac.za Website: www.erc.uct.ac.za Energy Research Centre, CSIR, and IFPRI The developing energy landscape in South Africa: Technical Report Contents Executive summary ............................................................................................................ 4 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 6 2. Global renewable technology trends ......................................................................... 9 2.1 The implications for climate change mitigation .................................................................... 12 3. South African Energy Context ...............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Written Statement of Mxolisi Mgojo, the Chief Executive Officer Of
    1 PUBLIC ENTERPRISES PORTFOLIO COMMITTEE INQUIRY INTO ESKOM, TRANSNET AND DENEL WRITTEN STATEMENT OF MXOLISI MGOJO, THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER OF EXXARO RESOURCES LIMITED INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 2 COST-PLUS MINES VERSUS COMMERCIAL MINES .......................................... 5 THE SO-CALLED “PRE-PAYMENT” FOR COAL ................................................. 9 PREJUDICE TO EXXARO’S COST-PLUS MINES AND MAFUBE ..................... 11 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 11 Arnot mine ............................................................................................................. 12 Eskom’s failure to fund land acquisition ................................................................. 12 Non-funding of operational capital at Arnot ............................................................ 14 The termination of Arnot’s CSA .............................................................................. 15 Conclusion of the Arnot matters ............................................................................. 19 Mafube mine.......................................................................................................... 19 Matla mine ............................................................................................................. 21 Non-funding of capital of R1.8 billion for mine 1 ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of South African Coal: Market, Investment, and Policy Challenges
    PROGRAM ON ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Working Paper #100 January 2011 THE FUTURE OF SOUTH AFRICAN COAL: MARKET, INVESTMENT, AND POLICY CHALLENGES ANTON EBERHARD FREEMAN SPOGLI INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FREEMAN SPOGLI INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES About the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development The Program on Energy and Sustainable Development (PESD) is an international, interdisciplinary program that studies how institutions shape patterns of energy production and use, in turn affecting human welfare and environmental quality. Economic and political incentives and pre-existing legal frameworks and regulatory processes all play crucial roles in determining what technologies and policies are chosen to address current and future energy and environmental challenges. PESD research examines issues including: 1) effective policies for addressing climate change, 2) the role of national oil companies in the world oil market, 3) the emerging global coal market, 4) the world natural gas market with a focus on the impact of unconventional sources, 5) business models for carbon capture and storage, 6) adaptation of wholesale electricity markets to support a low-carbon future, 7) global power sector reform, and 8) how modern energy services can be supplied sustainably to the world’s poorest regions. The Program is part of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University. PESD gratefully acknowledges substantial core funding from BP and EPRI. Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Encina Hall East, Room E415 Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6055 http://pesd.stanford.edu About the Author Anton Eberhard leads the Management Programme in Infrastructure Reform and Regulation at the University of Cape Town Graduate School of Business.
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Energy Choices and Their Water Requirements in South Africa
    Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 26(4): 80–92 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i4a2241 Renewable energy choices and their water requirements in South Africa Debbie Sparks Amos Madhlopa Samantha Keen Mascha Moorlach Anthony Dane Pieter Krog Thuli Dlamini Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Abstract tive of this study was to investigate and review South Africa is an arid country, where water supply renewable energy choices and water requirements is often obtained from a distant source. There is in South Africa. Data were acquired through a com- increasing pressure on the limited water resources bination of a desktop study and expert interviews. due to economic and population growth, with a Water withdrawal and consumption levels at a given concomitant increase in the energy requirement for stage of energy production were investigated. Most water production. This problem will be exacerbated of the data was collected from secondary sources. by the onset of climate change. Recently, there have Results show that there is limited data on all aspects been concerns about negative impacts arising from of water usage in the production chain of energy, the exploitation of energy resources. In particular, accounting in part for the significant variations in the burning of fossil fuels is significantly contributing the values of water intensity that are reported in the to climate change through the emission of carbon literature. It is vital to take into account all aspects of dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. In addition, fossil the energy life cycle to enable isolation of stages fuels are being depleted, and contributing to where significant amounts of water are used.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae Malcolm Roods Market Segment Leader Transport and Planning
    Curriculum Vitae Malcolm Roods Market Segment Leader Transport and Planning T: +27117986000 F: +27117986005 Email: malcolm.roods@rhdhv.com Malcolm Roods is a Principal with RHDHV Nationality specializing in Environmental Impact Assessments South African (EIA) for electricity supply (generation, transmission and distribution), road infrastructure, residential Years of Experience developments as well as water management 15 year(s) projects. This builds on a broad government background, which has made him particularly Years with Royal HaskoningDHV flexible. His past experience include 6 years public 8 year(s) service which included policy development, environmental law reform and EIA reviews. His Professional memberships experience also includes more than 5 years of Environmental Assessment Practitioners of SA environmental consulting in the field of Impact Assessment and Authorisation Applications, with a Qualifications focus on legislative requirements and business 2000 BA (Hons) Geography and Environmental Management, management. Potchefstroom University, South Africa Since joining the company he has been involved with major EIA projects such as the Transnet New 1999 BA Public and Private Sector, Potchefstroom University, Multi Product Pipeline (NMPP), various Rand Water South Africa Pipeline projects, numerous Eskom Research, Generation, Transmission and Distribution projects, 1997 Higher Education Diploma Intermediate Phase, as well as undertook Independent Reviews of the Potchefstroom University, South Africa EIA process for the National
    [Show full text]
  • China's Involvement in South Africa's Wind and Solar PV Industries
    WORKING PAPER NO. 15 NOV 2017 China's involvement in South Africa's wind and solar PV industries Lucy Baker and Wei Shen sais-cari.org WORKING PAPER SERIES NO. 15 | NOVEMBER 2017: “China's involvement in South Africa's wind and solar PV industries” by Lucy Baker and Wei Shen TO CITE THIS PAPER: Baker, Lucy and Wei Shen. 2017. China's Involvement in South Africa's Wind and Solar PV Industries. Working Paper No. 2017/15. China-Africa Research Initiative, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.sais-cari.org/publications. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Lucy Baker Email: L.H.Baker@sussex.ac.uk ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: We gratefully acknowledge funding from the China Africa Research Initiative at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS- CARI), which enabled us to undertake the field research for this report. Further support for this research was provided by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council for the Centre for Innovation and Energy Demand, Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex (grant number: EP/K011790/1), and Green Transformation Cluster, Institute of Development Studies. Thank you to all the research participants in China and South Africa who are not cited by name for reasons of confidentiality. Finally, thank you to colleagues at the Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town for all help and advice. NOTE: The papers in this Working Paper series have undergone only limited review and may be updated, corrected or withdrawn. Please contact the corresponding author directly with comments or questions about this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • South African Country Case Study
    Energy provision for the urban poor: South African country case study NOMAWETHU QASE WITH WENDY ANNECKE DRAFT FINAL REPORT January 1999 ENERGY & DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE University of Cape Town . Energy provision for the urban poor country case study: South Africa i ABBREVIATIONS DBSA – Development Bank of Southern Africa DFID – Department of International Development, UK FINESSE – Financing Energy Services for Small-Scale Energy Users IT – Intermediate Technology LNG – Lwandle Negotiating Group LPG – liquefied petroleum gas NER – National Electricity Regulator RDP – Reconstruction and Development Programme SADC – Southern African Development Community SALDRU – Southern African Labour and Development Research Unit SANCO – South African National Civics Organisation SWH – solar water heater SWH – solar water heater UNDP – United Nations Development Programme USAID – United States Agency for International Development VAT – value-added tax ENERGY & DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE. Energy provision for the urban poor country case study: South Africa ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Urban poverty is a severe and growing problem in South Africa. The rate of urbanisation is increasing and the new democratic government and local authorities are struggling with a lack of capacity and inadequate funds to address the historic backlog of housing and services, health and education for the 50% of the population who are poor and currently without these facilities. The liberalisation of the economy and opening up of the previously closed and protected markets has seen the number of unemployed increasing while the population continues to grow. South Africa has a relatively strong industrial base and has Eskom, the world’s fifth largest electricity utility. Eskom generates electricity largely from the country’s substantial coal reserves.
    [Show full text]
  • Betrayal of the Promise: How South Africa Is Being Stolen
    BETRAYAL OF THE PROMISE: HOW SOUTH AFRICA IS BEING STOLEN May 2017 State Capacity Research Project Convenor: Mark Swilling Authors Professor Haroon Bhorat (Development Policy Research Unit, University of Cape Town), Dr. Mbongiseni Buthelezi (Public Affairs Research Institute (PARI), University of the Witwatersrand), Professor Ivor Chipkin (Public Affairs Research Institute (PARI), University of the Witwatersrand), Sikhulekile Duma (Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, Stellenbosch University), Lumkile Mondi (Department of Economics, University of the Witwatersrand), Dr. Camaren Peter (Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, Stellenbosch University), Professor Mzukisi Qobo (member of South African research Chair programme on African Diplomacy and Foreign Policy, University of Johannesburg), Professor Mark Swilling (Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, Stellenbosch University), Hannah Friedenstein (independent journalist - pseudonym) Preface The State Capacity Research Project is an interdisciplinary, inter- that the individual confidential testimonies they were receiving from university research partnership that aims to contribute to the Church members matched and confirmed the arguments developed public debate about ‘state capture’ in South Africa. This issue has by the SCRP using largely publicly available information. This dominated public debate about the future of democratic governance triangulation of different bodies of evidence is of great significance. in South Africa ever since then Public Protector Thuli Madonsela published her report entitled State of Capture in late 2016.1 The The State Capacity Research Project is an academic research report officially documented the way in which President Zuma and partnership between leading researchers from four Universities senior government officials have colluded with a shadow network of and their respective research teams: Prof. Haroon Bhorat from the corrupt brokers.
    [Show full text]
  • Cenyu Scoping Report
    EASTERN CAPE DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING Cenyu/ Cenyulands Housing Dev elopment Scoping Report December 2011 J29034A Arcus GIBB (Pty) Ltd Reg. 1992/007139/07 East London Office: 9 Pearce St reet , Berea , East London PROPOSED CENYU/ CENYULANDS HOUSING DEVELOPMENT DRAFT SCOPING REPORT CONTENTS Chapter Description Page 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose of Report 1 1.2 EIA Process 1 2 PROPOSED ACTIVITY 5 2.1 Location of the proposed activity 5 2.2 Description of Proposed Activity 7 2.3 Roads 9 2.4 Stormwater Drainage 9 2.5 Bulk Water Supply and Reticulation 12 2.6 Sanitation 13 2.7 Motivation for Proposed Activity 13 2.8 Alternatives 13 3 LEGISLATION AND POLICY GUIDELINES CONSIDERED 15 3.1 The Constitution of South Africa (Act No. 108 of 1996) 15 3.2 The National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998) 15 3.3 Legislation for the Conservation of Natural Resources 17 3.4 Summary of Relevant Legislation 22 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT 24 4.1 Introduction 24 4.2 Physical Environment 24 4.3 Biological Environment 27 4.4 Socio-Economic Environment 31 4.5 Cultural/ Historical sites 32 i 5 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND IMPACTS IDENTIFIED 33 5.1 Project activities affecting the environment 33 5.2 Need and Desirability of Project 34 5.3 Biophysical Impacts 35 5.4 Ecological Impacts 36 5.5 Socio-economic Impacts 37 5.6 Cumulative Impacts 37 5.7 Key Issues to be addressed in the EIA Phase 38 6 METHODOLOGY IN ASSESSING IMPACTS 39 6.1 Introduction 39 7 PLAN OF STUDY FOR EIA 42 7.1 Introduction 42 7.2 Key Issues to be addressed in the
    [Show full text]
  • Impofu East Wind Farm Red Cap Impofu East (Pty) Ltd
    Impofu East Wind Farm Red Cap Impofu East (Pty) Ltd Avifaunal scoping study September 2018 REPORT REVIEW & TRACKING Document title Impofu East Wind Farm- Avifaunal Scoping study Client name Kim White Aurecon Status Draft report-for client Issue date September 2018 Lead author Jon Smallie – SACNASP 400020/06 Internal review Luke Strugnell – SACNASP 400181/09 WildSkies Ecological Services (Pty) Ltd 36 Utrecht Avenue, East London, 5241 Jon Smallie E: jon@wildskies.co.za C: 082 444 8919 F: 086 615 5654 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Red Cap Energy (Pty) Ltd successfully developed the 80 MW Kouga Wind Farm and the 111 MW Gibson Bay Wind Farm in the Kouga Local Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa. This area lies on a section of coastal plain in close proximity to the ocean on either side which results in excellent wind conditions and low levels of turbulence, making it ideal for wind farm development. Red Cap has now signed option agreements on approximately 15 500 ha of new undeveloped private farmland, known as the “Impofu Wind Farms” Project. The 3 wind farms will ultimately consist of up to a maximum total of 120 turbines and associated infrastructure and will connect to the grid close to Port Elizabeth. The Impofu East Wind Farm, the subject of this report, consists of up to 41 turbines. We have conducted an initial assessment of the site, a screening assessment and a full (four seasons) pre-construction bird monitoring programme on site. The most important of our findings are as follows: We make the following conclusions regarding the avifaunal community and potential impacts of the Impofu East Wind Farm: » We classified nine species as top most priority for this assessment: Denham’s Bustard, White- bellied Korhaan, Blue Crane, Black Harrier, African Marsh-Harrier, Martial Eagle, African Fish- Eagle, Jackal Buzzard and White Stork.
    [Show full text]
  • South African Energy Sector Report 2019
    THE SOUTH AFRICAN ENERGY SECTOR REPORT 2019 THE SOUTH AFRICAN ENERGY SECTOR REPORT DIRECTORATE: ENERGY DATA COLLECTION, MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS i THE SOUTH AFRICAN ENERGY SECTOR REPORT 2019 DISCLAIMER WHEREAS THE GREATEST CARE HAS BEEN TAKEN IN THE COMPILATION OF THIS PUBLICATION, THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY RELIES ON DATA PROVIDED BY VARIOUS SOURCES AND DOES NOT HOLD ITSELF RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY ERRORS OR OMISSIONS EMANATING AS A CONSEQUENCE OF PROVISION OF INACCURATE, INCORRECT OR INCOMPLETE DATA FROM SUCH SOURCES. ii THE SOUTH AFRICAN ENERGY SECTOR REPORT 2019 THE SOUTH AFRICAN ENERGY SECTOR REPORT DIRECTORATE: ENERGY DATA COLLECTION, MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS Compiled by: Ms Keneilwe Ratshomo Email: Keneilwe.Ratshomo@energy.gov.za and Mr Ramaano Nembahe Email: Ramaano.Nembahe@energy.gov.za Published by: Department of Energy Private Bag X96 Pretoria 0001 Tel: (012) 406 7540 192 Visagie Street, Cnr. Paul Kruger & Visagie Street, Pretoria, 0001 Website: http://www.energy.gov.za iii THE SOUTH AFRICAN ENERGY SECTOR REPORT 2019 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Director-General Mr. T. Zulu ENERGY POLICY AND PLANNING BRANCH Deputy Director-General Mr. O. Aphane ENERGY PLANNING CHIEF DIRECTORATE Chief Director: Mr. T. Audat ENERGY DATA COLLECTION, MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS DIRECTORATE Director Ms. V. Olifant PUBLISHED IN 2019 ISBN: 978-1-920435-17-2 COPYRIGHT RESERVED iv THE SOUTH AFRICAN ENERGY SECTOR REPORT 2019 Contents Pages Foreword 1 Introduction 2 List of Abbreviations 3 Key Energy Policies and Legislations 4 1. ENERGY SUPPLY 8 1.1 Crude oil and Petroleum Products 8 1.2 Natural gas 14 1.3 Electricity 15 1.4 Coal 18 1.5 Renewables 19 1.6 Nuclear 22 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Perceptions Regarding the Impact of Ubuntu and Servant Leadership on Employee Engagement in the Workplace
    PERCEPTIONS REGARDING THE IMPACT OF UBUNTU AND SERVANT LEADERSHIP ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN THE WORKPLACE By ROGER MULLER (192035150) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY: BUSINESS MANAGEMENT to be awarded at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University April 2017 Supervisor: Prof E.E. Smith Co-supervisor: Dr R. Lillah ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the following people who contributed to making this study a success: • My supervisors: Prof Elroy Smith and Dr Riyaadh Lillah for their guidance, diligence, and inspiration. • My dear wife, Marilyn, for her unselfish support and encouragement, and for always inspiring me to keep on keeping on. I am because you are. • My daughters, Erin and Amy, for sacrificing family time when I was not available. Your interest, encouragement, and countless cups of coffee meant more to me than you will ever know. • To my loving parents, Henry and Elizabeth, for always being my biggest fans and supporters. • To my family and friends who always took an interest in my work and supported me throughout. • To the Old Apostolic Church, particularly Overseer McLean, for your spiritual guidance and understanding. • To my colleagues at NMMU for your words of encouragement and support. A particular mention needs to be made of Dr Jo Zeelie for the continued interest that he showed, and the resources he made available when they were most needed. • To the fieldworkers, Zack, Luyolo and Jessica, who tirelessly assisted with the distribution and collection of the questionnaires. • To the student assistants, Greg, Matthew and Natasha, for data capturing.
    [Show full text]