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State of Environment Outlook Report for the Western Cape Province. Energy, February 2018

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State of Environment Outlook Report for the Western Cape Province. Energy, February 2018 State of Environment Outlook Report for the Western Cape Province Energy February 2018 i State of Environment Outlook Report for the Western Cape Province DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Document Title and Version: Final Energy Chapter Client: Western Cape Department of Environmental Affairs & Development Planning Project Name: State of Environment Outlook Report for the Western Cape Province 2014 - 2017 SRK Reference Number: 507350 SRK Authors: Jessica du Toit & Sharon Jones SRK GIS Team : Masi Fubesi and Keagan Allan SRK Review: Christopher Dalgliesh DEA&DP Project Team: Karen Shippey, Ronald Mukanya and Francini van Staden Acknowledgements: Department of Energy: Ramaano Nembahe Department of Public Works: Michelle Britton Western Cape Government Environmental Affairs & Development Planning: Lize Jennings-Boom, Frances van der Merwe Western Cape Government Economic Development and Tourism: Ajay Trikam, Helen Davies City of Cape Town Hilary Price, Lizanda van Rensburg, Sarah Ward Other Bryce McCall (UCT), Fadiel Ahjum (UCT), Bruce Raw (GreenCape), Jonathan Aronson (SA Bat Assessment Advisory Panel), Luanita Snyman-van der Walt (CSIR), Mike Young (Private) Photo Credits: Page 3 – The Maneater Page 17 – Carbontax.org Page 5 – Green Business Guide Page 29 – Certified Building Systems Page 10 – PetroSA Page 36 – Novaa Solar Page 12 – Eskom Page 37 – Homeselfe Page 15 – SA Venues Page 38 – Baker Street Blog Date: February 2018 State of Environment Outlook Report for the Western Cape Province i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION __________________________________________________________________________ 1 2 OVERVIEW OF DRIVERS AND PRESSURES ____________________________________________________ 2 2.1 Population growth and population dynamics _________________________________________ 2 2.2 Economic profile and growth ________________________________________________________ 3 2.3 Transportation networks and requirements ____________________________________________ 3 2.4 Energy policy ________________________________________________________________________ 4 3 STATE ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4 3.1 Energy supply _______________________________________________________________________ 4 3.1.1 Coal ______________________________________________________________________________ 5 3.1.2 Oil and liquid fuels _________________________________________________________________ 6 3.1.3 Natural gas ______________________________________________________________________ 10 3.1.4 Nuclear energy __________________________________________________________________ 12 3.1.5 Renewable energy _______________________________________________________________ 12 3.2 Energy mix and energy demand ____________________________________________________ 18 3.3 Energy use _________________________________________________________________________ 20 3.4 Energy intensity _____________________________________________________________________ 23 3.5 Domestic energy use _______________________________________________________________ 24 3.5.1 Electricity ________________________________________________________________________ 24 3.5.2 Alternative household fuels _______________________________________________________ 25 3.6 Reliability of energy supply __________________________________________________________ 25 4 IMPACTS _______________________________________________________________________________ 27 4.1. Generation of emissions and greenhouse gases ______________________________________ 27 4.2. Environmental contamination and degradation ______________________________________ 28 4.3. Impacts on water resources _________________________________________________________ 28 4.4. Loss of biodiversity __________________________________________________________________ 29 4.5. Human health ______________________________________________________________________ 29 4.6. Visual impacts ______________________________________________________________________ 29 5 RESPONSES _____________________________________________________________________________ 30 5.1. Southern African Power Pool ________________________________________________________ 30 5.2. National programmes ______________________________________________________________ 30 5.2.1 Integrated Resource Plan for Electricity ___________________________________________ 30 5.2.2 Integrated Energy Plan ___________________________________________________________ 31 5.2.3 Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme ________ 31 5.2.4 Energy Efficiency Strategy ________________________________________________________ 31 5.2.5 Draft Carbon Tax Bill ______________________________________________________________ 31 5.2.6 Draft Policy of Sustainable Hydropower Generation ________________________________ 32 5.2.7 Draft National Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Strategy ______________________________ 32 5.2.8 National Transport Master Plan ____________________________________________________ 32 5.3. Western Cape Provincial responses __________________________________________________ 32 5.3.1 Western Cape Climate Change Response Strategy ________________________________ 32 5.3.2 Climate Change Mitigation Scenario ______________________________________________ 33 5.3.3 Western Cape Energy Consumption and CO 2 Database ____________________________ 33 5.3.4 Department of Economic Development and Tourism’s Green Economy Sub-programme ii State of Environment Outlook Report for the Western Cape Province ii 33 5.3.5 Energy Security Game Changer ___________________________________________________ 34 5.3.6 Property efficiency reporting ______________________________________________________ 35 5.3.7 Atlantis Greentech Special Economic Zone ________________________________________ 35 5.3.8 Renewable energy training programme ___________________________________________ 35 5.4. Municipal responses ________________________________________________________________ 36 5.4.1 Small scale embedded generation ________________________________________________ 36 5.4.2 CCT sustainable energy programmes ______________________________________________ 36 5.4.3 Sustainable transportation in CCT __________________________________________________ 38 5.4.4 Sustainable procurement initiatives ________________________________________________ 38 5.4.5 Other municipalities ______________________________________________________________ 39 5.5. Financing __________________________________________________________________________ 39 5.6. Energy related targets ______________________________________________________________ 39 6 CONCLUSION ___________________________________________________________________________ 39 7 REFERENCES ____________________________________________________________________________ 43 State of Environment Outlook Report for the Western Cape Province iii TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 3-1: Breakdown of South Africa’s total primary energy supply __________________________ 5 Figure 3-2: Power generation facilities in the Western Cape __________________________________ 7 Figure 3-3: South African oil and gas basins __________________________________________________ 8 Figure 3-4: Petroleum exploration and production activities in and around the Western Cape __ 9 Figure 3-5: Location of the shale gas exploration permit blocks in South Africa ________________ 11 Figure 3-6: Renewable Energy Development Zones and powerline corridors for South Africa ___ 14 Figure 3-7: Global Horizontal Irradiation: South Africa ________________________________________ 16 Figure 3-8: Overview of hydropower resources in South Africa _______________________________ 17 Figure 3-9: GJ of energy consumed in the Western Cape ___________________________________ 20 Figure 3-10: Energy consumption by district / metropolitan municipality as a proportion of total provincial consumption in GJ for 2013 and 2016 __________________________________ 21 Figure 3-11: Western Cape energy use by fuel type in 2013 (top) and 2016 (bottom) ___________ 22 Figure 3-12: Western Cape energy use by sector _____________________________________________ 23 Figure 3-13: Energy per GDP for each district of the Western Cape in 2016 _____________________ 23 Figure 3-14: Percentage of households using electricity for lighting ____________________________ 24 Figure 3-15: Household access to electricity in the Western Cape _____________________________ 24 Figure 3-16: Electricity production in South Africa, 2007 - 2015 _________________________________ 25 Figure 3-17: Percentage of households experiencing an interruption to their electricity supply by metropolitan/district municipality _______________________________________________ 26 Figure 3-18: Percentage of household electricity interruptions lasting longer than 12 hours by metropolitan/district municipality _______________________________________________ 27 Figure 4-1: Interdependencies between water and energy __________________________________ 28 LIST OF TABLES Table 3-1: Key energy use and CO ₂e emissions Indicators for the Western Cape, 2016 ________ 20 Table 6-1: Overview of key energy aspects ________________________________________________ 40 Table 6-2: Summary of the outlook for energy in the Western Cape__________________________ 41 Annexure A Legislation governing South Africa’s energy sector Annexure B Summary of policy, tools and frameworks Annexure C SSEG in the Western Cape iv State of Environment Outlook Report for the Western Cape Province iv ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BBBEE Broad-Based Black
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