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In Melanomys Caliginosus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) De Una Reserva Biológica De Costa Rica

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In Melanomys Caliginosus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) De Una Reserva Biológica De Costa Rica BRENESIA 85-86: 82-85, 2016 Presencia de Babesia sp. (Piroplasmida: Babesidae) in Melanomys caliginosus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) de una reserva biológica de Costa Rica Misael Chinchilla-Carmona1, Idalia Valerio-Campos1, Ronald Sánchez-Porras2, Laura Valerio-Campos1 & José Bolaños1 1Departamento de Investigación, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas (UCIMED), San José, Costa Rica. [email protected] 2Centro Regional de Occidente, Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), Alajuela, Costa Rica. (Recibido: 14 de julio de 2016. Aceptado: 26 de agosto de 2016) KEY WORDS. Babesia sp., Piroplasmida, Melanomys caliginosus, Biologic Reserve, Costa Rica. PALABRAS CLAVE. Babesia sp., Piroplasmida, Melanomys caliginosus, Reserva Biológica, Costa Rica. El género Babesia es un protozoario que continentes (Cunha et al. 2015, Paskewitz 2016). pertenece al Phylum Apicomplexa, responsable La identificación de especies por simple de la babesiosis, enfermedad cuya patología es observación microscópica es imposible, por similar a la de la malaria por Plasmodium falciparum, lo que es necesario el estudio genético para (Anderson et al. 1979). Sus hospederos naturales la diferenciación de especies (Beck et al. 2010, lo constituyen principalmente los bovinos, los Obiegala et al. 2015). Sin embargo el hallazgo de cánidos y los roedores, pero accidentalmente Babesia en cualquier animal que de alguna manera pueden ocurrir infecciones en el ser humano. puede estar en contacto con seres humanos, es (Cunha et al. 2015). Las especies de este parásito un hecho que debe ser informado. Por otro lado, encontradas en animales son B. bovis, B. bigemina, se conocen varios géneros y especies de roedores B. divergens y B. major en el caso de los bovinos, B. reservorios del parásito, enfocado especialmente a equi en caballos, B. canis en el caso de los perros B. microti (Tsuji et al.2001, Sinski et al. 2006, Ahmad y en roedores, la especie encontrada infectando 2011, Joseph et al. 2012, Clark et al. 2012, Obiegala también a los humanos, es B. microti (Herwaldt et al. 2015), pero no encontramos registros de M. et al. 2004, Cunha 2015). Desde un punto de vista caliginosus como posible reservorio del parásito en médico, las especies más importantes son B. microti, discusión. Por esta razón se hace este informe. B. bovis, B. duncani, B. venatorum y B. divergens Los ejemplares de M. caliginosus en este (Herwaldt et al. 2004, Rodríguez 2007, Martinot et trabajo fueron capturados en la Reserva Biológica al. 2011, Cunha 2015, Ord & Lobo 2015). El sistema Alberto Manuel Brenes (ReBAMB) situada en de trasmisión de estos organismos es básicamente San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica, reserva que por la picada de garrapatas de la familia Ixodidae, presenta características geográficas y ambientales dentro de la cual las especies Ixodes scapularis previamente informadas (Sánchez 2000, e I. ricinus han sido calificadas como las más Chinchilla et al. 2013). Los animales se capturaron importantes (Joseph et al. 2012) con un informe y se analizaron siguiendo protocolos previamente de Saito (2004) quien comunica por primera vez descritos (Chinchilla et al. 2013). Para el estudio a I. ovatus como trasmisor para el ser humano. Se de la sangre del roedor se tomaron muestras de la conocen numerosos estudios sobre la infección de cola para obtener el material que sirvió para hacer animales con este tipo de parásitos (Anderson et cultivos por otros parásitos, así como extensiones al. 1979, Clark et al. 2012, Kallio et al. 2013 entre sanguíneas que luego fueron teñidas con el otros), pero en cuanto a roedores, que es lo que nos colorante de Giemsa para realizar el diagnósticos interesa en este informe, los datos conocidos son microscópico correspondiente. mencionados por varios autores (Anderson et al. Este trabajo es parte de un estudio integral sobre 1979, Beck et al. 2010, Joseph et al. 2012). En cuanto las parasitosis de varios mamíferos pequeños, a la presencia de los reservorios y trasmisores de especialmente roedores, por tanto, debemos este organismo, se conocen registros en todos los indicar que se estudiaron 31 ejemplares de la Brenesia 85-86: 82-85, Marzo-Septiembre 2016. ISSN-0304-3711 Chinchilla-Carmona et al.: Babesia sp. en Melanomys caliginosus 83 especie Melanomys caliginosus, (Fig. 1), además de LITERATURA CITADA un número entre 2 y 10 individuos de las epecies: Philander opossum, Peromyscus mexicanus, Heteromys Ahmad, M. S., A. Maqbool, M. Mahmood-ul- desmarestianus, Oligoryzomis fulvescens y Tylomis Hassan, M. Mushtaq-ul-Hassan & A. A Anjum. watsoni. De todos estos animales solo encontramos 2011. Rodents as reservoirs of Babesiosis en la sangre de una muestra de la primera especie, in urban areas of Lahore. J. Animals & Plant los estados evolutivos típicos intra-eritrocíticos del Sciences 21 (2): .171-175. género Babesia (Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5). Además, un total Anderson, J. F., L.A. Magnarelli & J. Kurz. de 12 individuos de M. caliginosus, incluyendo los 1979. Intraerythrocytic parasites in rodents ejemplares positivos por el parásito, presentaban populations of Connecticut: Babesia and infecciones con garrapatas de la Familia Ixodidae. Grahamella species. J. Parasitol. 65: 599-604. Los hospederos principales del género Babesia http:// DOI: 10.2307/3280327. van desde animales domésticos como el ganado Beck, R., L. Votja, S. Curkovic, V. Mrljak, J. vacuno con B. bovis y B. divergens, hasta animales Margletic & B. Habrun. 2011. Molecular silvestres como roedores, especialmente de la survey of Babesia microti in wild rodents in familia Cricetidae, con B. microti (Cunha 2015). En central Croatia. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic este grupo se encuentra la especie M. caliginosus, Diseases. 11:81-83. roedor en el que, de acuerdo con nuestra revisión Chinchilla-Carmona, M., I. Valerio-Campos, R. de la literatura, no se ha encontrado ninguna Sánchez-Porras., L. Martínez-Esquivel, A. especie del género Babesia. El diagnóstico de González-Paniagua, L. Valerio-Campos, J. especies de este género solo puede hacerse por Bolaños-Jiménez & L. León-González. 2013. métodos complejos (Obiegala et al. 2015), pero el Parásitos intestinales y sanguíneos de 4 género si es diagnosticable al microscopio (Imes especies de roedores y 5 ejemplares de Philander et al. 2011). En vista de que no hay informes de opossum (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) este parásito en roedores del género Melanomys, capturados en la Reserva Biológica Alberto el hallazgo es importante no solo porque amplía Manuel Brenes (REBAMB) de Costa Rica. Rev. el conocimiento de la endofauna de este roedor, Ibero-Latinoam. Parasitol. 72:176-184. sino que representa el conocimiento de un posible Clark K., K. Savick, & J. Butler. 2012. Babesia reservorio más de la babesiosis, potencial fuente de microti in rodents and raccons from northeast infección para el ser humano. El hallazgo de gran Florida. American Society of Parasitologists. cantidad de garrapatas de la familia Ixodidae en los 98:1117-1121. animales positivos, refuerza esta posibilidad. En Cunha Burke, A. 2015. Babesiosis: Background, efecto, es esta familia de artrópodos la responsable pathophysiology, etiology. medscape de la trasmisión al ser humano, especialmente con reference drugs, diseases & procedures. [en las especies Ixodes scapularis e I. ricinus en USA línea]. <http://emedicine.medscape.com/ la primera y en Europa la segunda (Joseph et al. article/212605-overview> [Abril 2015]. 2012) y un caso aislado de trasmisión por I. ovatus Herwaldt, B. L., G. de Bruyn, N. J. Pieniazek, (Saito-Ito 2004). Después de este informe, queda M. Homer, K. H. Lofy, S. B. Slemenda, D. como trabajo futuro la identificación de la especie. H. Persing & A. P. Liamaye. 2004. Babesia divergens-like infection, Washington State. AGRADECIMIENTOS Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10:622-629. Imes G. D, R. C. Neafie, & F. M. Chiricosta. 2011. Este estudio fue subvencionado en parte por la Babesiosis (Piroplasmosis). Topics on the Universidad de Ciencias Médicas (UCIMED), Pathology of Protozoan and Invasive Arthopod la Reserva Biológica Alberto Manuel Brenes Deseases. 287 pp. (REBAMB), el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología Joseph, J., K. Purtill, S. Wong, J. Munoz, A. (MICIT) y el Consejo de Investigación en Ciencia Teal, S. Madison-Antenucci, H.W. Horowitz, y Tecnología (CONICIT). Los autores agradecen M. E. Aguero-Rosenfeld, J. M. Moore, C. la colaboración de Luis León por el manejo de los Abramowsky, & G. P. Wormser. 2012. Vertical animales y la asistencia general en el laboratorio, transmission of Babesia microti, US. Emerg así como a Hugo Pérez por su ayuda en la labor Infectious Diseases 18:1318-1321. de campo. Kallio, E. R., M. Begon, R. J. Birtles, K. Bown, E. Koskela, T. Mappes & P. C. Watts. 2014. First report of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Brenesia 85-86: 82-85, Marzo-Septiembre 2016. ISSN-0304-3711 84 BRENESIA 85-86, 2016 Babesia microti in rodents in Finland. Vector Los Andes, Trujillo, Venezuela. Global theme Borne Zoonotic Dis. 14: 389-393. issue on poverty and human development. Martinot, M., M. Zadeh, Y. Hansmann, I. Grawey, Epidemiología de la Babesiosis: zoonosis D. Christmann, S. Aguillon, M. Jouglin, A. emergency. Acta Científica Estudiantil. 5:132- Chauvin & D. De Briel 2011. Babesiosis in 138. immunocompetent patiens, Europe. Emerg Saito-Ito, A., Y. Yano, A. Dantrakool, T. Hashimoto Infect Dis. 17:114-116. & N. Takada. 2004. Survey of rodents and ticks Obiegala, A., M. Pfeffer, K. Pfister, C. Karnath & in human Babesia microti-like parasites in Ixodes C. Silaghi. 2005. Molecular examinations of ovatus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 2268-2270. Babesia microti in rodents and rodent-attached Sánchez-Porras, R. Reserva Biológica Alberto ticks from urban and sylvatic habitats in Manuel Brenes Costa Rica: Edit. Tomás Saravil Germany. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. San José, 2000. 6:445-449. Sinsky, E., A. Bajer, R. Welc, A. Pawetczyk, M. Ord, R. L. & C. A. Lobo. 2015. Human Babesiosis: Ogrzewalska & J. M. Behnke. 2006. Babesia Pathogens, Prevalence, Diagnosis and microti: Prevalence in wild rodents and Ixodes Treatment. Curr. Clin. Micro. Rpt. 2 (4): 173- ricinus ticks from the Mazury Lakes District 181. of north-eastern Poland.
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