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Human Ceruloplasmin and Neurotransmitters: Complex Stabilization and Crystallization

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Human Ceruloplasmin and Neurotransmitters: Complex Stabilization and Crystallization Daniela Mesquita Moutinho Degree in Molecular and Cellular Biology Human ceruloplasmin and neurotransmitters: complex stabilization and crystallization Dissertation to obtain a Master Degree in Molecular Genetics and Biomedicine at Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Supervisor: Isabel Bento, Ph.D., ITQB-UNL Co-supervisor: José Paulo Sampaio, Ph.D., FCT-UNL Júri Presidente: Doutora Margarida Casal Ribeiro Castro Caldas Braga Arguente: Doutor Colin Edward McVey Vogal: Doutora Isabel Maria Travassos de Almeida de Jesus Bento November 2013 Daniela Mesquita Moutinho Degree in Molecular and Cellular Biology Human ceruloplasmin and neurotransmitters: complex stabilization and crystallization Dissertation to obtain a Master Degree in Molecular Genetics and Biomedicine at Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Supervisor Isabel Bento, Ph.D., ITQB-UNL Co-supervisor: José Paulo Sampaio, Ph.D., FCT-UNL Júri Presidente: Doutora Margarida Casal Ribeiro Castro Caldas Braga Arguente: Doutor Colin Edward McVey Vogal: Doutora Isabel Maria Travassos de Almeida de Jesus Bento November 2013 “Human ceruloplasmin and neurotransmitters: complex stabilization and crystallization” © Daniela Mesquita Moutinho, FCT/UNL, FCT A Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia e a Universidade Nova de Lisboa têm o direito, perpétuo e sem limites geográficos, de arquivar e publicar esta dissertação através de exemplares impressos reproduzidos em papel ou de forma digital, ou por qualquer outro meio conhecido ou que venha a ser inventado, e de a divulgar através de repositórios científicos e de admitir a sua cópia e distri- buição com objetivos educacionais ou de investigação, não comerciais, desde que seja dado cré- dito ao autor e editor. III IV “Just because something doesn't do what you planned it to do doesn't mean it's useless.” Thomas Edison V VI Agradecimentos Acknowledgments A realização deste trabalho marca o final de mais uma etapa na minha vida e só pode ocor- rer devido à confiança, apoio, incentivo, dedicação e conhecimento de várias pessoas a quem não poderia deixar de expressar a minha gratidão e apreço. A todos aqueles que me acompanharam ao longo deste ano na Unidade de Cristalografia Macromolecular do Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica da Universidade Nova de Lisboa e que de alguma forma contribuíram para a realização deste trabalho e que me levam a querer prosseguir e alargar os meus horizontes nesta área. Agradeço em especial, A Professora Doutora Maria Arménia Carrondo por me ter recebido na Unidade de Cristalo- grafia Macromolecular e pela sua disponibilidade. À Doutora Isabel Bento por me ter possibilitado trabalhar num projecto que me causou grande interesse e me pode ensinar tanto e por poder fazer parte do Laboratório de Genómica Estrutural. Pela sua orientação e entusiasmo. Por todo o seu apoio e crítica. Ao Doutor Pedro Matias e ao Doutor Tiago Bandeiras por me terem dado a possibilidade de realizar este trabalho ao mesmo tempo que trabalhei com eles e fiz parte da Unidade de Proteómi- ca do Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica. Por todo o seu apoio, entusiasmo, com- preensão, preocupação, interesse e ajuda. Aos meus colegas da Unidade de Proteómica do iBET e do Laboratório de Cristalografia Aplicada à Medicina e à Industria do ITQB pelo seu apoio e compreensão. À Cristiana Sousa pela cumplicidade, partilha de momentos e boa disposição! Ao Micael Freitas, Margarida Silva e Sara Silva pela sua ajuda, apoio e partilha de conhecimentos. Aos meus colegas do Laboratório de Genómica Estrutural Ana Teresa Gonçalves, Bruno Correia, Sara Brandão e à Doutora Ana Maria Gonçalves por toda a ajuda e apoio partilhado. Às minhas colegas e amigas do Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural Ana Rita Silva e Patrícia Borges por todos os momentos de afecto e apoio sempre que necessitei. Pelo incentivo e partilha de ideias. A todos os meus amigos que estiveram presentes durante esta etapa e que de uma forma ou de outra me ajudaram a conseguir ultrapassá-la com sucesso. Aos meus pais e irmã por sempre me apoiarem em todas as decisões da minha vida. Pela sua orientação, compreensão, amor e sacrifício constantes para me ajudarem no meu sucesso. A todos, com todo o meu carinho, Obrigada. VII VIII Abstract Human ceruloplasmin (hCp) is the molecular linker between the copper and iron metabolism and its importance in the homeostasis of human body has been implied in some neurological dis- eases. This plasma cuproenzyme has ferroxidase activity, oxidizing Fe2+ to Fe3+ and incorporating it into apotransferrin. hCp also has aminoxidase activity regulating the levels of amine stress hor- mones in the bloodstream and brain. Thus, it is thought to have an important role in neurodegener- ative diseases such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s. To know more about the role of cerulopalsmin on the oxidation of neurotransmitters and on brain homeostasis it is essential to know which protein residues are implied in the binding and stabilization of these neurotransmitters. The primary source of structural information for protein-ligand complexes is X-ray crystallography. This is the most suc- cessful method to determine macromolecular 3D structures but has some limitations as obtaining good diffracting protein crystals. In this study several attempts were made to achieve better hCp diffracting crystals and crys- tals of hcp in complex with dopamine, L-dopa, epinephrine or serotonin in order to further deter- mine its tridimensional structure. To improve hCp stabilization and solubility, differential scanning fluorimetry and dynamic light scattering were used in a search for a better buffer for crystallization. For hCp crystallization the vapour-diffusion technique was used in combination with several other methods. Commercial crystallization screens, crystal seeding, additives, crosslinking were the several methods used to improve crystal diffraction. Co-crystallization of hCp with neurotransmitters was performed with no success. Soaking of hCp crystals with the neurotransmitters was performed in an attempt to get crystals of the hCp- neurotransmitter complexes. All crystals were sent for analysis at European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) and structural data will be further processed. Key words: ceruloplasmin, neurotransmitters, epinephrine, dopamine, L-dopa, serotonin, protein crystals, crystallization, X-ray crystallography “Human ceruloplasmin and neurotransmitters: complex stabilization and crystallization” IX “Human ceruloplasmin and neurotransmitters: complex stabilization and crystallization” X Resumo A ceruloplasmina humana (hCp) é a ligação molecular entre o metabolismo do cobre e do ferro sendo de extrema importância para a homeostase corporal. Esta cuproenzima plasmática tem actividade de ferroxidase, oxidando Fe2+ a Fe3+ e incorporando-o na apotransferina. A hCp regula os níveis de hormonas na corrente sanguínea e no cérebro. Esta actividade de aminoxidase é muito importante podendo estar implicada em doenças neurodegenerativas como Alzheimer e Parkinson. Para de saber mais sobre o papel da ceruloplasmina na oxidação de neurotrans- missores e na homeostase cerebral é necessário conhecer a natureza desta interacção e quais os resíduos proteicos envolvidos na ligação e estabilização destes complexos. A cristalografia de raios-X é a principal fonte de informação sobre complexos de proteína-ligandos. Apesar deste ser o método mais bem sucedido na determinação de estruturas 3D, tem algumas limitações, como a obtenção de cristais de proteína com bom poder de difracção. Neste estudo, foram feitas várias tentativas de melhorar cristais de hCp, já previamente descritos, e de obter cristais de hCp combinados com dopamina, L-dopa, epinefrina e serotonina de forma a poder obter a sua estrutura tridimensional. A solução tamponante onde é armazenada a proteína é muito importante para a sua estabi- lização e solubilidade. Para melhorar estes aspectos da hCp utilizaram-se técnicas de fluorometria de varrimento diferencial (DSF) e varrimento de luz dinâmica (DLS). Para a cristalização da hCp usou-se o método de difusão de vapor combinado com outros métodos. Usaram-se screens de cristalização comerciais, semearam-se cristais, usaram-se aditivos e fez-se crosslinking para ten- tar melhorar os cristais. A co-cristalização da ceruloplasmina com neurotransmissores não obteve sucesso e assim usaram-se cristais de hCp e mergulharam-se em neurotransmissores para tentar obter os cristais dos complexos. Todos os cristais foram enviados para análise no European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) e os dados estruturais serão depois processados. Palavras-Chave: ceruloplasmina, neurotransmissores, epinefrina, dopamina, L-dopa, serotonina, cristais de proteína, cristalização, cristalografia de raios-X “Human ceruloplasmin and neurotransmitters: complex stabilization and crystallization” XI “Human ceruloplasmin and neurotransmitters: complex stabilization and crystallization” XII Contents Index of Figures ….………………………………………………………………………………….……XVII Index of Tables …….………………………………………………………………………………….…..XIX Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………………….………..XXI 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................1 1.1. Copper and Iron Metabolism ................................................................................................1 1.1.1. Copper metabolism and homeostasis ...........................................................................2
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