Agency for Washington D.C. International 20523 Development

ALGERIA - Earthquake

Data

Date: October 10, 1980 (FY 81)

Location: El Asnam (lOO. miles southwest of Algiers) and the area within a SO km radius of El Asnam; dairas of El Asnam, El Attaf, Boukadir, Tenes, Ain Defla, Cherchell, Beni Hendel, Oued Rhiou

No. Dead: 2,633 confirmed dead and another 348 missing

No. Affected: 478,948

Damage: El Asnam sustained damage estimated at 90% or more. Most health facilities were destroyed or damaged, including four hospitals (one part medical school;, four polyclinics, and 50 health centers. The central mosque and government buildings were flattened. 50% of the schools were destroy­ ed or severely damaged. Several high rise apartment build­ ings and the city's largest hotel, the Chelif, were demol­ ished. Roads in and around El Asnam were fissured and railroad tracks buckled. A freight train was derailed. Essential services were interrupted as electricity, tele­ phone, water, and sewer lines were cut.

Several towns and villages within a SO km radius of El Asnam were heavily damaged. Affected towns included the following, with the estimated level of destruction: ALGERIA - Earthquake

Oued Fodda 90% El Abadia 80% Oumm Ed Drou 90% El Attaf 70% Zeboudia 80% El Karimia 60% Ouled Ahmed 80%

Material damage was estimated at $5.2 bi llion.

The Disaster

An earthquake registering 7.3 on the Richter Scale , wi th its epicenter about 100 miles southwest of Algiers, between t h e city of El Asnam and the village of Beni Rached, struck at 1:25 p.m. local time on October 10, 1980. Three hours after, a 6.3 magnitude earthquake, the strongest in a series of aftershocks, rocked the region. Three days later, a 4.0 magnitude tremor contributed further to the widespread destruction suffered by El Asnam (formerly Orleansville) and surrounding villag es. Lighter tremors were felt in Algiers, Blida, Medea, Tiaret, Saida, and Oran. The affected region has experienced at least 10 moderate to large earthquakes in the last 250 years, including a series of violent tremors (the main shock of 6.7 magnitude) in September 1954, which killed nearly 1,500 persons. With a population of 12 0,000 to 125,000, El Asnam suf­ fered the heaviest casualties in the 1980 quake. Most victims died in three housing complexes when they were trapped under collapsing walls and buried in the rubble. A total of 2,633 bodies were recovered before the search for victims ended, and another 348 persons were listed as missing . The death toll may have been much higher throughout the affected region. Initial estimates of the numbe r s of dead ranged from 5,000 to 20,000. The diffi culty in determining precise casualty figures was thought to have been due in part to the failure of survivors to report death s to the authorities and to the Islamic practice of burying the dead immed iately . Estimates of the number of homeless also varied widely. Authorities eventually registered 443,000 homeless persons in the Department o f El Asnam which also includes rural inhabitants. In all, 478,950 persons were affected.

Nearly 90% of buildings in El Asnam were destroyed or beyond repair, including the provincial government headquarters, the police and fire departments, the court house, the main mosque, and the major hospitals. Essential services were interrupted but were partially restored within a few days. Ground deformation resulted in some damage to roads, bridges, and railroad tracks. Rail services remained open west of El Asnam and roads were sufficiently passable to allow ambulances to move the seriously injured to hospitals in cities east and west of El Asnam.

Several towns and villages within a 50 km radius of El Asnam were devas­ tated, as many of their small buildings of rudimentary masonry construc­ tion were completely leveled. The more remote mountain villages were isolated by landslides and/or damage to communications and transporta­ tion lines, making disaster assessment and relief assistance initially difficult.

2 ALGERIA - Earthquake

Rescue efforts were hampered throughout the disaster area by the numerous aftershocks, some of which caused further damage, and by deteriorating weather conditions which brought rain and falling temperatures a few days after the quake. Providing shelter for the homeless was soon recognized as the most urgent relief priority. The government ordered the establish­ ment of tent villages on the outskirts of El Asnam; however, because of an initial shortage of tents, many victims remained in improvised shelters near their destroyed homes for several days. Medical care, food, and potable water were generally available in the areas accessible by roads.

Action Taken by the Government of Algeria (GOA) and Local Voluntary Agencies

President Chadli Benjedid followed the disaster situation closely, tour­ ing the stricken area and personally directing the organization of relief operations. Civil Defense teams and a government delegation made up of Ministers of Health, Housing, and the Interior, as well as senior military officers , were dispatched to the disaster scene. All national resources, including the National People's Army, were mobilized to assist in asses­ sing losses and rescuing the injured. An appeal was sent to Algerian doctors residing in France to give medical assistance. The GOA also appealed for international assistance through the United Nations Develop­ ment Program (UNDP).

The GOA cancelled a holiday festival and proclaimed seven days of mourn­ ing. The Ministry of Finance set up a special Earthquake Fund ·to which many civil servants and others contributed part of their salaries. A do­ nation of 3,000,300 dinars (approximately $796,892) from officials and cadres of the Presidency was transferred to the special fund.

A rescue force n umbering 40,000 persons, supervised by the Minister of the Interior and including search and rescue teams from the international community, ·immediately began the difficult task of searching for survivors. Using specially trained dogs and electronic sensing devices,

rescuers worked around the clock :1 puJling some 70 survivors from the rubble before hope of finding others was abandoned and bulldozers were moved in for clearing operations. An Algerian women's group organized teams to gather up small children who had been separated from their parents and were wandering in the streets.

The Algerian Red Crescent (ARC) went into action within hours of the earthquake, transferring all stocks from its warehouses (1,000 tents, 40,000 blankets, 50 tons of clothing, and 20 tons of foodstuffs) to the stricken area. On October 11, ARC launched an appeal through the League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS) for relief assistance. The El Asnam Red Crescent Departmental Committee, its ranks diminished by the loss of several of its volunteers in the earthquake, nevertheless worked closely with the armed forces and the civil defense in clearing and rescue opera­ tions. The local departmental committee also distributed tents, blankets and food, and started a missing persons tracing service. Some 30 Red Crescent departmental committees throughout Algeria lent their support to the relief effort. With the assistance of other national societies, ARC

3 ALGERIA - Earthquake participated in the reconstruction phase by providing heaith cent e r s and children's estates for orphans.

President Benjedid decreed the disaster area under military command on October 16 and gave the army responsibility for all relief operations as we ll as for the restoration of public services and temporary housing of the homeless. A seven-man national commission headed by the Prime Minister was created to coordinate support for the military command .

As rescue operations continued, the GOA turned to the task of car ing for survivors. A two-stage recovery program was implemented: first, to assist victims with emergency shelter, food, and medical care, and second, to acquire and erect prefab housing, administration buildings, and schools.

The medical emergency had peaked by October 14, with the injured from El Asnam and nearby villages being treated in one of two emergency centers: a school converted into a first aid center, and a 600 bed field hospital set up by the army at El Asnam airport. The most seriously injur ed were transported by ambulance, train, or helicopter to hospitals in cities out­ side the stricken area. By October 23, six medical stations had been set up with the help of the Red Crescent at strategic locations throughout t he Department of El Asnam. (To reduce the danger of epidemics, health authorities carried out an immunization program and spread disinfectants and lime over the rubble.)

The GOA Ministry of Commerce was responsible for food procurement . Food­ stuffs received from international donors, the GOA, Red Crescent stocks, and daily c ollections by Red Crescent departmental committees were distri­ buted in the towns by the army with Red Crescent assi stance, and in rural areas by the Red Crescent only. Water was made safe for drinking with the use o f water purification units sent by several donors and was available from wells, springs or tank trucks.

Meeting shelter needs remained an urgent priority for the GOA throughout the emergency phase of the disaster. An initial shortage of tents slowed the implementation of first stage plans to establish tent camps on the periphery of El Asnam and other affected towns. Gradually, the homeless were accommodated in tents supplied by donors or purchased by the govern­ ment. By mid-December the GOA had placed orders abroad for 40,000 prefab­ ricated houses, and plans for reconstruction were underway.

The GOA welcomed the assistance of technical experts from donor govern­ ments and international organizations. A building inspection unit attach­ ed to the Algerian Ministry of Housing invited a three-person team from the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute ( EERI) of Oakland, Califor­ nia, to visit the disaster zone and provide technical assistance in im­ proving construction codes. The GOA Ministry of Education and Scientific Research coordinated the visit of a UNESCO disaster assessment t e am and also cooperated with a U.S. scientific team from the U.S. Geological Sur­ vey/National Academy of Sciences/EERI which conducted an investigation into the effects of the earthquake on structures.

4 ALGERIA - Earthquake

Local affiliates of the World Council of Churches (WCC) provided valuable disaster assistance. Recontre et Development (Rand D), associated with the WCC/Commission on Interchurch Aid, Refugees, and World Service (CICARWS), coordinated the activities of Christian churches in Algeria with the GOA and the Red Crescent to ensure that ecumenical assistance met priority needs. The Christian Committee for Service to Algeria served as a channel for assistance from religious agencies, but distributed relief aid through the Red Crescent or the GOA system.

Assistance Provided by the United States Government (USG)

The U.S. Charge d'Affaires, Christopher W.S. Ross, deter­ mined on October 11 that a disaster situation warranting U.S. assistance existed in Algeria. The USG took immediate action in response to the GOA's appeal to the international community for relief assistance. The Chief of ~fission authorized the use of his disaster relief funds as needed.

At the request of A.I.D. 's Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), the Department of Defense (DOD) dispatched a Military Disaster Area Survey Team (DAST) from the U.S. European Command (USEUCOM) to assist the U.S. Embassy in Algiers in d eter mining relief needs. The 38-member team, consisting of 8 engineers, 13 medical officers, 7 signal, 4 security, 2 logistics, and 2 operations specialists, a U.S. Navy officer, and a public affairs officer, arrived in Algiers on October 12, and established a command post at El Attaf, some 33 km east of El Asnam. Medical supplies and two mobile communications packages accompanied the DAST. Working in small units augmented by Algerian medical and military personnel, the team carried out surveys in the most populated areas and in such outlying sites as could be reached by Landrover. By October 13, a direct communication link had been established between the U.S. Embassy, the DAST in El Attaf, and HQ USEUCOM (Heidelberg, Germany). Five U.S. naval vessels of the Sixth Fleet rendezvoused off the coast of Algeria soon after the earthquake occurred, but were redeployed when it was determined that their services and equip­ ment would not be needed.

On October 17, when the DAST completed its surveys and pre­ sented its preliminary recommendations, most of its members departed Algeria. Charge Ross requested that seven members of the team, including the team leader, and one communica­ tions package remain a few additional days to provide transi­ tional assistance to Algerian officials. Some DAST equipment (tents, cots, tables, chairs, medicines) was donated to the El Attaf hospital.

While the DAST was being deployed, emergency relief supplies were being airlifted from the OFDA stockpile in Camp Darby, Leghorn, Italy. Ten sorties delivered 1,999 tents, 13,999 wool blankets, and 2,989 aluminum double decker cots to Algeria October 12 and 13. An OFDA disaster operations officer visited the stricken area from October 13 to 22. Based on her

5 ALGERIA - Earthquake observations and DAST findings that victims' needs for shelter and comfort items were not being adequately met, the U.S. Embassy asked OFDA to arrange delivery of additional relief supplies. Subsequent airlifts delivered the following items in support of stage-one of the GOA's plans for earthquake recovery. On October 17, a Flying Tiger 747 loaded with 1,117 tents and flies and 12,227 wool blankets arrived in Algeria from the United States. A C-141 flown to Algeria to pick up the remaining DAST members on October 20 delivered 1,000 kerosene tent stoves, 1,982 five-gallon collapsible water containers, and 14,932 cotton blankets from the Leghorn stockpile. Four C-141 flights arrived in Algeria October 22 and 23 with 1,500 tents/flies from the OFDA stockpile in Panama.

Responding to a GOA request, the USG sent a five-person Shel­ ter Advisory Team (SAT) from the Naval Facilities Engineering Command to assist the GOA in the second stage of its recovery program. The purpose of the week-long mission which began October 23 was to provide expertise on the immediate and long-term shelter needs of the people left homeless by the earthquake. The SAT recommended that technical assistance be provided to the Algerian military on how to erect and main­ tain OFDA-supplied tents. In mid-November a five-man Seabee team from the Department of State's Naval Support Unit, ac­ companied by an OFDA disaster officer, arrived to provide this assistance.

The SAT further recommended that the DOD create a Construc­ tion Management Agency to help coordinate the possible supply of U.S. housing equipment for the redevelopment of the El As­ nam region. Ultimately, the GOA contracted for prefabricated housing from other sources.

Summary of USG Assistance

From FY 81 International Disaster Assistance (IDA) funds:

The Chief of Mission contributed $500 from his $25,000 disas­ ter relief authority to the Diplomatic Corps Fund (Algiers); the remainder was put toward OFDA's purchase and transport of tents and was absorbed by OFDA for expenditures -below ...•..•...... •.. $500

Airlift of relief supplies from Leghorn, Panama, and U.S. stockpiles and reimbursement to DOD for DAST expenses .....•.•.. $1,291,660

Value of 12,227 wool blankets airlifted from the U.S ..••....•...... $92,363

Inland transport of 1,117 tents/flies airlifted from the U.S .••••....•..•••..•..•..•...•...••...... •...... •..•...... •.. $1,243

Administrative costs of the five-person Housing Survey Team ...... $9,284

Tent repair kit ...... •••...•...... •..•...... $275

6 \ ALGERIA - Earthquake

Value of 1,982 water containers from Leghorn stockpile ...... $3,995

Value of 4,616 tents/flies from Leghorn, Panama, and U.S. stockpiles ...... $2,102,042

Administrative costs of the five- person Seabee Team . .•...... •.... 58,334

Administrative costs of two disaster relief officers ...... $3,1~0

Total IDA Funds, FY 81 ...... $3,512,886

From FY 82 IDA funds:

Value of 13,9~9 wool blankets from Leghorn stockpile ... • ...... $117,571

Value of 14,932 cotton blankets from Leghorn stockpile •..•...... $61,687

Value of 2,989 cots from Leghorn stockpile .•.•...•...... •.....•.. $130,737

Total IDA Funds, FY 82 ...... $309,995

GRAND TOTAL, FY 81 and FY 82 .•...... $3,822,881

Assistance Provided by U.S. Voluntary Agencies and Private Groups*

American National Red Cross - contributed $101,951 in cash and $89,800 worth of antibiotics through LORCS; Red Cross Youth gave $2,000 in cash as well as gift boxes and eight school kits through LORCS, value not reported.

Catholic Relief Services (CRS) - established an Alger ian Relief fund; shipped $160,000 worth of clothing, raincoats, quilts, and layettes to the Algerian Red Crescent.

Church World Service (CWS) - issued an appeal for $125,000 and had received $109,181 as of 1/81; forwarded $35,000 to wee for disaster relief and $138,659 to wee in response to its appeal for funds to build health facilities.

Direct Relief Foundation - shipped two tons of medical sup­ plies worth $50,800.

Lutheran World Relief - gave $10,000 in cash to the WCC.

Lutheran World Federation - sent a representative to Algeria.

National Association of Arab Americans (NAAA) - offered medical assistance.

7 ALGERIA - Earthquake

Seventh-day Adventist World Service (SAWS) - donated $15, 0 00 to the Red Crescent.

TOTAL $603 , 210

Assistance Provided by the International Community *

International Organizations

Arab Secretariat - give $10,000 in cash through LORCS.

European Economic Community (EEC) - provided $450,194 in cash through LORCS; $275,997 to the WCC building fund appeal; $1.4 million to the GOA and another $1.4 million t h rough non-gov­ ernmental organizations, distributed as follows: $280,000 to wee for the transport of medicines, tents, and blankets ; $308,000 to Action International Centre La Faim (CAICF) for foodstuffs, building materials and technicians for the con­ struction of 50 prefab community units; $285,600 fo r the purchase of 20,000 blankets and 600 tents; $168,000 for co­ financing (with Caritas/Germany) two sea shipments of relief supplies; $35,000 for co-financing (with Caritas/Belgium) 10,000 blankets; and $323,400 for 80 prefab houses. The EEC also gave food aid valued at $2 million which consisted of 5,000 tons of cereals, 500 tons of non-fat dry milk, 200 tons of butteroil, 450 tons of chick peas, and 100-150 tons o f infant formula.

League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS) - released blankets and tents from regional warehouses (partial value of $15,385), donated $151,700 in emergency funds, and sent two delegates. In response to a request from the Algerian Red Crescent, LORCS issued an appeal to member societies for relief aid and for assistance in replenishing ARC's depleted stocks (see contri­ butions below).

United Nations Development Program (UNDP) - through its resi­ dent representative, obtained GOA approval to send a six-per­ son assessment team from its regular staff to El Asnam. The team consisted of two sanitary engineers, one epidemiologist, one insect specialist, and two construction engineers. The UNDP was asked to concentrate its efforts on rehabilitation, particularly on the question of whether or not El Asnam should be relocated. The UNDP also proposed assisting the GOA in re­ pairing irrigation systems for orange groves to save the 1980 crop, and contributed $350,000 to emergency projects.

Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator (UNDRO) - sent a representative to assist the UNDP resident representative and, as the role evolved, to act as a clear­ inghouse for information and coordinator for cash contribu­ tions through UNDRO; launched an appeal for second-stage needs

8 ' ALGERIA - Earthquake

such as the temporary relocation of people, restoration of es­ sential services, and clearing of roads; gave S30,000 for the purchase of 5,000-6,000 blankets.

UNESCO - sent a five-person team of experts to survey the damage to bui ldings and make recommendations concerning the re­ construction/relocation of El Asnam.

UNICEF - provided 500,000 packets of oral rehydration salts (by air transport from UNIPAC, Copenhagen) and 40 tons of other medical supplies, with a total value of $116,000.

World Council of Churches (WCC) through the Christian Commit­ tee for Service to Algeria, provided 30 tons of clothing, five hospital tents, 1,000-1,200 family tents, 70,000 blankets, stretchers, blood collecting/giving kits, surgical kits, orthopedic materials, sleeping bags, and high protein biscuits, all partially valued at $840,000. World Council of Churches/ Commission on Inter-Church Aid, Refugees, and World Service (WCC/CICARWS) - appealed for $1,000,000 (fully subscribed) to provide a prefabricated clinic and three health centers. (Note : to avoid d ouble c ou nti ng, contributions of WCC/CICARWS are not included in the international total but are credited to individual donors to that organization.)

World Food Program (WFP) -provided 7,425 MT of wheat flour, 900 MT of pulses, and 675 MT of vegetable oil, all valued at $3,933,000.

World Health Organization (ffi10) - provided $25,000 for health coordination; donated defoggers and pedojets valued at $50,000; and sent one sani t atio n e xpert and one communicable diseases specialist.

Governments

Austria- gave $157,480 in cash.

Australia- donated $117,354 in cash through LORCS.

Belgium - sent a 15-person medical team with mobile equip­ ment, five tons of tents, and 10 tons of blankets, value not reported; also donated 25 tons of plasma, milk, a nd medica­ ments worth $102,124 through LORCS.

Canada- gave S218,447 in cash through LORCS and 5,000 cases of evaporated milk valued at $100,000. The Government of Ontario donated $42,085 in cash through LORCS; the Government of Quebec gave $43,372 in cash to the Re~ Crescent.

Congo, People's Republic - contributed $1 million in cash.

9 ALGERIA - Earthquake

Denmark - paid freight costs totaling $180,000 for a joint government/Danchurchaid/Danish Red Cross cargo of 24,500 blankets, 560 tents, and 100 stretchers.

Cuba - government and Red Cross provided medical supplies and personnel at a cost of $169,217 through LORCS.

Finland - donated $273,149 to the Finnish Red Cross. (Pre­ sumed included in Finnish Red Cross contribution below.)

France - sent two teams of fire fighters (88 persons) and search and rescue equipment; six medical teams of three doctors and eight nurses each, plus six surgeons and ten anaesthetists; 2,000 kg of medical equipment; 1,000 kg of blood plasma and other medical supplies; three seismologists; value not reported.

German Democratic Republic - provided a medical team, tents, blankets, and medicine, value not reported.

Germany, Federal Republic - sent 1,125 tents, 5,000 blankets, blood plasma, five tons of medicines, and a field hospital with personnel, value not reported; also sent a 34-man rescue team plus equipment, 1,000 stretchers, cots, heaters, and hur­ ricane lamps, with a total value of $849,462.

Greece - airlifted 35 tons of foodstuffs, three tons of medi­ cal supplies, and 100 tents, value not reported.

Ireland - gave $38,532 in cash through LORCS.

Italy - provided a medical team, 160 tents, 3,664 blankets, 1,832 mattresses, sleeping bags, 800 kg plasma, an illumination system, a camp kitchen for 800 persons, foodstuffs, clothing, a prefab compound for 500 persons, seven generators, a water purification system, four trucks, one sanitary vehicle, and a 20-man technical team, value not reported; gave 135 bottles of dried plasma, 500 bottles each of saline solution and disin­ fectant, all valued at $5,232 through LORCS.

Japan - through LORCS, the government and Red Cross provided a five-person medical team for one month, surgical equipment, medicines, 1,500 tents, 5,000 blankets, 500 camp beds, 2,000 sleeping bags, 23,000 pieces of clothing, and 24,000 tins of tuna, all at a cost of $1,424,454.

Jordan - donated tents and blankets, value not reported.

Kuwait - sent one planeload of pharmaceuticals and other re­ lief supplies, value not reported.

Libya - provided a medical team, 5,000 blankets, and 100 tents value not reported; gave $10 million for reconstruction.

10 ALGERIA - Earthquake

Luxembourg - provided 47 tons of relief supplies, value not reported.

Netherlands - gave blood plasma, medical equipment, blankets, and tents, value not reported; contributed $256,522 in cash to the Netherlands Red Cross for relief supplies. (Presumed in­ cluded in Netherlands Red Cross contribution).

New Zealand - donated $24,478 in cash through LORCS.

Niger - gave $235,860 in cash.

Norway- gave $208,738 in cash.

Pakistan - provided a 100-bed field hospital and a medical team of 160 persons, value not reported.

Qatar - contributed three planeloads of relief supplies in­ cluding 9,500 blankets, value not reported.

Sweden - provided a seven-man disaster team consisting of specialists in sanitation, water, shelter, and medicine, and $357,824 to cover the costs of machinery and personnel; also provided the services of a construction team. Through LORCS, the government and Red Cross contributed 10,614 tents, 41,200 blank ets, 410 rolls of plastic sheeting, 200 mattresses, 200 first-aid kits, 60 tons of used clothing, all valued at $2,012,336.

Switzerland - sent Alpine rescue teams with specially trained dogs, value not reported; two surgical teams plus equipment and a hospital unit, a radio communications team, a water purifica­ tion unit, and, through LORCS, 477 family tents and two million halazone tablets, all at a cost of $592,000. Also through LORCS, the government and Red Cross provided 10 tons of powdered milk, 1,859 kg of baby food, and 231 kg of biscuits, with a total value of $40,291.

Tanzania, United Republic - contributed cash, 5,000 blankets, 1,000 tons of peas, 25 tons of coffee, 200 tents, 2,000 cartons of corned beef, 3,000 cartons of tinned beans, all valued at $982,800.

Tunisia - supplied food, tents, blankets, water trucks, two mobile hospitals, value not reported, and $100,000 in cash.

United Arab Emirates - sent a 41-person medical team, medical supplies, 16,000 blankets, 800 tents, cloth, foodstuffs, and 3,000 fifty-person tents for schools and community services, value not reported.

United Kingdom- through LORCS, contributed 700 tents, one mil­ liort halazone tablets, disinfectants, antiseptics, 500 kg of kitchen utensils, 7,000 coats, and 14,097 kg of tinned food, all valued at $575,025.

11 ALGERIA - Earthquake

USSR - dispatched doctors and nurses working in Algeria to the disaster area with relief supplies; contributed medical sup­ plies, cloth, and tents through the Red Cross and Red Crescent, value not reported.

Venezuela - sent a 40-person search and rescue team.

Voluntary Agencies

ACC (Australia) - gave assistance valued at $6,513 to WCC.

Action d'Urgence Internationale (France) - provided three doctors, two nurses, and nine rescue workers, value not reported.

ADB (Netherlands) - gave assistance valued at $48,997 to WCC.

Argentina Red Cross - gave $2,084 in cash through LORCS.

Australia Red Cross - gave $13,163 in cash through LORCS.

Austria Red Cross - contributed the following through LORCS: 60 tents, 70 camp beds, three water purification units (600-800 liters), 57 water containers, 200 blankets, 40 kg of precooked meals, with a total value of $154,516, and one kindergarten or health center, value not reported.

Bahrain Red Crescent - gave $20,000 in cash through LORCS.

Belgium Red Cross - gave the following through LORCS: $101,8 2 3 in cash; 1,000 blankets, plasma, condensed milk, clothing, and 31,640 flacons Penadur, all valued at $115,218; one health center and equipment, value not reported.

BFDW (Germany) -gave assistance valued at $41,850 to WCC.

Bulgaria Red Cross- provided foodstuffs, medicaments, blan­ kets, and tents through LORCS, with a total value of $228,155.

Canada Council of Churches - gave assistance valued at $2,067 to wee.

Canada Help for the Aged- gave $52 in cash through LORCS.

Canada Red Cross - gave $30,970 in cash through LORCS.

Caritas (Germany, Fed. Rep.) -gave 42 tons of clothing worth $117,233 through LORCS.

Caritas/Diakonisches (Germany, Fed. Rep.) - gave 450 round tents, 50 tons of clothing, all valued at $293,083, through LORCS.

12 ALGERIA - Earthquake

Caritas/Diakonisches Hilfswerk (Germany, Fed. Rep.) -gave 55 tons of clothing worth $167,475 through LORCS.

China Red Cross - provided 2,500 blankets worth $33,374 through LORCS.

Christian Aid/CAFOD (U.K.)- contributed 100 heavy-quality tents through LORCS, with a value of $43,034.

Christian Aid (U.K.)- gave assistance valued at $229,010 to the wee appeal; provided medicines and 4,500 sleeping bags to wee valued at more than $50,000.

Christian World Service (New Zealand) - gave assistance valued at $7,601 to wee.

CIMADE (France) -gave assistance valued at $102,925 to WCe.

Corps Mondial de Secours (France) - sent one rescue team and 500 kg of equipment, value not reported.

Cyprus Red Cross- gave $3,749 in cash through LORCS.

Czechoslovakia Red Cross - gave 2,000 blankets and 5,500 kg of powdered milk, with a total value of $59,883, through LORCS.

Danchurchaid (Denmark) - gave assistance valued at $50,000 to the wee appeal; provided 25,000 blankets, 200 tents, and 250 surgical kits to wee, at a cost of $240,000 including freight.

Das Diakonisches Werk (Germany, Fed. Rep.) -contributed 10,000 blankets and 30 tons of clothing to wee, all valued at $155,000 including freight. (Note: 200 tents also given to WCC, value not reported, may have been part of Caritas/Diakonisches contribution listed above.)

Denmark Red Cross - contributed 350 tents worth $84,566 through LORCS.

Denmark Red Cross/Danchurchaid - provided 24,500 blankets, 100 stretchers, 560 tents, and five tons of powdered milk, with a total value of $284,854, through LORCS. (Danish govern­ ment assisted with freight costs- see above.)

Eglise Protestante Belge (Belgium) - gave assistance valued at $8,550 to wee.

FIEC (Italy) - gave assistance valued at $20,000 to WCC.

Finland Red Cross - provided medical supplies, 70 tents, 5,500 blankets, 1,000 crutches, 11,000 pairs of rubber boots, two health centers and equipment, with a total value of $637,053 through LORCS.

13 ALGERIA - Earthquake

Finnchurchaid (Finland) - gave assistance valued at $13,000 to wee.

Fischer and Co. (Switzerland) - gave assistance valued at $608 to wee.

France Red Cross - through LORCS, provided $29,354 in cash and 15,700 blankets, 100 tents, foodstuffs, clothing, medicaments, bone surgery material, one prefabricated module, and nine health centers and equipment, all valued at $1,132,077.

GDR (Netherlands) - gave assistance valued at $23,500 to WCC.

Germany, Democratic Republic Red Cross - provided antibiotics, plasma, and other supplies, all worth $183,737, through LORCS.

Germany, Federal Republic Red Cross - provided the following through LORCS: 5,450 blankets, 1,020 tents, one surgical team and equipment, medicaments, and beds, all valued at $783,786; loan of water purification units, $703,398 for powdered milk and for operating water units; other in-kind assistance valued at $584,563.

Greece Red Cross - provided clothing and 2,000 cotton blankets worth $12,865 through LORCS.

Gulbenkian Foundation (Portugal) - provided $6,899 in cash and 4,038 blankets valued at $22,850 through LORCS.

HEKS (Switzerland) -gave assistance valued at $475 , 274 to WCC.

Hungary Red Cross - sent clothing, 48 tents, and 1,200 blankets, all valued at $55,036, through LORCS.

India Red Cross - contributed 1,500 blankets, 300 tents, 150 canvas covers, clothing, fabric, soap, and vitamins, with a total value of $130,461, through LORCS.

Individual Donors - gave $321 in cash to WCC and $51,028 in cash to LORCS.

Iran Red Crescent - provided one medical team and a 50-bed field hospital, 12 tons medicaments, and tents, value not re­ ported, and $30,000 in cash, all through LORCS.

Iraq Red Crescent - gave $50,000 in cash through LORCS.

Ireland Red Cross - provided $83,148 in cash and two tons of powdered milk worth $5,067 through LORCS.

Irish Presbyterian Church - gave $91,200 in cash to WCC.

14 ALGERIA - Earthquake

Italy Red Cross - provided the following through LORCS: cloth­ ing, 4,971 blankets, and 125 sleeping bags, with a total value of $29,507; loan of one water purification unit, spare parts and accessories for water unit, 588 gas lamps with refills, and one medical team, value not reported.

Japan Red Cross - through LORCS, contributed $24,231 in cash and two health centers and equipment valued at $195,123.

Jordan Red Crescent - sent a 17-person medical team, value not reported; foodstuffs, clothing, and medical equipment valued at $36,408, all through LORCS.

Kuwait Red Crescent -gave $25,000 in cash through LORCS.

Lebanon Red Cross - gave $1,442 in cash through LORCS.

Libya Red Crescent - provided 16,640 blankets, 375 tents, food­ stuffs, and medicaments, all valued at $1,796,157, through LORCS.

Liechtenstein Red Cross - gave $18,086 in cash through LORCS.

Luxembourg Red Cross - gave $22,640 in cash through LORCS.

LWF (Sweden) - gave assistance valued at $124,016 to WCC.

Monaco Red Cross - provided $14,171 in cash through LORCS.

Morocco Red Crescent - sent foodstuffs and 3,000 blankets, all valued at $126,820, through LORCS.

Netherlands Red Cross - provided the following through LORCS: $50,471 in cash; 13,000 blankets, 200 stretchers, 1,000 tents, 8;000 sleeping bags, high protein biscuits, medicines, elec­ tric torch~s, all valued at $764,896; 10,000 blankets, 1,000 family-size tents, two health centers and equipment, value not reported; other in-kind assistance worth $278,704.

NCC (Japan) - gave assistance valued at $136 to WCC.

New Zealand Red Cross - gave $9,812 in cash through LORCS.

Norway Red Cross - provided $134,130 in cash, 9,000 blankets and 100 tents worth $85,443 through LORCS.

Norchurchaid (Norway) - gave assistance valued at $100,000 to wee.

Order of Malta (Italy) - provided foodstuffs through LORCS, value not reported.

Oxfam (U.K.) -contributed $12,470 in cash, 12,950 knitted blankets and 160 rolls of polyethylene worth $103,353 through LORCS; other assistance, including 200 tents, value not re­ ported.

15 ALGERIA - Earthquake ,.

Papua New Guinea Red Cross - gave $780 in cash through LORCS.

Poland Red Cross - gave 60 tents and 370 blankets, all valued at $48,422, through LORCS.

Presbyterian Church of Canada - gave assistance valued at $1,283 to wee.

PWRDF (Canada) - gave assistance valued at $8,449 to WCC.

Qatar Red Crescent - provided tents and blankets through LORCS, value not reported.

Romania Red Cross - sent 50 tents, 700 blankets, and 1,661 kg of medicaments, with a total value of $45,989, through LORCS.

Save the Children Fund (U.K.) -provided 3,275 blankets and 40 family-type tents, all valued at $23,191, through LORCS.

South Africa Red Cross - gave $163 in cash through LORCS.

Spain Red Cross - contributed 2,000 blankets, 12 tents, 50 camp beds, clothing, and other supplies, all valued at $103,110, through LORCS.

Stichting (Netherlands) - gave assistance valued at $36,552 to wee; donated 61 tons of high protein biscuits in coopera­ tion wi th Dutch Red Cross, value not reported.

Sudan Red Crescent - gave antibiotics worth $10,012 through LORCS.

Sweden Red Cross - provided 9,236 blankets, 645 tents, 5,004 storm lanterns, 852 electric heaters, with a total value of $215,370, through LORCS.

Swedish Free Church Aid - gave assistance valued at $45,276 to wee.

Switzerland Red Cross - provided the following through LORCS: 12,375 blankets, 330 tents, 200 sets of kitchen utensils, med­ ical supplies, 889 storm lanterns, clothing, powdered milk, and baby food, all valued at $299,593; three health centers and equipment, value not reported.

Switzerland Red Cross (Geneva Branch) - contributed 2,000 blan­ kets, worth $4,005; other blankets and tents, value not report­ ed, all through LORCS.

Switzerland Red Cross/Caritas/Entraide Protestant Chaine due Bonheur - gave in-kind assistance worth $1,393,543 through LORCS.

Syria Red Crescent -gave $2,000 in cash to Algiers.

16 ALGERIA - Earthquake

Thailand Red Cross- gave $1,000 in cash through LORCS.

Tunisia Red Crescent - supplied 9,000 blankets, foodstuffs, soap and medicaments, with a total value of $119,692, through LORCS.

Turkey Red Crescent - sent 200 tents, 3,000 blankets, 10 hos­ pital tents, foodstuffs, one mobile kitchen and a five-member team through LORCS, value not reported.

United Church of Canada -gave $21 in cash to WCC.

United Kingdom Red Cross - provided the following through LORCS: 22,250 blankets, 1,608 tents including five hospital tents, 40 field kitchen tents, and 30 tents for control posts, 321 hospital beds, 68 mattresses, 17 stretchers, baby food, biscuits, and one water purification unit, all at a cost of $1,297,596; one polyclinic and equipment, value not reported.

USSR Red Cross - sent one medical team, 100 tents, cloth, medicaments and medical equipment, all valued at $107,888, through LORCS.

Wilde Ganzen (Netherlands) - gave assistance valued at $95,980 to wee.

Yugoslavia Red Cross - provided the following through LORCS: 206 tents, 50 camp beds, 2,050 blankets, bed linen, sleeping bags, footwear, one field hospital and medical equipment, three small surgery kits, 1,500 blood transfusion units and other medical supplies; all valued at $183,500; one team of geo­ phonists and one school and equipment, value not reported.

TOTAL $45,601,788

* Please note: the figures for total U.S. voluntary agency and international assistance are an approximation. In many cases, the cash value of in-kind aid is unavailable.

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