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El Asnam (Loo Agency for Washington D.C. International 20523 Development ALGERIA - Earthquake Data Date: October 10, 1980 (FY 81) Location: El Asnam (lOO. miles southwest of Algiers) and the area within a SO km radius of El Asnam; dairas of El Asnam, El Attaf, Boukadir, Tenes, Ain Defla, Cherchell, Beni Hendel, Oued Rhiou No. Dead: 2,633 confirmed dead and another 348 missing No. Affected: 478,948 Damage: El Asnam sustained damage estimated at 90% or more. Most health facilities were destroyed or damaged, including four hospitals (one part medical school;, four polyclinics, and 50 health centers. The central mosque and government buildings were flattened. 50% of the schools were destroy­ ed or severely damaged. Several high rise apartment build­ ings and the city's largest hotel, the Chelif, were demol­ ished. Roads in and around El Asnam were fissured and railroad tracks buckled. A freight train was derailed. Essential services were interrupted as electricity, tele­ phone, water, and sewer lines were cut. Several towns and villages within a SO km radius of El Asnam were heavily damaged. Affected towns included the following, with the estimated level of destruction: ALGERIA - Earthquake Oued Fodda 90% El Abadia 80% Oumm Ed Drou 90% El Attaf 70% Zeboudia 80% El Karimia 60% Ouled Ahmed 80% Material damage was estimated at $5.2 bi llion. The Disaster An earthquake registering 7.3 on the Richter Scale , wi th its epicenter about 100 miles southwest of Algiers, between t h e city of El Asnam and the village of Beni Rached, struck at 1:25 p.m. local time on October 10, 1980. Three hours after, a 6.3 magnitude earthquake, the strongest in a series of aftershocks, rocked the region. Three days later, a 4.0 magnitude tremor contributed further to the widespread destruction suffered by El Asnam (formerly Orleansville) and surrounding villag es. Lighter tremors were felt in Algiers, Blida, Medea, Tiaret, Saida, and Oran. The affected region has experienced at least 10 moderate to large earthquakes in the last 250 years, including a series of violent tremors (the main shock of 6.7 magnitude) in September 1954, which killed nearly 1,500 persons. With a population of 12 0,000 to 125,000, El Asnam suf­ fered the heaviest casualties in the 1980 quake. Most victims died in three housing complexes when they were trapped under collapsing walls and buried in the rubble. A total of 2,633 bodies were recovered before the search for victims ended, and another 348 persons were listed as missing . The death toll may have been much higher throughout the affected region. Initial estimates of the numbe r s of dead ranged from 5,000 to 20,000. The diffi culty in determining precise casualty figures was thought to have been due in part to the failure of survivors to report death s to the authorities and to the Islamic practice of burying the dead immed iately . Estimates of the number of homeless also varied widely. Authorities eventually registered 443,000 homeless persons in the Department o f El Asnam which also includes rural inhabitants. In all, 478,950 persons were affected. Nearly 90% of buildings in El Asnam were destroyed or beyond repair, including the provincial government headquarters, the police and fire departments, the court house, the main mosque, and the major hospitals. Essential services were interrupted but were partially restored within a few days. Ground deformation resulted in some damage to roads, bridges, and railroad tracks. Rail services remained open west of El Asnam and roads were sufficiently passable to allow ambulances to move the seriously injured to hospitals in cities east and west of El Asnam. Several towns and villages within a 50 km radius of El Asnam were devas­ tated, as many of their small buildings of rudimentary masonry construc­ tion were completely leveled. The more remote mountain villages were isolated by landslides and/or damage to communications and transporta­ tion lines, making disaster assessment and relief assistance initially difficult. 2 ALGERIA - Earthquake Rescue efforts were hampered throughout the disaster area by the numerous aftershocks, some of which caused further damage, and by deteriorating weather conditions which brought rain and falling temperatures a few days after the quake. Providing shelter for the homeless was soon recognized as the most urgent relief priority. The government ordered the establish­ ment of tent villages on the outskirts of El Asnam; however, because of an initial shortage of tents, many victims remained in improvised shelters near their destroyed homes for several days. Medical care, food, and potable water were generally available in the areas accessible by roads. Action Taken by the Government of Algeria (GOA) and Local Voluntary Agencies President Chadli Benjedid followed the disaster situation closely, tour­ ing the stricken area and personally directing the organization of relief operations. Civil Defense teams and a government delegation made up of Ministers of Health, Housing, and the Interior, as well as senior military officers , were dispatched to the disaster scene. All national resources, including the National People's Army, were mobilized to assist in asses­ sing losses and rescuing the injured. An appeal was sent to Algerian doctors residing in France to give medical assistance. The GOA also appealed for international assistance through the United Nations Develop­ ment Program (UNDP). The GOA cancelled a holiday festival and proclaimed seven days of mourn­ ing. The Ministry of Finance set up a special Earthquake Fund ·to which many civil servants and others contributed part of their salaries. A do­ nation of 3,000,300 dinars (approximately $796,892) from officials and cadres of the Presidency was transferred to the special fund. A rescue force n umbering 40,000 persons, supervised by the Minister of the Interior and including search and rescue teams from the international community, ·immediately began the difficult task of searching for survivors. Using specially trained dogs and electronic sensing devices, rescuers worked around the clock :1 puJling some 70 survivors from the rubble before hope of finding others was abandoned and bulldozers were moved in for clearing operations. An Algerian women's group organized teams to gather up small children who had been separated from their parents and were wandering in the streets. The Algerian Red Crescent (ARC) went into action within hours of the earthquake, transferring all stocks from its warehouses (1,000 tents, 40,000 blankets, 50 tons of clothing, and 20 tons of foodstuffs) to the stricken area. On October 11, ARC launched an appeal through the League of Red Cross Societies (LORCS) for relief assistance. The El Asnam Red Crescent Departmental Committee, its ranks diminished by the loss of several of its volunteers in the earthquake, nevertheless worked closely with the armed forces and the civil defense in clearing and rescue opera­ tions. The local departmental committee also distributed tents, blankets and food, and started a missing persons tracing service. Some 30 Red Crescent departmental committees throughout Algeria lent their support to the relief effort. With the assistance of other national societies, ARC 3 ALGERIA - Earthquake participated in the reconstruction phase by providing heaith cent e r s and children's estates for orphans. President Benjedid decreed the disaster area under military command on October 16 and gave the army responsibility for all relief operations as we ll as for the restoration of public services and temporary housing of the homeless. A seven-man national commission headed by the Prime Minister was created to coordinate support for the military command . As rescue operations continued, the GOA turned to the task of car ing for survivors. A two-stage recovery program was implemented: first, to assist victims with emergency shelter, food, and medical care, and second, to acquire and erect prefab housing, administration buildings, and schools. The medical emergency had peaked by October 14, with the injured from El Asnam and nearby villages being treated in one of two emergency centers: a school converted into a first aid center, and a 600 bed field hospital set up by the army at El Asnam airport. The most seriously injur ed were transported by ambulance, train, or helicopter to hospitals in cities out­ side the stricken area. By October 23, six medical stations had been set up with the help of the Red Crescent at strategic locations throughout t he Department of El Asnam. (To reduce the danger of epidemics, health authorities carried out an immunization program and spread disinfectants and lime over the rubble.) The GOA Ministry of Commerce was responsible for food procurement . Food­ stuffs received from international donors, the GOA, Red Crescent stocks, and daily c ollections by Red Crescent departmental committees were distri­ buted in the towns by the army with Red Crescent assi stance, and in rural areas by the Red Crescent only. Water was made safe for drinking with the use o f water purification units sent by several donors and was available from wells, springs or tank trucks. Meeting shelter needs remained an urgent priority for the GOA throughout the emergency phase of the disaster. An initial shortage of tents slowed the implementation of first stage plans to establish tent camps on the periphery of El Asnam and other affected towns. Gradually, the homeless were accommodated in tents supplied by donors or purchased by the govern­ ment. By mid-December the GOA had placed orders abroad for 40,000 prefab­ ricated houses, and plans for reconstruction were underway. The GOA welcomed the assistance of technical experts from donor govern­ ments and international organizations. A building inspection unit attach­ ed to the Algerian Ministry of Housing invited a three-person team from the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute ( EERI) of Oakland, Califor­ nia, to visit the disaster zone and provide technical assistance in im­ proving construction codes.
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