Village Level Tsunami Inundated Areas of Kanyakumari Districts Is Using GIS Approach, Southern Tamilnadu Coast, India

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Volume-5, Issue-3, June-2015 International Journal of Engineering and Management Research Page Number: 298-307

Village Level Tsunami Inundated Areas of Kanyakumari Districts is using GIS approach, Southern Tamilnadu Coast, India

V. Jothi1, M. Rajamanickam2, V. P. Saravanan3 1Center for Environmental Engineering, PRIST University,Thanjavur,Tamilnadu, INDIA 2Center for Disaster Management, PRIST University,Thanjavur,Tamilnadu, INDIA 3Department of Civil Engineering, PRIST University,Thanjavur,Tamilnadu, INDIA

ABSTRACT developing countries is a major reason for concern. The The major objective of this paper to assess Tsunami study of Tsunami inundation are very useful for mitigating inundation mapping and hazard assessment on large scale such losses. Tsunami inundation maps generally are used level 1:50,000 maping. The various datas like topographical to provide information about the Tsunami damage and maps, satellite images and cadastral maps are used for future potential occurrences. Information obtained from tsunami inundation mapping in Kanyakumari district. IRS- conventional geologic hazard maps do not always provide p6 LISS IV Quick bird, Images are used for the collecting information of High Tide Lines (HTL),CRZ buffers, coastal sufficient data for the users needs. The difficulty in census information and land elevation contours were presenting more relevant information on geologic hazard integrated into 1:8000 scale. The DEM maps evidently maps in conventional paper format is due to the limited showed that Colachel, Manakudi and Thengampudur villages Availability. Physical space of that format Furthermore, are the largest part area susceptible for tsunami inundation these kinds of maps provide little opportunity for users to due to low elevation and coastal confiquration. Where as ask for Additional information, to determine the Kadiapattinam, Agastheeswaram, and Kanyakumari villages relationships between different kinds of information and are situated in upland area.as a result it has extremely less important quantitative Analyses. Furthermore, Tsunami inundation.Tsunami impacts are more damaged in low lying hazards have important temporal attributes. The flat topography, creeks inlet ,river mouth estuary, etc like Manakudi and Colachel. The tsunami inundation was diverse Conversion of analog maps into digital format and the from few meters to 750 meters in inland. In coastal estuarine linking of Accessing information via mainstream GIS area water reached up to 1500m.The quantification of software, however, to require sufficient familiarity with the Tsunami inundation was controlled by coastal geological, software and a good grasp of the spatial information and geomorphological and bathymetric depth. The GIS analysis digital database structure concept. Most users would find it shoned low elevated coastal areas are more suceptable for very difficult to use the system and retrieve the Tsunami inundation. information needed. This present study focuses on tsunami inundation mapping, demarcating zones or areas affected Keywords---- Tsunami,HTL,LISS IV,CRZ,Inundation by tsunami of different magnitudes or frequencies and probability levels, and specifying the types of permissible developments in these zones. So that whenever tsunami actually occurs the damage can be minimized at least. I. INTRODUCTION Tsunami inundation maps are the essential tools for land use planning in tsunami-prone areas. A tsunami inundation On 26th December 2004,Indian Ocean earthquake map is considered as a preliminary, yet necessary initial accident occurred on 26 December. Indian coastline faced step in all regional development policies. Remote Sensing the most destructed by tsunami. The tsunami was by an can provide information on tsunami-inundated areas for earthquake of magnitude MW 9.3 at 3.316°N, 95.854°E different magnitudes of the tsunami. So that's the extent of off the coast of Sumatra in the Indonesian. In recent years, Tsunami inundation can be related to the tsunami increasing the vulnerability to natural disasters in magnitude. Such information, The High resolution 298 Copyright © 2011-15. Vandana Publications. All Rights Reserved. www.ijemr.net ISSN (ONLINE): 2250-0758, ISSN (PRINT): 2394-6962 satellite data give information on the floodplain and information of flood control works. Inundation coverage for specific flood return periods can be estimated. Using close contour information, inundation depth for giving water level elevation can be estimated which is a vital input for hazard zone mapping. The tsunami event caused destruction to both human life and property in a very short duration of occasion. A number of coasts from Arockiapuram down Colachel endured moderate to severe damages, with loss of large numbers of buildings,damage to crops. Tsunami inundation and tsunami risk mapping was carried out in different parts of the world [1]; [2]; [3]; [4] and [5].

II. AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The primary aim and objectives, prepares inundation mapping of the Tsunami affected Kanyakumari coastal district using cadastral maps, satellite images and field measurements. They are as follows • To prepare Tsunami inundation map on village Fig.1.Location Map level (1:8000 Scale) • To create DEM on village level (1:8000 scale) 2.2.Geology & Geomorphology of the Study Area • To integrate Topography and Tsunami inundated Kanyakumari district is bounded by majestic hills, areas using GIS environment and the plains bordered by colorful sea shores, fringed • To prepare the Geomorphologic map.(1:8000 with coconut trees and paddy fields. Here and there scale) elevated patched off red cliffs with undulating valleys and 2.1 STUDY AREA plains between the mountainous terrain and the sea coast The coastal plain between Colachel and are also manifested. The coastal ecosystem of this district Arokiapuram (N 77 14’ 54’’ to N 77 0 33’ 58’’ E 080 10’ comprises 68 km in length and studded with 42 coastal 20’’ to E 080 07’ 06’’) is generally called as Kanyakumari fishing hamlets. The coastal geomorphology of coast. The total length of the coastline is about 44.34 km. Kanyakumari District is mainly composed of beach ridges, The Kanyakumari coast displays unique geomorphic and rocky shores, sand dunes, swampy nature in the eastern sedimentologic evidence for Tsunami impact. The study regions etc.The 68 km long coast has a heavy area is bounded by the Indian Ocean in the south, Arabian Concentration to the tune of 1,18,387 fisher folks which Sea in the west and the Bay of Bengal in the east, but the constitute about 26 percent of the total fishermen of Tamil main part of the coast faces the Arabian Sea and Nadu state. Among the 34 coastal villages,11 villages of Tirunelveli district with mountain terrain and undulating the study area were highly affected. valleys in the northern part of the coastal segment. (Fig.1) 2.3.Pre-Cambrian Rocks reveal the location of the study area. Location of the study In the Kanyakumari region, charnockite group of area. There are beautiful sandy beaches and are observed rocks is well exposed around Padmanabhapuram, as a thin strip all along the coastal region. The hilly and Aromboli, South Kulasekaram, Thuckalay and forested coastal land-forms are noticed at Muttom and Rajakkamangalam areas. This group is, generally, consists Kanyakumari coast. The terrain tends to drop steeply to the of pyroxene granulite and leptynites. They are distributed freezer and create deeply indented, sheltered inlets, bay as thin bands and lenses. The intermediate type is the most and creeks which provide ideal conditions to protect from prevalent and the rocks belong to non-foliated and crudely natural hazard. The quality of beaches depends up their foliated types. appearance and suitability for the purpose for which most 2.4. Geomorphology tourists wish to use them. All along the coast of The mountain ranges on the west, and the broad Kanyakumari the vegetation consists of coconut trees and undulating beaches are the two physiographic provinces of Palm trees which protect from coastal wind erosion. the Kanyakumari coast of Tamil Nadu. The mountain range of the Western Ghats with an average altitude of 1000–1300 m is the prominent landform in the hinterland of the study area. It is a continuous range of hills with a width of 24 to 48 km from Nagercoil near Kanayakumari in the south through the Nilgiris and the western border the 299 Copyright © 2011-15. Vandana Publications. All Rights Reserved. www.ijemr.net ISSN (ONLINE): 2250-0758, ISSN (PRINT): 2394-6962

Mysore plateau up the tape valley, with the Palghat Gap in total 21 transects were carried out for detailed village has a width a bout of 25 km being the only marked break. survey .The spacing between the two transects is about The coastal zone has an average width of 15km; it is 2km interval. The run up measurements were also taken widest (16km) on the confluence of Thambrabarani and from the transect drawn perpendicular to the coast. The other minor seasonal streams of variable width are also transect starts from the shoreline (waters point in surf) and present. The shoreline West of Kanyakumari up to extents up to a maximum inundation point. Elevation Kollamcode, is mostly straight barring a few rocky information was collected from high tide line to s landward promontories alternating with coves. The Thambaraparni up to 1.5km. The maximum inundation points were delta lacks deltaic protuberance, but has a typical shore, identified based on local inquiry and signatures such as concave to the sea, implying dominance of marine erosion degraded vegetation, deposited floating garbage and over riverine deposition.This part of Tamil Nadu region sediment characteristics. Inundation distances—the experiences tropical monsoon climate SW monsoon is the distance from the shoreline to the limit of tsunami dominant one of the two active monsoon seasons.The penetration Inundation distance was using theodolites. In rivers and streams of the study area are mostly dry during general, inundation distance increased on the middle part the greater part of the year and are flooded only during of study area.There was,however, considerable variability monsoon. The southernmost part of Tamil Nadu falling in caused by various factors, like slope of the land (greater Kanyakumari district, however, receives higher rainfall as inundation distances in flatter areas), near-shore it is situated in a geomorphic setting similar to that of topography, and orientation of the coastline. The Southern adjoining Kerala cost. part studies area is characterized by rocky headlands and 2.5. Data Used prevailing embayments with narrow beaches and low, For the present study, land use/land cover map is coastal plain topography. Therefore the Tsunami prepared on village level. The following data’s here used inundation was record in the embayments. for thematic mapping on 1:8000 scales 3.2. Image Processing and GIS analysis 1. IRS-P6 –PAN and LISSIII merged product on 24- The present study land use /land cover and Feb-2004 (Fig.2) geomorphology mapping was prepared using digital 2. IKONOS FCC on-12-Feb-2004 images of IRS-P6 - LISS IV and PAN data and Quick bird 3. Quick bird images (colachel coast only images they were processed in the ERDAS Imagine 8.3.1 4. Survey of India topographical maps on 1:50000 software,First step is the LISSIV PAN (5.8m) resolution is

scale geo-referenced (Master image). This image was first-geo- 5. Villages maps on 1:8000 scale referenced by taking various ground Control points (GCP) from the Survey of India (SOI) topographical maps. The III. METHODOLOGY projection used was ‘polyconic’ with spheroid and datum as ‘modified Everest’. Subsequently image-to-image The methodology adopted for assessment of the registration of PAN image into LISSIV images of multi- Tsunami inundated area in tsunami affected villages in temporal images were registered. In addition Kanyakumari were based on analysis of spatial and non- georeferencing was also carried out in quick bird images. spatial data. Coastal Land use maps were prepared on In this procedure some sharp and easily identifiable 1:8000 scale. The detailed flow chart is shown in figure.2. features like crossing of roads, railway crossings, canals, 3.1.Field Survey Temple, bridges etc. ,We are located on both images as The various field data like Tsunami inundation, ground control points (GCP’S).In addition the cadastral run-up levels were gathered from field examination, as map was obtained from the Department of survey and well as from eyewitnesses and survivors through Land records. The various control points are collected on interviews after the tsunami on 26th Dec-2004,. in the time, bi-junction/ tri junction points over the cadastral maps. true sea wave heights of tsunami were measured and/or Totally 29 control points were taken from GPS points on estimated from the accounts of the interviewee (i.e. cadastral maps and also latitude and longitude was relative to their body or height of watermark) and collected from Trimple GPS with and accuracy about 5m. landmarks such as trees, coral reefs, dikes, riverbanks, The cadastral layers were rectified with LISSIV image, rocks and other natural features found in the area. During projected into Geographical Lat/LONG and WGS 84 as the field work with primary control points established by datum. The second order polynomial transformation [6] Survey of India were identified, from those points taken was used to rectification of cadastral maps. The following base points for calculating the secondary points [6].The relationship was used to rectified LISS IV image-to- position fixing was carried out with Tremble GPS position cadastral map correction. fixing system to record the secondary points. The inland elevation measurement is carried out by using Theodolite,

III. P=C1+C2E+C3N+C4E2+C5EN+C6N2 between1969 -2004 prepared for Quick bird, IRS-p6 LISS P=C7+C8E+C9N+C10E2+E11EN+C12N2 IV image, in additionally the gathering information of High Tide Lines (HTL), CRZ buffers, coastal census Where C1 to C12 represent column of pixel;P information and land elevation contours was integrated pixel if an image; N-North; E-East. In these equations into 1:8000 scale cad-astral maps. The integration was between 10 and 30 points were used to a least-squares fit performed in ARCINFO 7.2.1. GIS and output map was to obtain the best values of the coefficients. prepared under Arcgis 9.1 Non-linear edge enhancement techniques applied 3.3.Inundation mapping to delineate the land, water and vegetation layers from the The high tide line data were obtained from the LISSIV imagery. This enhancement technique aimed at Department of Environment and from Land survey and emphasizing edges in image data. During this operation, it records department. It was plotted on the land use, land delineates sharp edges of water and land edges. Non-linear cover map and buffers at a distance of 200m and 500m are edge enhancement is attempted using nonlinear generated to understand the inundation, land use / land combinations of pixels. The Roberts edge detector is cover pattern within the CRZ corridor. The buffer of 1.5 applied for delineation of water and land boundaries. It’s km was generated from High Tide Line (HTL), the based on 2*2 pixel window. collected land elevation points from theodolite and from BV 1 BV 2 the Trimble GPS points was converted into shape file (. BV3 BV4 shp) .The grigging of various points were carried out. 0.5m The new pixel value at pixel location BV1 is contours are generated from the points from HTL towards computed according to the equation landwards into 1.5 km corridors in 24 stations were generated. The elevated contours were converted into Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) format, more over slope and aspect also generated from the land elevation points. The cadastral TIN model was directly converted into three dimensional surfaces, resulted three dimensional output, which provides the information about topographical elevations changes with respect to inundation, land use/land cover and CRZ buffers of entire coastal villages. The final composite maps would show the maximum extent of inundation of seawater on the observations made in the study area during the tsunami 26th December, 2004.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Tsunami Run-up Levels Measurement Run-up elevation is defined as the elevation above mean sea level of a tsunami at the limit of penetration. The run up elevation had varied from less than 2 meters to 10 meters. Run up elevation increased from the western direction to eastern direction of the study area. The variation of the run up distance depends on the same factors as in the inundation distances. The inundation distance depends upon the run up the elevation of the invading wave and the slope of the land. This has been witnessed around Colachel and other regions to an altitude Bv out= Abs (BV1-BV4) + Abs (Bv2-Bv3) of about 6 m where the water level have been traced down in the buildings and other civil constructions. In the eastern Where Bv out denote output pixel brightness areas, particularly at Kezhamanakudy and Azheekal run up value, Abs refers to absolute values. Resulted edge elevation has been extended to an altitude of about 10 enhanced output layer has land, water and vegetation. meters. The sea water inundated into land with high These layers were digitized. Finally the delineated land, velocity and its retreated with same or higher velocity water and Vegetation vectors was transferred into the causing extensive damage to human life and property. The georeferenced cadastral map. Similarly the various run-up level and landward penetration characteristics of thematic layers like land use/land cover, coastal sea water were location specific and dependent on local geomorphology, shoreline change from the period geomorphology. The extent of vertical run-up of sea water 301 Copyright © 2011-15. Vandana Publications. All Rights Reserved. www.ijemr.net ISSN (ONLINE): 2250-0758, ISSN (PRINT): 2394-6962 depends on geographical location, bathymetry, and beach out during January 6, 2005; the inundation measurements profile, near shore bathymetry, land topography and were also made based on local enquiry. Elements of tsunami wave amplitude and velocity. The run up distance clearly visible sea water mark on building /structure were was noticed in the field visit from the imprints available on taken as the run up levels for measurements. The total the wall and trees and they were recorded from 100m to tsunami inundation collected from High tide line towards 1500m depending on the coastal topography and sea on different village’s shown. in table.1 villages configuration.[6] During the field enquiry with the eye namely, Colachel Town, Lakshmipuram, witness people,it was known that the wave approached the Manavalakurichi, Kadiapattinam, Rajakkamangalam, Manakudi estuary in an oblique form from the Dharmapuram, Madhysoodanapuram, Thengampudur, Kanyakumari seashore as diffracted waves. The wave Tamaraikulam, Agastheeswaram and Kanyakumari. were height was about few meter but as it enters the estuary, the mapped. The digitized Village boundary was overlaid into wave height almost doubled as it breaks on the bar. This LISSIII and PAN merged data shown in Fig.6. am is 20.85 has caused destruction of whole estuary and the low lying Km2 and Kadiapatinam area extent is about 19.36 Km2. coastal zone remained flooded up to about several meters Inundation map was prepared for every villages affected high. Such inundation was retained for few to several by the Tsunami. The overall tsunami inundations on hours and the entire residents were washed off.On the Kanyakumari coast are shown in table.1 other hand, the mouth of the estuary was choked with Inundation within coastal Buffer of 500m sediments by the Tsunami waves from the offshore. The coastal regulation zoning is one of the most Although the entire Kanyakumari coast experience the important criteria for planning purposes. For this study effect of the Tsunami waves, a stretch of few kilometers inundation area in 500m distance from high tide line along the coast of Manakudi, Chothavilai, Pallam, (HTL) have been calculated shown in the table.3. This Pozhikarai, Azhikal, Pillaithoppu, Kadaiapattinam, table clearly depicting, the highest inundated villages are Kottilpadu and Colachel were most affected in terms of Rajakkamagalam (4.25 km2).Thengampudur (3.24 inundation, run up and erosion. On this stretch, the km2).Similarly the medium inundated villages are maximum devastation has occurred.(Table.1) and different Manavalakurichi (2.29 km2) and low inundation occur in run-up level shown in fig.7. Colachel (1.12 km2 ),Tamaraikulam (1.46 km2), Lakshmipuram (0.96 km2) and Madhysoodanapuram (1.78 Table.1. Total Area Extent and their Tsunami km2 ) villages . Inundation Inundation mapping at Colachel Town The total extent of Colachel town is about 3.25 km2 and total area of inundated area is about 2.07 km2 shown in table.1. In Colachel, the water has inundated (1200m) through the Pampar estuary and entered through the AVM canal leading to major causalities with heavy human loss. Similarly the inundation increases once again near Kotilpadu (900) and) village wherein the tsunami has struck with disastrous force as evident from the damaged to houses. Further south of Kotilpadu village the impact of the tsunami is less due to presence of high dunes on which the villages are situated all along the coastline. Inundation mapping at Lakshmipuram Village In Lakshmipuram Village the total area of village is about 8.7Km2. Tsunami inundated area is about 1.56 Km2. In Mandaikadu village the maximum inundation is about 400m. And in the northern part of the Lakshmipuram village the maximum inundation occurs about 985m.Moreover the adjacent coastal plain is highly affected and major land use/ land cover like settlement, The major surveyed parcel ID is affected the survey no is 4646, 4728. Fig.9. Inundation mapping at Manavalakurichi Village The total area of Manavalakurichi village is about 2 2 Inundation mapping 12.32 Km . The total area of inundation is about 1.43Km . The coast of Kanyakumari experienced levels of In Periavilai village the extent of sea water inundation is impact with northern belt showed less human loss about 350m, similarly the inundation in the Chinnavilai is compared to southern belt. A field survey has been carried about 300m.(Fig.10). 302 Copyright © 2011-15. Vandana Publications. All Rights Reserved. www.ijemr.net ISSN (ONLINE): 2250-0758, ISSN (PRINT): 2394-6962

Inundation mapping at Kadiapattinam Village The total area of Agastheeswaram Village is The total area of Kadiapattinam Village is about about 9.12 Km2; the total area of inundation is about 1.56 19.36Km2; the total area of inundation are about 2.03 Km2. Km2 This coastal village covers Keezhamuttom, Melamuttom Inundation mapping at Kanyakumari and Melathurai. The inundation of Keezhamuttom is about The Kanyakumari is a major tourist spot in 400m, similarly the Melamuttom is about 500m and southern Tamil Nadu coast. The total area covers 11.09 Melathurai village is about 300m.In this coastal villages Km2. The total area of inundation is about 1.4 Km2. in this are faced low tsunami inundation due to the presence of coastal village very low damage is occurred, in spite of elevates land all along the coastline. extensive damage occurred to the public and private Inundation mapping at Rajakkamangalam Village property. It is believed that the due to the gentle slope of The total area extent of Rajakkamangalam village continental shelf and more elevated lands situated adjacent is about 20.85 Km2 and 2.22 Km2 Of area has been beaches. The major village covers under the area of inundated. The Panniyar is one of the canal flows adjacent ChinnaMuttom, Leepuram and Arockiapuram. In to Rajakkamagalam thurai village. The series of Tsunami Arokiapuram the maximum inundation is about 100m, waves had a positive effect on Panniyar River, which Chinnamuttom 150m and Kanyakumari 150m the field carries sea-wage from coconut tanning industries whose observation clearly indicates that coast of Kanyakumari mouth is closed throughout the year except monsoon due was severely damaged. The inundation in the area to sand accretion . This opened during, Tsunami. They investigated ranges from 100-1500 m and only in polluted water was flushed out to a great extent. It has Manakudi river mouth area the inundation is more than been heavily significant impact on the water quality of 1500m.The inundation however, is very less in the adjoining coastal environment. northern part of Kanyakumari coast, it includes Kovalam Inundation mapping at Dharmapuram Village (175m), Kanyakumari (150m), Chinnamuttom (150m) and The total extent of Dharmapuram village is about Arockiapuram (100m) and progressively increased to 11.36 Km2. Due to tsunami action; the area of inundation 400m in Colachel shown in (Fig.18) is about 1.03Km2. This village covers small other villages Contouring and Digital Elevation Modeling (DEM) like Periakadu and Pozhikkarai The Maximum inundation limit of different Inundation mapping at MadhySoodanapuram Village villages are measured, it is understood that the depth of The Madhy Soodanapuram village’s covers Pallm water during a tsunami will differ according to the ground area, the total area is about 14.8Km2 and the total area of elevation. Therefore, the inundation zone in each village inundation is about 1.05 Km2. will be divided into Inundation Depth Zones or IDZ on the Inundation mapping at Thengampudur Village basis of topographic contours: Very High IDZ (distance The total area of Thengampudur Village is from HTL >1200 m, High IDZ (distance from HTL 801- concerning about 12.77Km2; the total area of inundation is 1200 m, Medium IDZ (distance from HTL 401-800m) about 3.85Km2 Low IDZ (distance from HTL 0-100m) and very Low IDZ Inundation mapping at Tamaraikulam Village (distance from HTL 0-100m).The collected land elevation The total areal extent of Tamaraikulam Village is points are interpolated to derive the contours and the slope about 15.61 Km2; the total area of inundation is about 2.27 within the study area. Elevation of the coastal plain varies Km2. The elevation of beach/ land and presence of sand from place to place. The highest elevations are noticed in dunes are controlling factors for water excretion and of Chinnamuttom, Muttom and Kadiapattinam villages. To damage on land properties by the waves. Melamanakudi delineate the inundation limit, a digital elevation model and Kilamanakudi villages are situated, a few meter above (DEM) with a vertical resolution of ± 1.2m was adopted. mean sea level, experienced maximum inundation. The sea On the basis of elevation data of the surface, a DEM was water has inundated up to 1500 m at Manakudi and created for that topography by geometric surfaces in a KeelaManakudi. The Manakudi area was defectively computer environment. This method provides best affected by the Tsunami waves and developed the approach to create a 3D terrain surface. For the present inundation up to 1 to 1.5km from the high tide line with study a DEM was generated in 1:8000 scale village maps the Tsunami wave height of 10m. The run up distance was with a cell size of 50m, with an interval of 0.5 m contours. noticed in the field visit from the imprints available on the (Fig.3) wall and trees and they were recorded 100m to 1500m depending on the coastal topography and configuration. The Melamanakudi and Keezhamanakudi suffered maximum inundation dunes are almost absent and the topography is relatively flat. Inundation mapping at Agastheeswaram Village

collected in Melamuttom village is about 120 points. These two villages are situated within highest land with cliff coast, which acts as a barrier from natural calamities. In Kadiapatnam village the minimum and maximum elevation is about 10m and 28m. Similarly Melamuttom is another the highest elevated land, the minimum and maximum elevation is about 15.9m.The maximum number of contours falls under 8m at high tide waterline. Based on the field observation and 3D observation, the Kadiapatnam and Melamuttom villages are very low affected area by tsunami.(Fig.5).

Colachel Town In colachel village topography is very low elevation contours. It was affected more in Tsunami event. Lakshmipuram Village In the village is situated southern part of the Colachel town. These coastal villages are entirely covered with thick coconut planttion.The elevation values collected from Mandaikadu ranges from 0.04m to 24.m contours (Fig.4)

Rajakkamangalam Village Rajakkamangalam village covers Azhikal, Pillaithoppu and Ganapathipuram. In Azhikkal area the elevation of the village is ranging from 0-4m.Due to lowest elevation the tsunami inundation is more. Whereas in Pillaithoppu and Ganapathipuram contour elevation ranges from 12.0 to 16.4m.This is not affected by tsunami waves. In Azikkal village the maximum and minimum elevation contours ranges from 1.0-18.2m. Dharmapuram Village This coastal village is well protected by sand dunes and thick vegetation cover and It comes under low elevated coast and shown in (Fig.6)

Manavalakurichi Manavalakurichi coastal plain is highly elevated as compared to Colachel and Lakshmipuram village. The village is well protected by coastal sand dunes. The elevational contour ranges from 7.9 to 15.7m. Kadiapatnam This village covers under the Kadiapatnam and Melamuttom Villages. The total GPS points are collected in Kadiapatnam Village is about 116. The total GPS points

Agasteeswaram Madhysoodanapuram Village The minimum and maximum elevation ranges The Madhysoodanapuram Villages is covers from 2m to 30.5m. In this village is location in more under two small villages are Pallam and Puthethurai. In elevation than other villages and generated contour map. Pallam village totally 150 points collected. Moreover, the Kanyakumari minimum and maximum elevation ranges from 1.6m to The minimum and maximum elevational ranges 32m. from 1m to 63m. In this village is situated in higher Thengampudur Village elevation and generated contour map shown in fig .3. This village is well protected by sand dunes and Topographical elevation versus inundation interpretation elevation is low (Fig.7) The maximum inundation limits of different villages are measured, it is understood that the depth of the water during a tsunami will be different from village to village. Similarly the inundation limits also vary according to the ground elevation, Therefore, the inundation zone in each village is Categorized (Glenda Besana, et al., 2004). In to four categories they are namely Very High Inundated Zone IDZ (> 1200), High Inundated Zone IDZ (801m - 1200m), Medium Inundated Zone IDZ (401m-800m), low Inundated Zone IDZ (0-100), Very Low Inundated Zone IDZ (<100m).Based on the elevation of topography and inundation limits shown in the table (5).The different hazard levels also shown. The digital elevation model has been generated and shown in Fig.3. In Colachel town totally 137 elevation points collected from the High Tide Line (HTL), and its minimum and maximum elevation range from 1 to 32m, Tamaraikulam this low elevated area have higher inundation, shown in This village has very low elevational ranges table (1).It has come under very high hazard category. shown in fig.8 Similarly observation noticed at Lakshmipuram village, this village the minimum and maximum elevation ranges from 1 to 43 m and the total area of inundation ranging from 350m to 400m.It also comes under low hazard category. As compared to colachel town and Manavalakurichi town, Kadiapattinam village and Muttom village has higher elevation (1.6 m to 6.4m) and the inundation limit is also increasing from 400m to 500m. This has shows low hazard category. In Rajakkamangalam 150 points were collected from High Tide Line (HTL), it has two sub-villages namely Azikkal and

Rajakkamagalamthurai. In Azhikkal inundation limit is damaging them. Some boats were sunk due to the increasing about 750 m because the coastal village is returning giant waves. Breakwaters gener-ally did well, situated in front of sea waves and also elevation also is and helped reduce the impact of waves. Beaches protected very low (ranging from 1 to 24m).Whereas by landmass or sand dunes or rocky cliff sustained less Rajakkamangalam thurai also comes under low elevated damage. Sea-water intrusion was less in areas covered with coastal plain, elevation ranges from (0.3m to 16m) but the thick vegetation compared to those with bare lands. Sand coast well protected by natural geomorphological features deposits due to tsunami in river or stream mounts have like sand dunes and salt pans. Due to the geomorphologic damaged standing crops and affected fertility of the land. features it couldn’t be affected by tsunami waves. More To conclude the earthquake and tsunami of 26 December over the village of Dharmapuram covers sun-villages 2004 once again high-lighted the vulnerability of civil namely Periakadu, Pozhikkarai, the elevational ranges infra-structure and population inhabiting the Kanyakumari from 1.6m- 24.04m and 1.3 m to 3.7 m respectively. The district coast which are well known to have significant tsunami hazard is low category. Thengampudur village has seismic hazard. The lack of adequate preparedness against two sub villages namely Chothavilai and Melamanakudi. the probable ground shaking by way of not designing the Totally 152GPS points were collected at Chothavilai structures for earthquake resistance, led to failure of many village. More over 120 GPS points were collected at buildings and structures when they were needed most for Melamanakudi village. In Chothavilai the elevation ranges the rescue and relief operation.Tsunami shocks are more in from 0.39 m to 17.18 m, it has inundation about 30m; this low lying coastal plain, river mouth estuary,creeks inlet, comes under low hazard category. The Melamanakudi is etc., like Manakudi and Colachel. The tsunami inundation one of the major affected part in the Thengampudur diverse from 10 to 750 meters in inland. while in estuarine village, its elevational ranges from 2.4m to 15.9m and the area went up to 1500m.The tsunami has modified the tsunami extent is about 1000m. It has come under high coastal geomorphology which caused provide evidence for hazard category. In Agatheswaram village totally 151 GPS the intensity of Tsunami surge. points was collected, Kovalm is one of the elevated land, its elevations range from 0.9m to 32 and maximum V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT elevation is about 24m Tsunami extent is about 175m.More over the low and very low hazard is observed The authors gratefully acknowledge Chairman, at Kanyakumari Village. It covers sub villages namely PRIST University for providing infrastructure facilities Chinnamuttom , Leepuram and Vattakottai.In and constant Encouragement on completing this Chinnamuttom elevational ranges from 0.05m to 30.33m manuscript. This study would never be completed without and inundated area about 150m which has comes under the contribution of many people to whom we would like to low hazard category. In additionally Leepuram also express our gratitude. situated low elevated area about 1.9m to 17.5 and area of inundation limit about 120m.This village also comes under REFERENCES the low hazard category. 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