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ON the ROCKS Newsletter of the Yorkshire Branch of the Open University Geological Society June 2020

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ON the ROCKS Newsletter of the Yorkshire Branch of the Open University Geological Society June 2020 ON THE ROCKS Newsletter of the Yorkshire Branch of the Open University Geological Society June 2020 Ready to descend 140 metres underground. The joint East Midlands and Yorkshire Branch members’ visit to the National Coal Museum in Wakefield. See page 3 for the report. CONTENTS A message from the Branch Organiser 1.Sue Vernon’s message 2.Word Search puzzle Dear Yorkshire Members 3.Visit to National Coal Mining I would like to take this opportunity to wish you well during the lockdown. Museum Due to Covid-19 many members may have lost relatives and friends and I 10.Crossword puzzle would like to express my condolences to those affected. All OUGS events 11.A 50-year old conundrum have either been postponed or cancelled until August a frustrating time for us 11.2020 committee all, the AGM has been rescheduled for October and Symposium at Lancaster 12.Lakagigar fissure, Iceland will now take place August 2021. I can’t give a definitive answer as to how we 14.Book review 14.Puzzle solutions move forward when the lockdown is relaxed but we may be able to have 15.SE Sheffield Reflections open-air field trips, but indoor meetings are unlikely in the present climate. 18.Branch field trips The Government guidelines will dictate how we move forward. 19.Identification request Stay safe. Sue Vernon The Yorkshire Branch of the OUGS June 2020 Editor’s piece Welcome to the first newsletter since the introduction of self-isolation, and I hope you’ll enjoy what I’ve put together. We have a 50-year old detective story from Dave Newman who has finally had a rock he picked up all those years ago positively identified, a report on a joint visit with East Midlands Branch to the National Coalmining Museum (which just managed to beat the Coronavirus lockdown by four days!), a Word Search set by Tina Mammoser who has also written a book review of In Search of Stardust, a crossword puzzle, a report by Peter Bratt on his visit to Lakagigar fissure on Iceland, and reflections of a visit to Lady Spring Woods in South East Sheffield by Paul Worrall. Thanks go to those members who provided me with something to include in this issue. I am already looking ahead to the next issue and would welcome any articles, photos, holiday reminiscences, field trip write-ups or anything else you feel might be of interest to members. I’m happy to assist you in putting together what might currently be just a set of notes or two or three photos. While all OU activities have been cancelled up to at least August, we hope at some future date be able to pick up on postponed trips and meetings originally scheduled for this year. I would like to echo Sue Vernon’s comments above. Stay safe, and we look forward to resuming Branch activities again as soon as we are able. Peter Ellenger Word Search complied by Tina Mammoser Tina has kindly provided the following Word Search puzzle to help fill you time while in self-isolation. Simply find the Yorkshire place names in the grid below. They can be vertical, horizontal, forwards or backwards, and the same letter can used in more than one name. Good luck! BRIDESTONES MALHAM BRIMHAM MICKLEFIELD CARL WARK MILLINGTON CLAXBY MOORS CLEVELAND DYKE NEWTONGALE DEEPDALE PENHILL ELEPHANT ROCK PENNINES FALLING FOSS PLUMPTON FILEY BRIGG SELWICKS SOUTH ELMSALL GOREDALE SCAR SPURN POINT GORPLEY STAINFORTH FORCE CLOUGH STAITHES GREAT ROCK WAINSTONES GULLY CAVE WHITE MARE HELWATH SLACK WITHOW GAP HIGH FORCE WOLDS HORCUM YORKSHIRE KIRKDALE CAVE Solution on page 14 2 The Yorkshire Branch of the OUGS June 2020 OUGS joint East Midlands and Yorkshire Branches’ visit to The National Coal Mining Museum, Caphouse Colliery, Wakefield. 14th March 2020. Four members of the East Midlands Branch and seven members of Yorkshire Branch met at The National Coal Mining Museum for an underground tour followed by a tour of the surface. The Geology of the Mine The Museum in West Yorkshire affords a rare opportunity for the public to visit the former Caphouse colliery and experience at first hand the geology of a coal mine. The geology can be seen via the public tour, limited surface outcrop and an inclined ventilation drift which provides the best geological exposure and information. The strata encountered at the site are c100 m thick and are of latest Langsettian (Pennsylvanian) age. The ventilation drift intersects several coal seams (Flockton Thick, Flockton Thin, Old Hards, Green Lane and New Hards) and their associated roof rocks and seatearths. In addition to exposures of bedrock, recent mineral precipitates of calcium carbonates, manganese carbonates and oxides, and iron oxyhydroxides can be Caphouse Colliery, National Coal Mining Museum observed along the drift, and there is a surface exposure of Flockton Thick Coal and overlying roof strata. The coals and interbedded strata were deposited in the Pennine Basin in a fluvio-lacustrine setting in an embayment distant from the open ocean with limited marine influence. A lacustrine origin for mudstone roof rocks of several of the seams is supported by the incidence of non-marine bivalves and fossilized fish remains whilst the upper part of the Flockton Thick Coal consists of sub-aqueously deposited cannel coal. The mudstones overlying the Flockton Thick containing abundant non-marine bivalves are of great lateral extent, indicating a basin-wide rise of base level following coal deposition that may be compared with a non-marine flooding surface. (See appendices at the end of the article for more details). The underground tour Initially the plan was to walk into the mine workings, 140 metres below ground, via the drift (an inclined tunnel from the surface into the workings) and return to the surface using the lift. In the event our guide, Trevor, advised that because of the very wet and slippery conditions it would be easier and safer to use the lift to descend and the drift to walk back to the surface. Before travelling underground Trevor explained the purpose of the “furnace shaft” which is covered by thick glass on which you can stand and look into the earth 140 metres below. At the base of the furnace shaft was a fire which drew air into the workings to allow the miners to breathe, but more importantly to circulate air to prevent build-up of methane gas. Once underground we walked through some of the tunnels to a now unused coal face of the New Hards Seam where Trevor explained manual and mechanised coal extractive techniques and how they differed as to coal cleanliness and output. Manual techniques produced significantly less coal per day, but the coal was cleaner and required little surface preparation other than sizing. On the other hand, output by mechanical means was over 10 times higher than manual methods, but the coal had dirt in it and required extensive surface washing and preparation. 3 The Yorkshire Branch of the OUGS June 2020 From here the party moved to the drift which was completed in 1974 to allow coal to be moved to the surface by belt conveyor instead of in the cage with tubs, as mechanised mining was introduced. The drift became redundant some four years later when Caphouse was joined by underground tunnel to Woolley Colliery some 6.5km away. Before walking up the drift we were shown the drift extension to the Beeston Seam which connected to Woolley. After the recent heavy rain, the drift extension was full of water to within a few metres of where we were standing despite extra pumps being used. Walking up the 1 in 4 drift the slippery and wet conditions caused by the recent rain were evident. Though the drift sides were covered in corrugated steel sheets, at intervals were recesses where the strata could be seen. This was mainly mudstone and shales but in one recess was a coal seam. Various types of flowstone e.g. calcite (white), manganese (black) and iron (orange/red) were seen at several stages on the drift sides and floor. Close to the drift exit a sheet of plastic covered the entrance into some old manual working into the Flockton Thick seam. Figure 2. Tony beside one of the coal-cutting machines Eventually after almost two hours and the 600 metre 1 in 4 walk we emerged into daylight, returned our helmets and lamps and thanked Trevor for his time. The afternoon surface tour The party re-assembled after lunch for the surface tour led by Tony Felski. The geology on either side of the valley (Thornhill Rock) and the geology in the valley where faults had brought coal seams close to the surface was explained. The Caphouse shaft stood on the Joan Coal seam, but as we made our way to the Hope shaft some 500 metres away, we would cross several downthrown faults. This faulting put the Hope shaft on the Emely rock stratigraphically some 40 metres higher than the Joan coal at Caphouse shaft. Both shafts extracted coal from the lower Pennine Coal measures deposited in the Carboniferous some 305 to 310 million years ago. On the way to Hope shaft we took time to look at the settling tanks (fig 3.) from where water pumped out of the mine was treated to remove any dissolved iron before it was discharged into the river Calder. Originally the water was pumped out using by a Newcomen beam engine at the Inman shaft, but electric pumps now do the work of the beam engine. We were fortunate that a nearby guide opened the pumphouse building for us to look inside (fig 4).
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