Yojimbo | Le Garde Du Corps

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Yojimbo | Le Garde Du Corps Fiche pédagogique Yojimbo (Le Garde du corps) Projeté dans le cadre de « Planète Cinéma » Film long métrage, Japon, 1961 Résumé Peu à peu, ayant pris le parti de ne pas en prendre, il se Réalisation : Akira Kurosawa Dans le Japon du XIXe met à dresser un gang contre siècle, un rônin (samouraï sans l'autre, en faisant semblant de Interprètes : maître) chemine où le vent le vendre ses services au plus Toshiro Mifune (Kuwobatake porte. Il parvient dans une ville au offrant. Les factions rivales font Sanjuro, le garde du corps/ ronin) nord de l'ancienne Tokyo, livrée monter les enchères pour se Tatsuya Nakadai (Unosuke, le aux caprices de deux clans rivaux disputer le garde du corps, quitte samouraï au pistolet) qui se sont déclaré la guerre. Un à l'assassiner ensuite. Yoko Tsukasa (Nui) policier corrompu y racole les Isuzu Namada (Orin) gens de passage pour les enrôler Mais le sage Sanjuro est Takashi Shimura (Tokuemon) dans un des deux gangs et fait prisonnier et torturé pour avoir Daisuke Kato (Inokichi)… toucher sa commission. S'il veut libéré une femme, que son mari être engagé, Sanjuro le garde du venait de perdre au jeu. Le Scénario : Ryuzo Kikushima et corps a le choix entre le souteneur bienfaiteur trouve cependant le Akira Kurosawa perfide Seibei et l'aubergiste félon moyen de s'échapper, et Musique : Masaru Sato Ushi-Tora. Le samouraï solitaire réapparaît au milieu de la rue prend le temps de réfléchir, à centrale, pour participer au duel Production : Ryuzo Kikushima, l'intérieur d'une gargote déserte. final, seul contre une poignée de Akira Kurosawa, Tomoyuki gangsters. Tanaka, Toho Company ___________________________________________________ Version originale japonaise, sous-titrée français-allemand Durée : 1h50 Age légal : pas défini Age conseillé : 15 ans Commentaires Kurosawa constitue aussi Disciplines et une exception dans l'industrie du thèmes concernés : Kurosawa dans l'histoire du cinéma japonais, dominée par cinéma quelques studios. Dans la pro- Education aux médias et duction d'après-guerre, il était en arts visuels : Akira Kurosawa – sans effet rare qu'un réalisateur puisse Akira Kurosawa et le lien de parenté avec le jeune proposer librement les films qu'il cinéma japonais, ses Kiyoshi Kurosawa -, est considéré souhaite diriger. Les cinéastes influences dans le cinéma comme le plus célèbre des devaient en général accepter ce occidental (Sergio Leone, cinéastes japonais et le plus que les compagnies leur comman- John Ford…), l'adaptation, influent de l'histoire du cinéma. daient, à l'exception des indivi- le genre du western et le Par exemple, dans sa saga "La dualistes Ozu, Naruse, Mizoguchi film de samouraï, analyse Guerre des étoiles", George et Kurosawa, qui purent écrire et de l'image Lucas a repris la technique du réaliser dans cette période des volet (lors de la transition entre les films d'auteur dans une relative Littérature : plans) utilisée dans "Yojimbo". liberté. les romans policiers de Avant d'être un Dashiell Hammett réalisateur, Akira Kurosawa Des œuvres engagées (1910-1998) est d'abord un Histoire : cinéphile. Dans son autobiogra- Kurosawa a réalisé 31 l'ère Edo dans l'Histoire du phie (voir bibliographie infra), il films, qui traitent tous de Japon dresse une liste de plus de 100 problèmes sociaux. "Ce qui films étrangers qu'il a vus entre 9 intéressait Kurosawa était de et 19 ans, dont beaucoup sont refléter et interpréter la société à américains (Chaplin, Griffith; laquelle il appartenait. Certes, un Ford…). Kurosawa connaît donc tel objectif semble aller de soi ses classiques et lorgne très tôt dans d'autres pays, mais, au du côté de la nouveauté, c'est-à- Japon, s'intéresser à des sujets dire du cinéma américain. L'an- de controverse n'est pas dans les cien assistant de Naruse intègre habitudes du réalisateur ordinaire" ses souvenirs des films noirs des (Richie p. 202). "Les Salauds années 30 (les adaptations du dorment en paix" (1960) romancier Dashiell Hammett) ou s'intéressent à la corruption, des westerns de John Ford et se "Chronique d'un être vivant" permet de mélanger les genres. (1955) à la peur de la bombe Même si les résultats paraissent atomique, "Vivre" (1952) à la de nos jours convaincants, ces bureaucratie et à la valeur de la exercices ont souvent été mal vie, "Les Sept Samouraïs" (1954) compris par les Occidentaux. à la solidarité, "La Légende du Seuls des réalisateurs avertis grand judo" (1943) et comme Spielberg et Scorsese ont, "Barberousse" (1965) à la très tôt, repéré le talent de responsabilité de l'individu… Kurosawa. C'est d'ailleurs à eux que le cinéaste japonais doit le Par conséquent, les films financement et la distribution de de Kurosawa appartiennent au ses dernières œuvres. cinéma d'auteur, surtout parce Ensuite, à l'instar de qu'une morale rigoureuse exclut le nombreux réalisateurs japonais manichéisme facile. A la fin de comme Mizoguchi, Ichikawa, ou "L'Ange ivre" (1948), le gangster Ozu, Akira Kurosawa vient du est blanchi. Le policier et le voleur dessin et des arts graphiques. se retrouvent tous deux couverts C'est dire s'il accorde de l'impor- de boue à la fin de "Chien enragé" tance à l'empreinte visuelle de ses (1949), si bien qu'ils deviennent films (plongées/contre-plongées, impossibles à distinguer (Richie jeux avec les plans et les p.204-5). L'indistinction entre contrastes noir et blanc, avec bourreau et victime est elle aussi angles et perspectives, souci de la présente à la fin d'"Entre le ciel et précision du détail). l'enfer" (1963). 2 Style de Kurosawa et On notera également les particularités de "Yojimbo" allers et retours des influences entre le Japon et les Etats-Unis : Cinéaste du montage (il les emprunts de Kurosawa au filmait 10 fois plus que ce qui western américain de John Ford, subsistait après le montage), ou les adaptations que Sergio Kurosawa a toujours voulu Leone et John Sturges font de s'éloigner du traditionnel (Richie deux films de Kurosawa ("Pour p. 155). On qualifie son cinéma de une Poignée de dollars" (1964) "réalisme émotionnel" et la est l'adaptation de "Yojimbo" et formalisation de ses duels est "Les Sept Mercenaires" celle des caractéristique du genre "esprit "Sept Samouraïs" (1960), que japonais, techniques occidentales" Kurosawa a tourné juste avant (Richie p. 82). "Yojimbo"). L'auteur de "Rashomon" A en croire Douchet, puise aussi ses idées de mise en "Yojimbo" est bâti sur la notion de scène dans la littérature regard : tout est surveillance des populaire : par exemple, le kodan uns et des autres. Il ne s'agit pas (exposés abrégés, dialogues secs du seul regard qui dirige, oriente, et changements de scènes comprend les actions, mais de rapides). A cela s'ajoute une celui de l'esprit, avec une grande variété d'expressions dimension morale : les bienfaits faciales dans le jeu des acteurs. d'une société l'emportent sur les méchants. Cette présence du Selon le critique Jean regard de l'esprit perdure avec Douchet (dans sa présentation à "Sanjuro" (1962), suite de l'édition Les Films de ma vie du "Yojimbo". C'est peut-être ce qui DVD), "Yojimbo", sorti en 1961, fait du réalisateur du "Château de marque une étape dans la l'araignée" et de "Ran" (respecti- filmographie de Kurosawa. En vement adaptations de "MacBeth" effet, le cinéaste modifie son et du "Roi Lear") le plus genre. Jusque là, celui qui l'a shakespearien des metteurs en rendu célèbre est le film de scène. Pas étonnant dès lors que samouraï, dont le pendant améri- Kurosawa s'intéresse au grand cain est le western (rappelons que drame tragique qu'est le western. Kurosawa vient lui-même d'une Enfin "Yojimbo" célèbre famille de samouraïs). Ce virage l'apogée de la longue complicité est perceptible par l'introduction de Kurosawa avec certains de ses de l'humour et de l'ironie dans le acteurs comme Mifune (16 films film de samouraï (cf. les scènes avec le maître), Shimura (21 films) de l'échange des otages ou de la et Nakadai (3). confrontation finale dont le héros sort vainqueur). ___________________________________________________ Objectifs pédagogiques Comprendre les enjeux d'un des plus grands films classiques japonais Etudier les codes du western (à travers la récupération du genre dans un film de samouraïs) Analyser les images (composition de plans, plongée/contre- plongée, types de plans) et leur mise en rapports (montage: transitions/enchaînements, parallélismes…) Se familiariser avec quelques outils du langage cinématographique 3 ___________________________________________________ Pistes pédagogiques d'armes couard par dessus la palissade.) I. L'intrigue e) Quels gestes ou tics A. Les personnages singularisent le héros et pourquoi ? 1. Sanjuro a) Après avoir défini clairement ce qu'est un héros de film d'action, se demander si Sanjuro en est un. ("Les qualités abstraites telles que l'héroïsme, la dignité, la vertu, et même la bravoure per se n'intéressent pas Sanjuro. En cela, les films de Kurosawa sont à (Dès le générique du début, cent lieues du film historique Sanjuro se touche la barbe, se ordinaire." (Richie p. 209). Il faut gratte la nuque ou l'oreille, et comprendre que, dans "Yojimbo", roule légèrement son épaule. Sur le garde du corps n'est pas un le tournage, Akira Kurosawa héros type : il monte avec intelli- aurait donné comme direction gence deux factions l'une contre d'acteur à Toshiro Mifune l'autre et s'amuse à observer les d'incarner un chien ou un loup. événements s'enchaîner tout Par conséquent, son personnage seuls.) se gratte et hausse l'épaule pour chasser les mouches.) b) Dresser un portrait physique et moral du personnage principal, et le comparer à la figure du samouraï tel qu'il est présenté dans la majorité des films japonais d'avant 1961.
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