Neuregulin-2 Ablation Results in Dopamine Dysregulation and Severe Behavioral Phenotypes Relevant to Psychiatric Disorders
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OPEN Molecular Psychiatry (2018) 23, 1233–1243 www.nature.com/mp ORIGINAL ARTICLE Neuregulin-2 ablation results in dopamine dysregulation and severe behavioral phenotypes relevant to psychiatric disorders LYan1,4,5, A Shamir1,4,6, M Skirzewski1,4, E Leiva-Salcedo1,7, OB Kwon1,8, I Karavanova1, D Paredes1,9, O Malkesman2,10, KR Bailey3,11, D Vullhorst1, JN Crawley3,12 and A Buonanno1 Numerous genetic and functional studies implicate variants of Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) and its neuronal receptor ErbB4 in schizophrenia and many of its endophenotypes. Although the neurophysiological and behavioral phenotypes of NRG1 mutant mice have been investigated extensively, practically nothing is known about the function of NRG2, the closest NRG1 homolog. We found that NRG2 expression in the adult rodent brain does not overlap with NRG1 and is more extensive than originally reported, including expression in the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and therefore generated NRG2 knockout mice (KO) to study its function. NRG2 KOs have higher extracellular dopamine levels in the dorsal striatum but lower levels in the mPFC; a pattern with similarities to dopamine dysbalance in schizophrenia. Like ErbB4 KO mice, NRG2 KOs performed abnormally in a battery of behavioral tasks relevant to psychiatric disorders. NRG2 KOs exhibit hyperactivity in a novelty-induced open field, deficits in prepulse inhibition, hypersensitivity to amphetamine, antisocial behaviors, reduced anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze and deficits in the T-maze alteration reward test—a task dependent on hippocampal and mPFC function. Acute administration of clozapine rapidly increased extracellular dopamine levels in the mPFC and improved alternation T-maze performance. Similar to mice treated chronically with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, we demonstrate that NMDAR synaptic currents in NRG2 KOs are augmented at hippocampal glutamatergic synapses and are more sensitive to ifenprodil, indicating an increased contribution of GluN2B-containing NMDARs. Our findings reveal a novel role for NRG2 in the modulation of behaviors with relevance to psychiatric disorders. Molecular Psychiatry (2018) 23, 1233–1243; doi:10.1038/mp.2017.22; published online 21 March 2017 INTRODUCTION overlapping functions. NRG1 transcripts are abundantly expressed The Neuregulins (NRG 1–4) and their cognate neuronal receptor in the embryonic and fetal brain but become restricted during 12 ErbB4 are among the numerous genetic variants associated with a postnatal development, whereas NRG2 transcript levels mark- risk for schizophrenia1–4 and many of its endophenotypes.5 edly increase shortly after birth, suggesting important functions in 13 Moreover, studies using human induced pluripotent stem cells the postnatal and adult brain. In the hippocampus and 14 from affected subjects,6 as well as work in mice with targeted neocortex, ErbB4 is confined to GABAergic interneurons, and mutations in NRG17–9 and ErbB4,10 provide strong experimental in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra compacta, evidence for 'biological plausibility' of this pathway in psychiatric ErbB4 is expressed in dopaminergic neurons15,16 where it disorders.11 Most psychiatric diseases, such as attention-deficit regulates activity from glutamatergic inputs.17 NRG1 treatment hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia, manifest during acutely and markedly increases extracellular dopamine levels in development and exhibit a high degree of heritability. Although behaving rats,18 and regulates glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in current pharmacological interventions for ADHD and schizophre- acute hippocampal slices19 and the power of gamma nia target the dopamine system, multiple neurotransmitter oscillations20,21—a type of local neuronal network activity systems including dopamine, glutamate, GABA and acetylcholine associated with cognitive deficits in persons with psychiatric have been implicated in their pathophysiology. disorders.22 Most, if not all, NRG effects are abolished in ErbB4 The different regional, temporal and cellular expression knockout mice (KO).10 Consistent with these findings, ErbB4 KOs patterns of NRG isoforms in the brain suggest distinct and non- exhibit altered excitation/inhibition balance and numerous deficits 1Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA; 2Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA and 3Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Correspondence: Professor A Buonanno, Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health, National Institutes of Health Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bldg. 35, Room 2C-1000, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 4These authors contributed equally to this work. 5Current address: University Medical Center Brackenridge, Austin, TX, USA. 6Current address: Mazor Mental Health Center & Faculty of Medicine, Technion D.N. Oshrat, Akko, Israel. 7Current address: Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 8Current address: Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, New Drug Development Center, Daegu, Korea. 9Current address: Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, CO, USA. 10Current address: Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA. 11Current address: Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA, USA. 12Current address: MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA. Received 13 August 2015; revised 16 November 2016; accepted 21 December 2016; published online 21 March 2017 NRG2 and its relevance to psychiatric disorders L Yan et al 1234 in behavioral tasks modeling schizophrenia and its endopheno- Despite its prominent expression in the postnatal and adult types, including prepulse inhibition (PPI; somatosensory gating), brain, little is known about NRG2 function and its potential rewarded T-maze alternation (requires working memory) and involvement in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. social interactions.7–10 Children with de novo overlapping 5q31 microdeletions, Molecular Psychiatry (2018), 1233 – 1243 NRG2 and its relevance to psychiatric disorders L Yan et al 1235 encompassing three genes that include NRG2, share clinical 400951-C3), according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Advanced Cell features that include white matter abnormalities and severe Diagnostics, Newark, CA, USA). developmental and intellectual delays.23,24 Although the region encompassing the NRG2 locus (5q23–33) has been associated with Battery of behavior tests 25–28 risk for schizophrenia and genetically linked with ADHD in Novelty-induced locomotor activity in the open field, PPI of startle, 29 genome-wide scans of multigenerational extended families, at elevated plus maze and resident intruder tests were performed in adult the present time, genetic studies implicating this locus in littermates (14–18 week old), as described previously.10 Amphetamine- – psychiatric disorders is less compelling than for NRG1 signaling. induced (0–3mgkg 1) locomotor activity and responses of NRG2 KO mice Functionally, like NRG1, a peptide harboring the NRG2 to clozapine were tested by initially habituating mice for 30 min to the epidermal growth factor-like domain acutely promotes the inter- open-field arena, administering the drug intraperitoneally and returning 30 the mice to the same arena for measuring locomotor activity for 60 min. nalization of GABAARs and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors 31 The rewarded T-maze consisted of a start arm and two identical goal arms (NMDARs) in hippocampal and cortical ErbB4-expressing GABA- with food wells at their ends. After training the animal to alternate ergic interneurons, respectively. NMDAR- and NRG2/ErbB4-depen- between the arms, each mouse was given a free-choice run of 10 trials. dent signaling pathways form a negative feedback loop in Alternation rates were calculated as the percentage of correct entries of GABAergic interneurons in which NMDAR activity is required for the total numbers of choice trials. NRG2 ectodomain shedding and subsequent activation of ErbB4 31 which in turn downregulates GluN2B-containing NMDARs. The Electrophysiological slice recordings fact that NRG2 modulates glutamatergic transmission in GABAer- Hippocampal slices (300 μm) from NRG2 KO and littermate control mice gic neurons and selectively affects GluN2B-containing NMDARs, a (4–6 weeks) were used to measure evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents major proposed target of ketamine and the co-agonist glycine (EPSCs) and long-term potentiation in whole-cell voltage-clamp mode as that lies at the heart of the hypoglutamatergic theory of previously reported.10,18To determine the NMDA/AMPA ratio, neurons 32–34 schizophrenia, raises the intriguing possibility that NRG2 were stimulated at 50% of the maximal intensity in the presence of 100 μM could regulate brain development and neuronal circuits impli- picrotoxin to measure NMDAR currents at Vh = +40 mV (50 ms post cated in psychiatric disorders. stimulation artifact) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic − Here, we have generated KO mice to investigate a role for NRG2 acid receptor