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In This Edition: Page Page Charles La Trobe 2 Improving Your Memory 20 Photography 4 The Mobile Phone 21 Point Nepean 6 ’s Gold Rush 22 Zoo 8 André Rieu 24 Avalon Raceway 10 Coffee Time! 26 Smurfs 12 Where Is That? 28 Knowing the Road Rules 14 Word Search 29 Fort Queenscliff 16 Minotaur 30 Novac Djokovic 18 150 Years Ago 31 Sidney Austin 19 Then… & Now 32

Charles Joseph La Trobe was born on March 20, 1801 in . After receiving his education at schools in London, La Trobe started teaching at Fairfield Boys Boarding School in . At age 23 he then travelled to Neuchâtel, and became tutor to the family of Count Albert de Pourtalès for the next 2 years. He then became a noted mountaineer—a pioneer member of the Alpine Club. In 1832 La Trobe accompanied Count de Pourtales during a tour of America, including sailing down the Mississippi River to New Orleans. He published four books based on his travels around America. Returning to Europe, La Trobe stayed at the country house of Frederic Auguste de Montmollin, a Swiss councilor of state, and there became engaged to one of the Montmollin‟s daughters, Sophie. They were married in the British Legation at Berne on September 16, 1835. Upon completing an assignment in the West Indies for the British Govern- ment, La Trobe was sent to the Port Phillip District as Superintendant, even though he had had little managerial and administrative experience. He arrived in Melbourne on September 30, 1839 with his wife and daughter, two servants and a pre-fabricated house. Melbourne had a population of around 3,000 at the time and was rapidly expanding. La Trobe commenced works to improve sanitation and roads. As the Port Phillip District was a dependency of at the time, all land sales, building plans and officer appointments had to be approved by the Governor of New South Wales, , with whom La Trobe had a good personal and working relationship. During his time as Superintendant of the Port Phillip District, La Trobe was constantly in battle with members of the Melbourne Town Council. They complained that he did not take the lead or campaign actively for separation of the Port Phillip District from New South Wales, although he personally agreed with Council‟s opinion. The Melbourne Town Council and the press, notably the Argus, led a fierce attack on La Trobe for failing to press Port Phillip's claims strongly enough either in London or . The Town Council even sent a letter to the Governor in Sydney, as well as Earl Grey in London, demanding La Trobe‟s dismissal from office. Their claims were very petty, indicating a measure of jealousy on their part, as 2 well as a desire for more local representation in Government. Their claims were summarily dismissed by the British authorities. Between 1844-49 a labour shortage limited expansion of the settlements of Melbourne and Geelong, yet La Trobe strongly opposed the sending of convicts to Port Phillip. After being forced to accept a number of shipments during these years he made his stand clear in 1849 when he refused to allow the Randolph to land its cargo of convicts at Port Phillip, and ordered the ship to sail on to Sydney. When the Port Phillip District gained independence from New South Wales in 1851 and became the colony of Victoria, Charles La Trobe was appointed the first Lieutenant-Governor. He had the power to veto or reverse bills of the Council, control the Civil Lists and the proceeds from the sale of crown land, and initiate all budgetary legislation. In August 1851 La Trobe reported the discovery of gold in Ballarat. As a result of the find, he was forced to raise the wages of public servants to keep them working instead of flocking to the gold fields. He also imposed a hefty monthly gold license tax to discourage other workers from abandoning their jobs and heading to either Ballarat or Bendigo. This very unpopular decision became an early catalyst that would lead up to the in December 1854. By December 1852, at age 51, the pressures of government had taken there toll on La Trobe. He thus submitted his resignation to England, but continued to govern Victoria for a further 18 months until his replacement Sir arrived in . La Trobe‟s wife Sophie had become ill during his last years in Victoria. Unable to wait for her husband to be relieved of duty she returned to Europe and died at her family home on January 30, 1854. La Trobe sailed from Australia for England on May 6, 1854 and retired from public service. On October 3, 1855 La Trobe married Sophie‟s widowed sister, Rose. In retirement he had planned to write his life story with the title : “A Colonial Governor.” However, towards the end of his life his sight failed and he was unable to complete it. La Trobe died on December 4, 1875 aged 74, in Litlington, Sussex and was buried at a local churchyard close to his last home. He was survived by his second wife, as well as a son and five daughters. Places in Victoria named after Charles La Trobe include: and La Trobe Street in central Melbourne The Latrobe Valley in southeastern Victoria Mount Latrobe on Wilsons Promontory La Trobe Terrace in Geelong 3

Photography is the result of combing several technical discoveries. Over 2,000 years ago Chinese philosopher Mo Di and Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid described a pinhole camera. In the 6th century CE, Byzantine mathematician Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965-1040) studied the camera obscura and pinhole camera, Albertus Magnus (1193-1280) discovered silver nitrate, and Georges Fabricius (1516-1571) discovered silver chloride. And Wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals (photochemical effect) in 1694. John Herschel made many contributions to photographic methods. He invented the cyanotype process, now known as the "blueprint". He was the first to use the terms "photography", "negative" and "positive". He discovered sodium thiosulphate solution to be a solvent of silver halides in 1819. The solution was used to "fix" pictures and make them permanent. He made the first glass negative in late 1839. The first permanent photo- etching was an image pro- The World’s First Photograph duced in 1826 by Nicéphore Niépce (See box). Working in One summer day in France in 1826, conjunction with Louis Nicéphore Niepce took the world's Daguerre, Niépce experi- first photograph. It's a photo of some mented with silver com- farm buildings and the sky. It took an pounds based on Johann exposure time of 8 hours. The picture Schultz discovery in 1816 is now so faint it has to be tilted in that a silver and chalk order for the light to catch it just mixture darkens when right, to see it. exposed to light. Niépce died No-one is exactly sure what process in 1833, but Daguerre or chemicals were used. The current continued the work, culmi- theory about how the photograph was nating with the development taken is that Niepce coated the 8”x Nicéphore Niépce 6.5” pewter plate with bitumen, a petroleum derivative sensitive to light. After it spent those 8 hours hardening, he washed the plate with a mixture of oil of lavender and white petroleum. This dissolved the portions of the bitumen that didn't 'see' direct light, so didn't harden. Niepce called his work a "heliograph," in a tribute to the power of the sun. The original picture is kept at the University of Texas in a new air tight case, where it has been on display since 1964.

4 of the daguerreotype in 1837. Daguerre took the first ever photo of a person in 1839 when, while taking a daguerreotype of a Paris street, a pedestrian stopped for a shoe shine, long enough to be captured by the long exposure. Eventually, France agreed to pay Daguerre a pension for his formula, in exchange for his promise to announce his discovery to the world as the gift of France, which he did in 1839. Daguerre’s photo of Paris. The image shows a street, but because of the over ten minute exposure time Meanwhile, Hercules Florence had already the moving traffic does not appear. The exceptions created a very similar process in 1832, are the man and shoe-shine boy at the bottom left naming it Photographie, and English (arrowed) who stood still long enough to have their inventor William Fox Talbot had earlier images captured. discovered another means to fix a silver process image but had kept it secret. After reading about Daguerre's invention, Talbot refined his process so that portraits were made readily available to the masses. By 1840, Talbot had invented the calotype process, which creates negative images. Talbot's famous 1835 print of the Oriel window in Lacock Abbey is the oldest known negative in existence. Many advances in photographic glass plates and printing were made through the 19th century. However, it was in 1884 that the next big step was achieved when George Eastman developed the technology of film to replace photographic plates, and founded the famous Kodak company. 24 years later in 1908, colour photography was invented by Gabriel Lippmann who won the Noble Laureate in Physics for his efforts. Digital Photography Traditional film-based photography had a number of frustrating drawbacks. For example, the results could only be observed after much time and effort to develop the film. Thus, photographers could only live in hope that they ‘got the shot’ they were after. However, modern advances in electronics and computers has changed photography forever. In 1981, Sony unveiled the first consumer camera- the Sony Mavica, the first camera to eliminate the need for film. While the Mavica saved images to disk, the images were displayed on television, and the camera was not fully digital. In 1991, Kodak unveiled the DCS 100, the first commercially available digital single lens reflex camera. The digital age had begun! While film photog- raphy was used side by side with digital photography until a few years ago, most manufacturers have now discontinued production of film-based photographic tools. The flexibility of digital pictures has raised questions as to whether a picture is real, or has been digitally enhanced by computer. No longer can we unquestionably believe what our eyes see. Even experts have called for the need for digital pictures to carry digital ‘fingerprints’ to expose enhance- ments and additions, especially in legal cases. 5

Point Nepean marks the southern point of the entrance to Port Phillip and the most westerly point of the Mornington Peninsula. It was named after the British politician and colonial administra- tor, Sir Evan Nepean. The area of Point Nepean includes Fort Nepean, Cheviot Beach, Portsea and Sorrento. Its coast and adjacent waters are included in the Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park while its land area is part of the Point Nepean National Park. Fort Nepean at War! The first European landing was made by The guns of Fort Nepean were not Lieutenant Murray and his crew from the Lady used in anger until the first allied Nelson when they came ashore for fresh water shot of the First World War was near Sorrento in February 1801. The first sent across the bow of the German British settlement occurred at Sullivan Bay in freighter Pfaltz as she steamed out October 1803, near Sorrento, under the through the heads. The freighter was seized and returned to Port command of Lieutenant David Collins. Melbourne. In 1852 Point Nepean was chosen as the site The first allied shot of the Second for a Quarantine Station due to a large amount World War was also fired from Fort of people becoming ill and dying as a result of Nepean; a warning to an unidenti- overcrowding and a lack of amenities onboard fied ship which hastily identified ships sailing to Australia. There were no roads itself as the Tasmanian freighter Woniora. in the area. Point Nepean was only accessible by boat and inhabited only by a few limeburners* and fisherman which made it the ideal location for quarantine purposes. Five dormitory buildings were erected to house passengers of quarantined ships: one for the sick and four for the healthy passengers divided according to saloon, second class, third class and steerage. The quarantine station remained open until 1978, although the Officer Cadet School, which had occupied the five dormitory buildings since 1951, still operated until 1985 when it was relocated to *The discovery of limestone at Point Nepean gave the area its first industry. Limeburners built kilns into the cliff face to produce lime mortar which was used in cement and whitewash. See Jillong Pocket October 2010 edition for more information.

Point Nepean Quarantine Station 6 Point Nepean was known to Canberra. The School of Army Health then took Aboriginal people as Boona- over the buildings until 2002. The remaining tallung meaning kangaroo buildings are protected by heritage law and the skin, as its shape resembled a stretched hide. old hospital building is now a museum. Construction of the defenses at Point Nepean commenced in 1882. The first permanent gun emplacement at Fort Nepean was completed in June 1884. At Eagle‟s Nest, one of the highest points along the Peninsula, an emplacement was built with a 9.2” disappearing gun in 1888. Forces were stationed at Fort Nepean continuously until the end of World War II, with a civilian militia providing additional numbers during major conflicts. At the end of World War II the garrison at the heads was removed and the buildings at Point Nepean were declared redundant. Shipwreck! Cheviot Beach is located on the ocean side of Point Nepean and named after the Melbourne based ship the SS Cheviot. On October 19, 1887 the SS Cheviot was on route to Sydney when its propeller fell off in heavy seas moments after it exited Port Phillip Bay. As a result the unpowered ship drifted helplessly towards the shore. The sails were set but the crew could not make headway into the wind. The anchors were then dropped, but dragged along the seabed. The ship struck the shore at approximately 9pm. Rockets were launched but due to the rough seas the Queenscliff lifeboat was unable to pass through the heads until 4am the next morning. The Cheviot had broken in two, with the 35 passengers and crew in the fore cabin drowned. Rescuers were able to save 23 passengers and crew from the stern section held fast by the rocks. Survivors reported observing calm courage from the victims before being swept to their deaths.

The Point Nepean National Park is open everyday with the information centre open 10am-5pm, only closing on Christmas Day. There is a bike hire, BBQ and picnic facilities and a tracker- A Prime Minister Drowns! train service. There are also snorkel- On December 17, 1967 Prime Minister Harold ing, paddle boarding, kayaking and Holt travelled down from Melbourne to witness canoeing activities available. There British lone yachtsman Alec Rose sail through are many different places to explore Port Phillip Heads in his yacht Lively Lady. with walking tracks, so why not put Afterwards, he decided to drive to one of his your walking shoes on and start favorite swimming and snorkeling spots, Cheviot Beach. Cheviot Beach was notorious exploring today. for its strong currents and dangerous rips. Despite the warnings of his friends, he took to the water. It was not long after when he disappeared from view, and, despite a large contingent of police, Royal Australian Navy divers and Royal Austra- lian Air Force helicopters, his body was never recovered. Two days later Harold Holt was officially pronounced dead and John McEwen was sworn in as caretaker Prime Minister. Fort Nepean’s Port Phillip Bay entrance 7

The Royal Melbourne Zoological Gardens contain more than 320 animals species from Australia and around the World. The Zoological Board of Victoria administers the Melbourne Zoo, as well as the Werribee Open Range Zoo which features herbivorous creatures in an open range setting, and Healesville Sanctuary on 175 hectares of bush land exhibiting Australian fauna. History Melbourne Zoo opened on October 6, 1862 on its Royal Park site, displaying animals that had previously been on public view first at the Botanic Gardens and then at ‘Richmond Paddocks’, along the Yarra River opposite the Botanic Gardens. This low-lying riverside site was found to be too damp for the animals, thus the move to Royal Park. Like other historic Australian zoos in Sydney, , and Perth, the Zoo was initially involved in the ‘acclimatisation’ of exotic species, which were brought to Australia hoping they might prove to be valuable additional sources of food and income. Melbourne Zoo’s layout was modelled after London Zoo, with formal Victorian-era gardens the major attraction when the Zoo first opened. Initially there were few animals, just a few monkeys and a limited selection of native species. The development of the Zoo as we know it today began when Albert le Souef began work- ing there in 1870 (see box on opposite page). He acquired monkeys, American Black Bears, lions, tigers, and other exotic species. At first, these new animals were housed in old Getting There: circus cages, and then wooden houses were built The zoo is 4km north of the centre of for them, along with a bear pit and aviaries. Melbourne. It is accessible via Royal Park For almost 20 years there was no entry fee for station on the Upfield railway line, and is Zoo visitors, but in 1881 an entry fee was also accessible via tram routes 55 and 19, introduced to provide funding so that more as well as by bicycle on the Capital City Trail. Bicycles are not allowed inside the zoo itself.

8 The Le Souef Family Albert Le Souef was appointed honorary secretary animals could be added to the of the Zoological Gardens in 1870, and president collection. An elephant and an orang- in 1882. As president his annual wages were £300. utan arrived in 1881, followed by rhinos, His 30 years working at the Melbourne Zoo were hippos, bison, zebra and giraffe. instrumental in the expansion and development In the 1890s the Zoo began building a of the zoo as we see it today. new kind of exhibit—from brick, with He lived in the Zoo with his wife and 10 children. bars across the front viewing area. A The children were involved in his work from an similarly-designed exhibit built in 1928 early age, both helping to care for the grounds has been preserved in the Zoo’s Heritage and looking after ill or injured animals in the Zone along the main drive, so visitors can family home. contrast that stage of the Zoo’s evolution His eldest son Dudley became Assistant Director with the modern setting they see today. for several years and succeeded him as Director, The Zoo developed a diverse collection until 1923. of Australia’s unique wildlife. In 1934 a Two other sons studied veterinary medicine and section was opened to display platypus, worked at Melbourne Zoo before moving on to koalas, and other native wildlife. other zoos. Sherborne Le Souef supervised the creation of the Originally, the Zoo’s elephants lived in new Taronga Zoo and supervised the move of the the heritage Elephant Barn and gave animals to the new location on Sydney Harbour rides to visitors. Many family albums from their previous location in Moore Park. throughout Victoria would have photo- Ernest Le Souef became the Foundation Director graphs of those elephant rides, but they of Perth Zoo. stopped almost half a century ago, in 1961. In the 1960s the Zoo’s still ongoing modernisation program began, under the visionary guidance of long-serving Board Chairman Alfred Butcher. He played an important role in the Zoo’s history for 40 years, first as a Board member and then as Chairman from 1962 to 1987. His vision and considerable political acumen transformed the Zoo. Advice for visitors: Make sure you wear good walking shoes—to see as much as possible without sore feet. Provide prams/strollers for any younger children On busy days the food outlets are packed, you may consider bringing your own food (such as a picnic) or be prepared to wait in line at the food outlets. Opening hours The zoo is open daily everyday of the year from 9am-5pm For more information go to: www.zoo.org.au/melbourne General Admission Concession Adult - $24.80 Adult - $19.20 Child* - $12.40 Senior - $22.30 A number of family pack prices are also Person with a disability - $19.20 available Child with a disability - $6.00 *4-15 years, children under 4 years are free

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Avalon Raceway was built during the summer of 1976 by brothers Doug and Norm Drew as a motor racing track. Doug and Norm were racing drivers who regularly competed at the Torquay Raceway (now closed) but then decided to build their own racetrack. Avalon is a 390 metre long oval circuit located on Old Melbourne Road near Lara. It‟s surface is a mixture of clay and sand to provide the best grip when watered the correct amount. If the track is too dry it can shred the tyre of the sprintcars, but too much water and the track becomes extremely slippery and sometimes unsafe to drive on. If a track is considered too wet, events can be cancelled as happened a record 9 times in the 2010-11 season with 4 cancella- tions coming in a row in late October through November. During the early years Avalon Raceway was used for motorbike racing and sidecar racing. Many world champions such as Ole Olsen, Barry Biggs, Ivan Mauger, along with touring English Lions teams and European champions competed against our local drivers, including Phil Crump in 1974 the legendary Phil Crump. The sidecar racing was nothing short of spectacular with an Australian championship and numerous Victorian titles contested. The introduction of more clay content to the track saw the demise Avalon Trivia of motorbike racing and the emergence The Avalon Sprintcar lap of sprintcar racing. The Avalon Race- record is held by Ian way now holds a number of highly rated Lewis with a time of national events. 11.805 seconds recorded Avalon Raceway plays host to such on October 29, 2005 events as The Presidents Cup, World

10 Series Sprintcar, Round 1 of the Easter Trail, and the newly created Invitational Jackpot. Avalon also holds events for its other classes including the K-Rock Cup for the Super Sedans, and the West Coast Classic which is Victoria‟s longest running Modified Production Car race. Avalon also has major Sprintcar driven by Grant Anderson events for the V8 Dirt Modified Cars, Street Stocks, Speedcars and AMCA. The track also holds a Burnout challenge with a $90 buy in fee. The Burnout Challenge has a grand prize of $5,000, second prize is $2,000, third prize is $1,500, fourth prize is $1,000 and fifth prize is $500. Avalon Raceway also holds the annual destruction derby which is arguably the most popular event on the calendar. In this event uniquely modified cars will attempt to crash Admission Prices into one another, gradually eliminating General Events contestants when their cars simply will not Child under 5: Free drive any further. Child 5-11: $5 Child 12-16: $10 Avalon operates between August and April. Adult : $20-$30 There are three major sponsors for the Concession: $15-$20 raceway—Combined Waste Services, Routley‟s Bakery and K-Rock Radio.

Avalon Raceway 2011 11

The Smurfs (Les Schtroumpfs) is a comic and television franchise centred on a group of small blue fictional creatures called Smurfs. They were created and first introduced as a series of comic strips by the Belgian cartoonist Peyo (pen name of Pierre Culliford) on October 23, 1958. The Characters The storylines tend to be simple tales of bold adventure. The cast has a simple Where did the term “Smurf” come from? The original term and the accompanying structure as well: almost all the charac- language came during a meal Peyo was having ters look essentially alike – mostly male, with his colleague and friend André Franquin in very short (as tall as 3 crab apples high), which having momentarily forgotten the with blue skin, white trousers with a “salt” (French: “le sel”), Peyo asked him (in hole for their short tails, white hat in the French) to pass the schtroumpf. Franquin style of a Phrygian cap (only Papa replied: “Here’s the Schtroumpf – when you are Smurf’s hat is red), and sometimes some done schtroumpfing, schtroumpf it back” and additional accessory that indentifies a the two spent the rest of that weekend speak- personality. (For example, Handy Smurf ing in schtroumpf language. The name was later translated into Dutch as Smurf, which was wears overalls instead of the standard adopted in English. trousers, a brimmed hat and a pencil above his ear). Smurfs can walk and run, but often move by skipping on both feet. They love to eat sarsaparilla leaves and berries which the Smurfs naturally call smurfberries. The Smurfs fulfil simple archetypes of everyday people: Lazy Smurf, Grouchy Smurf, Brainy Smurf, and so on. All Smurfs, with exception of Papa, Baby, Smurfette, Nanny and Grandpa, are said to be 100 years old. There were originally 99 Smurfs, but this number increased as new Smurf characters appeared, such as Sassette and Nanny. Smurfette is not one of the original smurfs because she was created by Gargamel, the evil wizard. When they first appeared in 1958, the Smurfs lived in a part of the world called the Cursed Land. To reach it required magic or travelling through dense forests, deep marshes, a scorching desert and a high mountain range. The Smurfs themselves use storks in order to travel long distances. They can then travel to the kingdom where Johan and Peewit live, and gather information from the outside world. It is almost impossi- ble for an outsider to find the Smurf village except when led by a Smurf.

12 The 50th anniversary of the Smurfs and the 80th anniversary of the birth of its creator Language Peyo, were celebrated by issuing a high- A characteristic of the Smurf language is value collectors’ coin: the Belgian €5 coin, the frequent use of the word “smurf” and minted in 2008. its variety of meanings. The Smurfs replace enough nouns and verbs in every- day speech with “smurf” as to make their conversations barely understandable. For example: “We’re going smurfing on the River Smurf today.” When used as a verb, the word “Smurf typically means “to make”, “to be”, “to laugh”, or “to do.” When a word is replaced in a statement, that same replacement is made in every repetition of it, even by other Smurfs: as an example, the statement “A dragon that breathes fire” becomes “A Smurf that Smurfs Smurf”, no matter which Smurf says it. So that the viewer of the animated series is able to understand the Smurfs, only some words (or a portion of the word) are replaced with the word “Smurf.” Context offers a reliable understanding of this pattern, but common vocabulary includes remarking that something is “just Smurfy” or “Smurftastict.” In Smurf verses Smurf, published in Belgium in 1972, it was revealed that the village was divided between North and South, and that the Smurfs on either side had different ideas as to how the term “Smurf” should be used: for instance, the Northern Smurfs called a certain object a “bottle Smurfer”, while the Southern Smurfs called it a “Smurf opener.” The cartoonist Peyo appears to be poking fun at the language war that continues to this day between French and Dutch- speaking communities in Belgium.

Set in the Middle Ages, the evil wizard Gargamel discovers the Smurfs’ village and chases them into the wooded area. The Smurfs get scattered and Clumsy Smurf wanders into a “forbidden” grotto with other Smurfs following close behind. Since it’s also a blue moon, a magical portal within the grotto transport them into present-day Central Park in New York. They take shelter with married couple Patrick and Grace Winslow and 3D animated family try to find a way back to their village before film to be released on Gargamel finds them. September 15, 2011. 13 Are you allowed to stop your car in an area with a ‘No Parking’ sign? You are allowed two minutes (or the time specified on the sign) in a ‘No Parking’ area only if you remain within three metres of the vehicle and you are picking up or dropping off passengers or goods. Otherwise, if you stop, you are considered to have parked, even if you stay in the vehicle. Can you legally park your motorcycle on the footpath? In Victoria you may legally park your motor- cycle on the footpath (unless otherwise signed) as long as you do not obstruct pedestrians, delivery vehicles, public transport users or parked cars. Can you drive over painted traffic islands? You can drive on a painted island with a single line outline for up to 50m to enter or leave the road or enter a turning lane, but you must give way to any vehicle entering the turning lane from the marked lane next to it. You must not drive on or over two parallel lines surround- ing a painted island. You must not drive on a painted island with a continuous line that separates traffic travelling in the same direction, such as at a freeway on-ramp. The rules about zip merging If you are on a road without lines marked and two rows of vehicles merge into one, you must give way to any vehicle which has any part of its vehicle ahead of yours. Note: If you cross any lines marked on the road, then you are not zip merging but changing lanes and you must give way.

14 Can you use a mobile phone at all while driving on your L’s or P1’s? While fully licensed drivers may use hands-free phones, Learner and P1 drivers are prohibited from using a mobile phone at all while driving. What are the rules for entering a roundabout? When entering a roundabout, you must give way to any vehicle in the roundabout and any tram entering or approaching the roundabout. There is no requirement for vehicles to give way to pedestrians at roundabouts unless there are specific crossings provided. Where can children sit in vehicles? Children under four years old must not be seated in the front seat (in vehicles with two or more rows of seats). Children four years to less than seven years old can only be seated in the front if all other seats in the rows behind are occupied by other passen- gers less than seven years old. A rearward facing child restraint cannot be used in the front seat when there is a passenger air bag. What should you do if you’re in a vehicle accident? You must do the following: 1. Stop immediately. 2. Give assistance to any injured person. 3. Provide your name, address, registration number details and the vehicle owner’s name to the other parties involved in the crash, or their representative, and to the police (if in attendance). 4. If anyone is injured and the police are not in attendance, you must report the crash to the nearest open police station. 5. If there is any property damage and the owner (or Police) is not present, you must report the crash to the nearest police station.

Source: www.vicroads.vic.gov.au 15

Fort Queenscliff is located in the township of Queenscliff, some 31km east of Geelong, on the western side of the entrance to Port Phillip. It occupies an area of 6.7 hectares on high ground known as Shortland’s Bluff and overlooks the shipping lanes leading to Melbourne and Geelong. What Were They Scared Of? The first military works at Queenscliff Initially, immigrants were encouraged to settle commenced in 1860, with the construction of in the area to stave off fears that the French a sea wall along the top of Shortland’s Bluff. may claim Port Phillip Bay for themselves. Then, Built from sandstone quarried at Point King when the gold rush occurred during the 1850’s (between Sorrento and Portsea), the sea wall a massive amount of gold was being shipped was positioned directly east of the site of the from Melbourne and Geelong (mostly to original upper lighthouse. It was designed to England). Many feared that other powerful strengthen the cliff face and allow the European countries or even America may try to positioning of heavy caliber guns in an take a stranglehold on the fledgling community elevated location, right on the edge of the and steal the gold for themselves. Later, during Bluff the 1880’s the Russians were looked on with By 1864, the construction of the first suspicion. World War I brought on fears of a permanent battery, directly above the sea German invasion, while during World War II the wall, was completed. The battery was made Japanese were also considered a major threat. from local sandstone at a cost of £1,425. None of these fears were ever realised, yet Designed in a quatrefoil pattern, it accommo- military analysts still feel the expense was dated four 68 pound muzzle-loading cannons worth it to deter any serious invasion planning which were manned by the Volunteer by prospective enemies of Australia. Artillery, made up of local residents. The years 1879-1889 saw major development at Fort Queenscliff. In 1879, two contracts were let for the construction of an upper and lower battery. The lower battery was to contain four 80 pounder rifled muzzle-loading guns, and the upper battery was to contain three 9 inch rifled muzzle-loading guns. Both batteries were completed by early 1882. In

Fort Queenscliff’s Field Artillery Battery in the 1880’s 16

1882 work commenced on the walls of the fort and a keep which were completed in 1886. In 1887 a dry moat was excavated around the fort walls to provide a further defensive measure. An array of support facilities were also erected including a drill hall in 1882, a guard house in 1883, barracks in 1885 and a cell block in 1887. These buildings were all constructed from timber and corrugated iron, were purely functional and had little architectural Fort Queenscliff’s ‘Disappearing Gun’ embellishment. With the completion of the Fort walls the entry of civilians to the Fort had been restricted. In 1889, two BL 9.2 inch Mk VI breech-loading counter bombardment British Armstrong guns were installed, one on a Hydro-Pneumatic mounting enabling it to function as a disappearing gun, and one on a Central Pivot Barbette mounting. After 1890, apart from continual improvements to the Fort’s guns and their emplacements and the construction of search light apertures, little development took place within the Fort until World War 1. Around 1915, substantial development occurred along the northern boundary of the parade ground which involved the removal of an old shrapnel mound from behind the wall and the erection of a number of timber barracks and mess buildings.

All the old barrack buildings were demolished in 1936 to allow the construction of the present red brick buildings. One of the more unfortunate aspects of development since the 1930’s has been the encroachment of structures outside the Fort walls. Fort Queenscliff became the headquar- ters for an extensive chain of forts around Port Phillip Heads. It’s garrison included volunteer artillery, engineers, Aerial view of Fort Queenscliff today infantry and naval militia and was manned as a coastal defense installation from 1883 to 1946. The other fortifications and armaments around Port Phillip made it one of the most heavily defended harbours in the British Empire. In terms of layout and despite some changes in architectural style, the Fort, as it stands today, is almost the same as it was in 1889. By 1946 coastal artillery was outmoded, and the Fort became home to the Army Command and Staff College. After the three Service Staff Colleges were combined into the Australian Defense College in Canberra, it became the base for Army’s Soldier Career Management Agency in 2001. Guided tours of Fort Queenscliff are available every Saturday, Sunday and Public Holiday at 1pm and 3pm. Tours last about 1½ hours. Ph: 5258 1488 17 Novak Djokovic is a Serbian professional tennis player, who is currently ranked World No. 1 by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Novak "Nole" Djokovic was born in Belgrade, Serbia on May 22, 1987 to parents, Srdjan and Dijana Djokovid. His two younger brothers, Đorđe and Marko, are also tennis players with professional aspirations. He has been in a relationship with fellow Serb and Belgrade native, Jelena Ristic for the past five years. He started playing tennis at the age of four, and was spotted by Yugoslav tennis legend Jelena Genčid at the age of eight, who stated: "This is the greatest talent I have seen since Monica Seles." At 12 years old, he spent three months at Nikola Pilid's tennis academy in Munich, Germany, and at age 14, his international career began, winning European championships in singles, doubles, and team competition. He currently resides in Monte Carlo, Monaco and is being coached by former Slovak tennis player, Marián Vajda. In 2010, Djokovic's nutritionist discovered he has an allergy to gluten and Djokovic purged it from his diet. He has started the 2011 season strong, with the dietary change being given credit amongst observers. Djokovic is also known for his often humorous off-court impersonations of his fellow players, many of whom are his friends. This became evident to the tennis world after his 2007 US Open quarterfinal win over Carlos Moyá, where he entertained the audience with impersonations of Rafael Nadal and Maria Sharapova. He also did an impersonation of American tennis great John McEnroe after his final preliminary game at the 2009 US Open, before playing a brief game with McEnroe, much to the delight of the audience. Career Highlights Grand Slam wins: Australian Open in 2008 and 2011 Wimbledon 2011 Youngest player to have reached the semi-finals in all 4 grand slams. Career wins= 101 Career losses= 24 World Ranking= 1 Earnings $27,8 00,000+

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Sidney Austin was the youngest of seven children born to John and Eleanor Austin. He was born on May 16, 1846 at Baltonsborough, Somerset, England. He was educated in Somerset before following three of his brothers to Victoria, Australia in 1864 at the age of 18.

Austin‟s brothers taught him their knowledge of agriculture and he began farming land before becoming a station owner in 1870. He managed a property in Avalon for his uncle James Austin and the property Barwon Park at Winchelsea for Thomas Austin‟s estate. In 1881 he joined the Geelong wool brokers company Dennys Lascelles, bringing about the name change to Dennys Lascelles Austin & Co.

When Austin first decided to settle in Geelong, he rented the property Lunan, in Drumcondra for a while before buying a brick and stone bungalow in Newtown, adding a floor, and calling it Larneuk. He had married his cousin Harriet in 1871 and the two lived the remainder of their lives in Newtown, where they welcomed guests on a regular basis. Sadly, Harriet passed away at their home in 1901.

In 1886 Austin became a council member of Geelong Church of England Girls‟ Grammar School and in 1888 he became a Geelong town councillor and also a member for South Western Province in the Legislative Council. He went on to become mayor of Geelong from 1896 until 1898 and held his parliamentary seat until 1904 when ill health caused him to retire.

Austin was a great lover of horse racing and served as judge for a number of years at the meetings of the Geelong Racing Club. He was also president of the Geelong Lawn Tennis Club. Later in his life he became the president of the Geelong Art Gallery committee.

In 1888 he extended his rural interests into New South Wales, through his partnership with his first cousin Frank Mack in Narromine station near Dubbo. His surviving Narromine letter-book (500 pages long) displays his capacity, vision, literacy and profes- sional business standards

Sidney Austin died at his home on May 8, 1906, aged 60, due to chronic nephritis (kidney disease). Sidney Austin wearing mayoral robes in c.1896. 19

Memory involves three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Your brain encodes information when it perceives it and registers it. This information can then be stored for future retrieval. Memory failure occurs when any one of these three stages breaks down. Memory itself has been divided into various kinds, including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. If you want to store information indefinitely, it must go into your long-term memory. How can you put it there? The following principles will help. Interest Cultivate an interest in the subject, and remind yourself of the reasons for learning it. As your own experience in life may tell you, when your emotions are involved, you enhance your memory. Attention “Most „memory failures‟ actually represent failures in attention,” says the book Mysteries of the Mind. What can help you to pay attention? Be interested and, where possible, take notes. Note-taking not only focuses the mind but also enables a listener to review the material later. Understanding When you do not understand a teaching or concept, likely you will not remember it well, if at all. Understanding illuminates the relationship between the parts, knitting them together to form a logical whole. Organization Categorize similar concepts or related ideas. For instance, a grocery list is easier to remember when we categorize items—meats, vegetables, fruits, and so on. Also, divide the information into manageable chunks of not more than five to seven items. Telephone numbers are usually divided into two parts so that they can be remembered more easily. Finally, it may help to put your list into a certain order, perhaps alphabetical. Recitation, or verbalization Repeating aloud what you want to remember (a foreign-language word or phrase, for example) will strengthen the neural connections. How so? First, saying the word forces you to pay close attention. Second, you may get immediate feedback from your teacher. And third, listen- ing—even to yourself—calls into play other parts of your brain. Visualization Make a mental picture of what you wish to remember. It is also helpful to draw it or map it out. Association When learning something new, associate it with something you already know. Linking thoughts to memories already stored makes encoding and retrieving easier, the association serving as a cue. Consolidation Allow time for the information to be processed, to soak in, as it were. One of the best ways to do this is to review what you have learned, perhaps by repeating it to someone else. For good reason, repetition has been called the mother of retention.

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As I pushed the “end” button on my mobile phone and placed it back in my pocket, I began to wonder where the technology all started. Well, here it is— Radiophones have a long history going back to Reginald Fessenden’s invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony during the Second World War. The first mobile telephone call made from a car occurred in St. Louis, Missouri, USA on June 17, 1946, but the system was impractical from what is considered a portable handset today. The equipment weighed 80 lbs, and the AT&T service, cost $30 per month (equal to $340 today) plus 30 to 40 cents Martin Cooper: team leader at Motorola, who invented the per local call (equal to $4 today). first truly mobile telephone In 1960, the world’s first partly automatic car phone system, Mobile System A (MTA), was launched in . MTA phones were composed of vacuum tubes and relays, and had a weight of 40 kg. In 1962, a more modern version called Mobile System B (MTB) was launched, which used transistors in order to enhance the telephone’s calling capacity and improve its operational reliability. A race between Motorola and Bell Labs took place to be the first to invent a portable mobile phone. Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive is considered to be the winner. Using a modern, if somewhat heavy portable hand- set, Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on April 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel Engel of Bell Labs. The first commercially automated network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G network. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The first “modern” network technology on digital 2G (second generation) cellular technology was launched by Radiolinja in 1991 in Finland, and in 2001, the first commercial launch of 3G (Third Generation) was again launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo. In 1990 there were 12.4 million registered mobile phones worldwide. As of last year (2010) there were 4.6 billion users. Oops! Got to go. My mobile has just started to ring...

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Specks of gold were reportedly found by Austra- lia’s earliest settlers in the 1820’s. However, the gold rush era began in earnest in February 1851 when prospector Edward Hargraves found gold near Bathurst, New South Wales. Within a few days over 100 prospectors were scouring the area in search of riches. But what they found was nothing compared to the gold discoveries in Victoria later that same year. In August Lieutenant-Governor Charles La Trobe announced that Fossicking for gold near gold had been found at Ballarat, and a short time later at Ballarat Bendigo Creek, thus founding the biggest gold strike in history. The initial stages of the gold rush were responsible for bringing tremendous changes to the community. Australia’s first great wave of immigration had begun. In 1851 the population of Victoria stood at around 80,000, but a decade later it had risen to over 500,000. The total population of Australia increased threefold from 430,000 in 1851 to 1.7 million in 1871. Miners came from many nations but by far the largest national contingent other than the British and Irish were the 40,000 Chinese. The battle for Gold Life on the gold fields was very hard. Diggers sometimes worked ten meters below the surfaces, and often waist deep in water. Poorly made shafts would collapse and kill those below. Digging frequently involved accumulating a load of gravel and then carrying it long distances to the nearest creek or river to wash it for gold, using pans, puddling boxes, or cradles. Some miners struck it rich but the hopeful majority enjoyed only moderate success, or no success at all. Miners and their families initially lived in tents. No-one wanted to waste time and energy building more substantial structures when gold was to be found. Once a gold field has been officially proclaimed the state government then set up administrative and police person- nel in that area, imposing law and order. A resident Gold Commis- sioner, protected by a military garrison oversaw the miner’s gold being weighed, paid for and trans- ported under the protection of an armed escort to the Melbourne Treasury or a Geelong bank, and then transferred into canvas bags before being shipped to England. Using a Rocking Cradle to find gold. Bendigo 1856 22 As the alluvial deposits dwindled, there were moves to restrict the untiring Chinese diggers as they seemed to be comparatively more successful and able to sustain the viability of their claims longer than their Western counterparts. They would rework ground abandoned by Europeans until the whole of the gold bearing earth had been cleaned. The Chinese did not bring their wives, intending instead to send their wealth home. This tide of wealth being sent back to China angered many British nationals. Thus, in 1855 the Victorian Parliament imposed a tax of £10 a head on all Chinese entering the colony and a poll tax of £1 per annum levied on every Chinese person on the gold fields, in an effort to discourage Chinese miners. As a ‘white policy’ gained momentum restrictions were eventually placed on Asians in general, to prevent an influx from other nearby nations: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines; and of course, the native Aborigines were rarely permitted to own gold. Authority and Control As news of the gold rush spread, workers everywhere abandoned their normal jobs and rushed to Ballarat or Bendigo. The government became alarmed as activity in the towns ground to a halt. Normal civic duties were not being cared for—medical services, roads, domestic and civil construction, etc. To discourage workers from leaving their jobs the government imposed a heavy license fee upon all those who dug for gold. The first license was issued in Victoria on September 21, 1851. Having a miners license meant that a miner could keep whatever gold he found. If he did not have one then it was classed as stealing from Crown property and was then liable to suffer criminal proceedings. The gold licensing system caused consid- erable unrest on the diggings. This led to the Eureka Stockade clash three years later which saw 22 miners and 6 troopers killed. The government brought 13 leading miners to trial, but a jury acquitted all but one of the accused. In 1855, the govern- ment abolished the gold licence and introduced a fairer miner’s right fee. The end result saw Victoria introduce some of the most liberal rights for citizens, not only in the British Common- wealth but the world. In addition, the gold rush boosted the fledgling colony of Australia to one of the highest standards Victorian Gold License dated March 1853 of living in the world today. 23 André Léon Marie Nicolas Rieu is a Dutch violinist, conductor, and composer best known for creating the waltz-playing Johann Strauss Orchestra. A ndré Rieu himself plays a 1667 Stradivarius violin.

André Rieu was born into a Christian musical family, on October 1, 1949 in Maastricht in the Netherlands. The name Rieu is of French Huguenot origin. He began studying violin at the age of five. Since his father was conductor of the Maastricht Symphony Orchestra, from a very young age André developed a fascination with orchestra music. From 1968 to 1973 he studied violin at the Conservatorie Royal in Liége and at the Conservato- rium Maastricht. From 1974to1977, he attended the Music A cademy in Brussels, studying with A ndré Gertler, and won the “ Premier Prix” (best student prize) at the academy.

While still studying, he performed the Gold and Silver Waltz by Franz Lehár. Encouraged by the delighted reaction from the audience Rieu decided to pursue waltz music and formed the Maastricht Salon Orchestra. He also performed as a violinist with the Limburg Symphony Orchestra. Then, in 1987, he created the Johann Strauss Orchestra along with his own production company. Since then, dramatic stage performances accompanied by vigorous media promotions have placed Rieu in the worldwide music limelight.

Clever business management is linked to his success. Rieu still plays at many free concerts and media events to encourage the masses worldwide to take an interest in his flamboyant style of music. Once enchanted by his music, many have then paid to see further concerts, and have purchased his recordings by the millions.

André Rieu is married to Marjorie, who works with him full-time as

24 production manager. They have 2 sons, Marc as well as Pierre, who also works alongside his father. André speaks 6 languages—Dutch, English, German, French, Italian and Spanish, which adds to his worldwide appeal.

Rieu records in both DVD and CD format at his own recording studios in Maastricht in a wide range of classical music as well as popular and folk music plus music from well-known movie soundtracks and theatre. His lively orchestral presentations, in tandem with incessant marketing, have attracted worldwide audiences, sending his recordings gold and platinum in many countries, including 8-times Platinum in the Netherlands.

The Johann Strauss Orchestra The Orchestra originally began with 12 members in 1987, but now performs with between 40-50 musicians. With the Netherlands as their base and main source of followers, the orchestra initially toured Europe, feeding a renewed interest in waltz music. Their recording of the Second Waltz from Shostakovich‟s Jazz Suites was a special favourite. As a result of growing popularity, Rieu soon was being described as “ the Waltz King.”

Rieu and his orchestra travelled on to North America and Japan. They won a number of prizes including two World Music Awards. In September 2007 Rieu performed in Australia for the first time, returning in 2008 for sold- out performances across the country. His ability to know what appeals to local audiences has made him friends everywhere he goes. For example, when in Australia he featured “ Waltzing Matilda” and “ I did it my way” at his performances, thrilling the crowds. Whether you enjoy waltz music or not, you have to admire the fact that A ndré Rieu is the consummate master at entertaining crowds.

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THE fascinating story of coffee begins with the wild coffee plant in the highlands of Ethiopia. Exactly when the properties of the roasted bean were discovered, is uncertain. However, Arabica coffee was being cultivated on the Arabian Peninsula by the 15th century C.E. Despite a prohibition on the export of the fertile bean, the Dutch acquired either trees or live seeds in the year 1616. They soon established plantations in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and Java, now part of Indonesia. In 1706 the Dutch transported a young tree from their estates in Java to the botanical gardens in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The tree flourished. Its descendants were then shipped to Dutch colonies in Suriname and the Caribbean. In 1714 the mayor of Amsterdam gave King Louis XIV of France one descendant. The king had it planted in a greenhouse at the Jardin des Plantes, the Royal Garden, in Paris. The French were eager to enter the coffee trade. They purchased seeds and trees and shipped them to the island of Réunion. The seeds failed to grow, and according to some authorities, all but one of the trees eventually died. Nevertheless, 15,000 seeds from that one tree were planted in 1720, and a plantation was finally established. So valuable were these trees that anyone found destroying one was subject to the death penalty! Gabriel Mathieu de Clieu, a French naval officer on leave in Paris, made it his personal mission to take a tree to his estate on Martinique. He sailed for the island in May 1723 with a descendant of the Paris tree. For the trip, de Clieu placed his precious plant in a box made partly of glass so that the tree could absorb sunlight and remain warm on cloudy days. The plant survived the ship‟s encounter with Tunisian pirates, a violent storm and, worst of all, a shortage of fresh water when the ship became becalmed in the Doldrums. “Water was lacking to such an extent,” wrote de Clieu, “that for more than a month I was obliged to share my scanty ration with the plant upon which my happiest hopes were founded and which was the source of my delight.” In 1723 en route to De Clieu‟s devotion was rewarded. His charge arrived Martinique, Gabriel in Martinique in good health, and it thrived and multi- Mathieu de Clieu shares plied in the tropical environment. From this single plant, his drinking water with a coffee plant. 26 Where Does Coffee Come From? Martinique supplied seed Coffee is made by roasting the seeds of the coffee directly or indirectly to all tree, a large evergreen shrub that has glossy deep- the countries of the Ameri- green leaves and grows in semitropical regions. When in bloom, the tree is covered with beautiful cas except Brazil, French white blossoms that emit a delightful jasmine Guiana and Suriname. fragrance. After only a few days, the flowers are Meanwhile, Brazil and replaced by clusters of cherry-like, green fruits that French Guiana also progressively grow and change from various wanted coffee trees. In shades of green to golden-brown to red or yellow Suriname, the Dutch still when they are fully ripe. possessed descendants of Although there are about 70 different species of the Amsterdam tree but coffee trees, from dwarf shrubs to 12m tall trees, kept them closely guarded. only two species, Coffea arabica, or simply Arabica, In 1722, however, French and Coffea canephora, also known as Robusta, Guiana obtained seeds account for about 98 percent of the world's produc- from a felon who had tion. The finest coffees come from the Arabica va- escaped into Suriname rieties, especially those grown at higher altitudes. and stole some seeds. In These trees grow to heights of from 4-6m, although exchange for his seeds, they are usually pruned to keep them at a height of the authorities in French about 4m. Robusta, which is used mostly for instant Guiana granted him his coffee, has a higher caffeine content and is more freedom. neutral in taste. Initial, furtive attempts to get viable seeds or seedlings into Brazil failed. Then Suriname and French Guiana became involved in a border dispute and asked Brazil to provide an arbitrator. Brazil dispatched Francisco de Melo Palheta, an army officer, to French Guiana, instructing him to settle the dispute and to bring home some coffee plants. The hearings were a success, and the governor gave Palheta a farewell banquet. As a gesture of appreciation for this guest of honor, the governor‟s wife presented Palheta with a beautiful bouquet. Hidden among the flowers, however, were viable coffee seeds and seedlings. Thus, it could be said that in 1727, Brazil‟s now billion-dollar coffee industry was born in a bouquet. Thus, the young tree that went from Java to Amsterdam in 1706, together with its offspring in Paris, furnished all the planting material for most coffee served today.

Today, over 25 million family farms in some 80 countries grow an estimated 15 billion coffee trees. Their product ends up in the 2.25 billion cups of coffee that are consumed each day.

27 The names of locations and suburbs around Geelong have evolved over time. Can you identify the following locations with their modern names?

1. Ashby 14. McLeod’s Waterholes 2. Barrabool 15. Mercer’s Hill 3. Cheddar Farms 16. Newington 4. Cowie’s Creek 17. Paywit North 5. Duck Ponds 18. Shortland’s Bluff 6. Esk River 19. Spring Creek 7. German Town 20. Strawberry Hill 8. Irish Town 21. Swampy Creek 9. Kensington 22. Tuckfield 10. Kildare 23. Wabdullah 11. Kingston-on-sea 24. Western Gully 12. Leigh 25. Whale Head

13. Marnock Vale

bluff Heads Barwon 25. river) the to (next Chilwell 13.

West Geelong Avenue, Gordon 24. Shelford 12.

Bannockburn 23. Grove Ocean 11.

Drysdale 22. St) Church (near West Geelong 10.

Anglesea 21. Leopold 9.

bridge) Ave Shannon (near Highton 20. Chilwell 8.

Torquay 19. Grovedale 7.

Queenscliff 18. Werribee 6.

Portarlington 17. Lara 5.

Grove) Ocean and Geelong North 4.

Wallington Road (between Wallington Wallington (between Road Wallington 16. Lara 3.

Newtown 15. Highton 2.

Drysdale 14. West Geelong 1.

28 Computers Word Search P P R H C R A E S D N P O M D T C E A S E W R D M P O E R A W Y P S I T T T N A O L T W U I I P P E P A N W I R E L E S S L N F R M N M T P N G C A B F O A P T D A E I O A S P O W O P L F O N E G C G R O W U E E O E M O T H E R B O A R D S I R K R H L P W P H N S M B R E W I N Y T A A P A A D E S P Y O D F D R D P L W Y R C R T U U T P T K E Y B O A R D E C T S O T E W M I L I Y T W D I R M C D C E S O A A G P S K I S S A A W V I R U S T R O R O S N E C N P H W A S E I A I O G K E A B N C R E N E N C E O M G D R D E E P O W E R E A N O N S O R E W R B Y M A Y B S T D G P Censor Hardware Notebook Software Compact Disc Internet Parts Sound Card Computer Keyboard Power Spyware Desktop Laptop Printer Upgrade Firewall Mail Ram Virus Floppy Disc Megabytes Repair Webcam Games Motherboard Scanner Windows Google Mouse Screen Wireless Hard Disk MSN Search Yahoo 29

In Greek mythology, the Minotaur was a creature with the head and tail of a bull on the body of a man. After he ascended the throne of Crete, King Minos continued to struggle with his brothers over the right to remain ruler. Minos prayed to Poseidon, the god of the sea, to send him a snow-white bull, as a sign of his approval to remain king of Crete. His request was granted. Minos was then expected to sacrifice the bull in honour of the gods but, because of its beauty, he decided to keep it instead. To punish Minos, the beautiful goddess Aphrodite made Pasiphae, Minos’ wife, fall madly in love with the bull. Pasiphae had the craftsman Daedalus make a wooden cow for her. She climbed into the bait in order to have sex relations with the white bull when he became attracted to the cow. The offspring of their coupling was the Minotaur. Pasiphae nursed the Minotaur in its infancy, but as it grew it turned into a fero- cious beast. Unsatisfied by natural sources of nourishment it started devouring men for food. King Minos, after getting advice from the oracle at Delphi, had Daedalus and his son Icarus construct a gigantic labyrinth (maze of rooms and corridors) to hold the Minotaur. Its location was near Minos’ palace in Knossos. The Minotaur dwelt at the centre of the Labyrinth. Many brave soldiers entered the labyrinth to prove their courage and fighting prowess, only to be consumed by the powerful beast. The Minotaur was eventually killed by the Athenian founder-hero Theseus. The contest between Theseus and the Minotaur is frequently represented in Greek art. The ruins of Minos’ palace at Knossos have been found, but the labyrinth has not. The enormous number of rooms, staircases and corridors in the palace has led some archaeologists to suggest that the palace itself was the source of the labyrinth myth, an idea generally discredited today. Some modern mythologists believe that the Minotaur is linked to the pagan god Baal-Moloch of the Phoenicians. The slaying of the Minotaur by Theseus thus represents the breaking of Athenian tributary relations with Minoan Crete. Today, many popular modern stories describe an individual, or group of lost souls being confronted by a half-bull, half-man inside a giant maze—a spin-off from ancient Greek mythology.

30 Geelong– 150 years ago this month “THE CORPORATION OF MELBOURNE AND GEELONG, AND THE STREET LAMPS. As every fact connected with the Gas question deserves to be put on record, we may state that the City Council of Melbourne have accepted the tender of the Melbourne gas company to light the public lamps of that city for twelve months, at fourteen pounds per lamp, and that the town council of Geelong have similarly agreed with the Geelong gas company to light the streets of that town at the rate of fifteen pounds per lamp.” (The Mercury: Monday, September 2, 1861 p.2)

“HORSE-STEALING Patrick Whelan McDonald pleaded "Not Guilty" to stealing a mare, the property of one Charles Leeke. The evidence was against the prisoner; the jury convicted him, and his Honour sentenced him to two years' on the roads.” (The Argus: Thursday, September 5, 1861 p.6)

About this brochure: This brochure has been produced as a community service by participants in the Work For The Dole scheme at Workskil- Corio branch office. This is part of a Job Services Australia initiative. All comments and views expressed in this publication are the opinions of the participants in the scheme and not necessarily the views of Workskil or Job Services Australia. If you have any comments about information contained in this brochure, or suggestions for future issues please write to: Workskil WFTD Unit 1001 Corio Shopping Centre. Bacchus Marsh Rd. Corio 3214 Ph: (03) 5245 3000

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1866

E. de Balk. Alfred Deakin Prime Ministerial Library Little Malop Street/The Mall 145 years ago horses waited for their carriages to be loaded with goods from the produce market or nearby shops before making their deliveries. Today, modern delivery trucks perform the same service in amongst the crowd of pedestrians, albeit a little quicker than horse and carriage. What do you think? Is a faster pace of life a good thing?

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