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Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Novel Turbo-Compounding System For Energy and exergy analysis of a novel turbo-compounding system for supercharging and mild hybridization of a gasoline engine Salek, F, Babaie, M, Ghodsi, A, Hosseini, SV and Zare, A http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-10178-z Title Energy and exergy analysis of a novel turbo-compounding system for supercharging and mild hybridization of a gasoline engine Authors Salek, F, Babaie, M, Ghodsi, A, Hosseini, SV and Zare, A Type Article URL This version is available at: http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/57925/ Published Date 2021 USIR is a digital collection of the research output of the University of Salford. Where copyright permits, full text material held in the repository is made freely available online and can be read, downloaded and copied for non-commercial private study or research purposes. Please check the manuscript for any further copyright restrictions. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-10178-z Energy and exergy analysis of a novel turbo‑compounding system for supercharging and mild hybridization of a gasoline engine Farhad Salek1 · Meisam Babaie2 · Ali Ghodsi1 · Seyed Vahid Hosseini1 · Ali Zare3 Received: 27 May 2020 / Accepted: 7 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Number of hybrid vehicles has increased around the world signifcantly. Automotive industry is utilizing the hybridization of the powertrain system to achieve better fuel economic and emissions reduction. One of the options recently considered in research for hybridization and downsizing of vehicles is to employ waste heat recovery systems. In this paper, the addition of a turbo-compound system with an air Brayton cycle (ABC) to a naturally aspirated engine was studied in AVL BOOST software. In addition, a supercharger was modeled to charge extra air into the engine and ABC. The engine was frst validated against the experimental data prior to turbo-compounding. The energy and exergy analysis was performed to understand the efects of the proposed design at engine rated speed. Results showed that between 16 and 18% increase in engine mechanical power can be achieved by adding turbo-compressor. Furthermore, the recommended ABC system can recover up to 1.1 kW extra electrical power from the engine exhaust energy. The energy and exergy efciencies were both improved slightly by turbo-compounding and BSFC reduced by nearly 1% with the proposed system. Furthermore, installing the proposed system resulted in increase in backpressure up to approximately 23.8 kPa. Keywords Air Brayton cycle · Waste heat recovery · Hybridization · Supercharger · Turbo-compounding · Exergy · Downsizing List of symbols WHR Waste heat recovery ̇ ABC Air Brayton cycle W Mechanical power (kW) a Vibe parameter ∝ Crank shaft angle (deg) BDUR Burn duration (deg) ̇ Subscripts E Exergy rate (kW) C Coolant e Specifc exergy (kJ kg−1) ch Chemical I Exergy destruction (kW) f Fuel m Vibe shape HEX Heat exchanger ṁ Mass fow rate (kg s−1) ht Heat transfer ORC Organic Rankine cycle ̇ ph Physical Q Heat transfer rate (kW) SOC Start of combustion (deg) TC Turbo compressor Introduction Air pollution is one of the major challenges that many coun- * Meisam Babaie [email protected] tries are envisaged today. Transportation sector among the sources of emissions is responsible for about 40% CO2 emis- 1 Faculty of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, sion around the world [1]. Apart from CO2, other harmful Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran emissions such as particulate matters, CO, HC and NOx are 2 School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University emitted from the vehicle tailpipes running by fossil fuels. of Salford, Manchester, UK Even in recent COVID-19 pandemic, a direct relationship 3 Flow, Aerosols and Thermal Energy (FATE) Group, School between the number of death and air pollution was observed of Engineering, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3216, [2]. Governments around the word have started to respond to Australia Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 F. Salek et al. this threat through international commitment such as Paris less mass to vehicle than ABC in implementations. [31–33]. agreement and emissions regulations [3], and Europe has set In addition, ORC needs its own working fuid, while the probably the most stringent standards targeting reduction of engine air can be used in ABC as the working fuid. There- about 4% CO2 yearly until 2030 [4]. fore, it seems using ABC in passenger cars is more benefcial Internal combustion (IC) engines burning fossil fuels than ORC. were running the industries and transportations for many The impacts of air Brayton cycle coupling to engine have years. While it would be impossible to wipe of the IC been studied in the literature [34–37]. Nadera et al. [34] have engines completely in the near future, continuous improve- investigated the fuel consumption reduction by employing ments in fuel economy are required in automotive industry ABC as the waste heat recovery system in a turbocharged to achieve the vital targets set by standards [5–9]. To achieve gasoline fueled engine. In this study, part of the engine this goal, researchers have been working on diferent solu- exhaust energy was absorbed by ABC heat exchanger for tions around the world such as using biofuel [10–15] and heating the ABC working fuid before entering the turbine. hydrogen energy [16, 17] as well as the hybridizations and Based on the results of their work, vehicle fuel consumption electrifcations [18–20] to reduce the engine fuel consump- decreased between 5.5 and 7% by using such waste heat tion and emissions. However, still further works are required recovery system. Song et al. [35] studied the performance to reduce the emissions from vehicles. of ABC coupled with a turbocharged diesel engine run- Approximately between 40 and 60% of fuel energy is ning at various engine speeds. An extra short fraction of the wasted in IC engines through the exhaust [21, 22]. It is a engine inlet air was also shared with Brayton cycle, and it huge share of energy especially considering the low ef- is heated by the heat exchanger installed in engine exhaust ciency of IC engines, and there is a great potential for recov- system. The results showed that the engine fuel consump- ering at least some of this wasted energy. Therefore, adding tion decreased between 2.6 and 4.6% at diferent engine waste heat recovery (WHR) systems to IC engines could be speeds. In another similar study [37], coupling ABC to a viable in achieving a better fuel economy as it can result in turbocharged diesel engine led to ~ 0.64 kW power recovery increment of total engine power production and reduction at engine rated RPM. of engine brake specifc fuel consumption (BSFC) [21, 23, Analysis of thermodynamic systems using exergy will 24]. Moreover, extra electrical power will be generated by provide a comprehensive insight into the system perfor- WHR systems which can be consumed directly or auxiliary mance and losses. While energy “cannot be created or in the vehicles. destroyed” (frst law), exergy can be lost or destroyed dur- There are many types of thermodynamic cycles which ing diferent process due to the irreversibilities (second law). can be coupled to engines as the waste heat recovery system Employing second law of thermodynamics (exergy analysis) [25–29], and the most well-known one is the organic Rank- will reveal the energy degradations process within the sys- ine cycle (ORC) [21, 27]. This cycle contains four compo- tem that cannot be understood from the frst law (energy) nents in which the organic working fuid circulates in a cycle analysis [38]. The exergy analysis was employed in difer- [22]. One of the most important thermophysical properties ent energy systems including the engine research to high- of organic fuids are their low heat of evaporation compared light the engine improvements and losses by alternation in to other fuids, and they can be vaporized by absorbing engine and/or fuel [16, 39–43]. When exergy analysis was heat from low-temperature heat sources [22]. Mahmoudi employed in literature, it was mainly for commonly used et al. [21] have reported that between 21 and 25% of engine ORC cycle for waste heat recovery of heavy-duty engines exhaust waste heat can be recovered by the employment of [40, 41, 43]. Valencia eta al. [40] investigated the impacts of recuperative single-loop and dual-loop ORCs, respectively. coupling ORC on BSFC and exergy efciency for a 2 MW Salek et al. [22] have also studied the impact of ORC inte- natural gas engine. Based on their results, BSFC decreased grating for an internal combustion engine and showed that by nearly 7.67% at engine rated RPM. Salek et al. [43] have ORC was capable of recovering nearly 10% of wasted heat also studied a similar system in which a Kalina cycle was from the engine exhaust in a turbocharged diesel engine. employed as the waste heat recovery system. It is reported Additionally, the CFD analysis of turbomachines used in that system exergy efciency can be increased between 7.2 ORC-WHR system was performed by diferent researchers and 7.9% by integration of the waste heat recovery system. to fnd the efcient solutions for increasing the thermal ef- On the other hand, turbo-compounding systems have been ciency of the WHR [30]. widely used for small high RPM engines which are used in Air Brayton cycle (ABC) is another cycle also recom- vehicle propulsion systems because of their low mass [44, mended for WHR in the literature [24, 28, 29] which may 45]. A novel turbo-compounding system was introduced by have some advantages over ORC for vehicle engine applica- Zi et al.
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