Evaluation of Boundary-Spanning on Climate Change ENGO

IndonesianINDONESIAN Journal of Social JOURNAL and Environmental OF SOCIAL Issues AND, VolumeENVIRONMENTAL 1, Issue 2 (August ISSUES 2020): (IJSEI) 108-122 ISSN: 2722-1369 (Online), Volume 1, Issue 2 (August 2020): 108-122 https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijsei

Research Article

Evaluation of Boundary-Spanning on Climate Change ENGO International Greenpeace in Asia Genta Mahardhika Rozalinna1*, Aulia Izzah Azmi2 1,2Department of Sociology, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia Corresponding Author*: [email protected]

Abstract: This paper discusses the evaluation of boundary-spanning on climate change ENGO International Greenpeace in Asia. The evaluation process uses secondary data from documents presented on the official website of Greenpeace, especially countries in Asia. These countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, India, Japan, South Korea, and China. Evaluation of the boundary-spanning is obtained from the results of the mapping of all issues and campaigns related to climate change. The results: 1) limitation of the problem and identity of the campaigns carried out all based on the ecological conditions of each country; 2) limitation organizational through institutional strengthening becomes the main focus in the pattern of movement, and tactical efforts are made through the publication of reports and analysis is step by step in various communication and action media. Keywords: Boundary-Spanning, Climate Change, ENGO, Greenpeace.

Introduction grounds. The sources of environmental change Environmental issues have become a are then accompanied by population growth global discourse that attracts the attention of and unequal distribution of resources which many parties. The development of causes environmental scarcity. This makes the environmental issues has become global is the issue of climate change as a global issue result of the social dynamics of a social getting special attention from various movement based on the environment countries. Because climate change is the main spearheaded by many actors and agents. problem of the environmental crisis occurring Although the environmental movement had in every country with a variety of variations. been formed for a long time, observers agreed So that the whole world was involved to find that the environmental movement developed solutions to the environmental crisis that rapidly in the late 1950s (Suharko, 1998). This occurred. This model of the environmental is marked by an increase in the number of movement that began in 1950 continues members and wider public awareness. today. Based on ecological problems that are Analysts say that the environmental increasingly complex, the environmental movement in the late 1950s entered a modern movements are institutionalized into period marked as an independent mass Environmental Non-Government Organization movement so that the problem was not single (ENGO). (Suharko, 1998). Greenpeace has high popularity in Asia In the period of environmental crisis in and has branches in Indonesia, Malaysia, the the late 1950s, both the causes and policies Philippines, Thailand, India, Japan, South adopted to overcome the crisis were placed on Korea, and China. The campaign method used a global scale. According to Homer Dixon in by Greenpeace is to take direct action, disclose (Suharko, 1998), the cause of the testimony from the public, and propaganda environmental crisis is climate change which through social media to persuade the originates from the problem of the greenhouse community. Greenpeace is associated with effect, depletion of the ozone layer, journalists, activists, and science scientists. degradation of fertile agricultural land, Massive branding in various countries in Asia pollution of clean water supplies, affects the campaigns that have been carried deforestation, and depletion of fishing out. Greenpeace has become the frontline in

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Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues, Volume 1, Issue 2 (August 2020): 108-122 protecting the world's environment by holding new economic powers like China and India of various campaigns. For example in Indonesia, trying to dominate the market with projects Greenpeace is carrying out an Air Quality that go through double credit calculations. campaign through the Udara Kita application Others accuse the European Union of blocking which eventually forced KLHK to begin the progress because it wants to control the process of revising the Ministerial Regulation internal carbon market. Conditions are heating on Air Quality (Simanjuntak, 2018). In up with leading developing countries like addition to its large contribution in the scope India to insist on collecting promises from of Asian countries, Greenpeace is also listed as developed countries before asking the world a member of the Climate Action Network to act. A delegation from China even stated (CAN) which networked with 700 ENGOs from that they needed real action and stopped 90 countries to promote ecologically of demonstrating. sustainable action in order to minimize the The failure of the 2019 summit had put effects of climate change. As a CAN member, enormous pressure on the entire UN system. Greenpeace also took part in conducting By not fulfilling the promise that has been campaigns related to climate change. One of formulated in the Paris Agreement to maintain them was involved in climate negotiations that an increase in average global temperatures took place in Madrid in the first week of the below two degrees Celsius, there is no UN COP25 (CAN, 2019). guarantee the summit can be as expected Although not a new issue, the culmination (Gupta, 2019). ENGO International of the search for solutions by various Greenpeace's involvement in the UNFCCC countries and ENGO on the problem of climate journey is an achievement for ENGO that plays change is the implementation of the Climate a role in the realm of negotiations on climate Change Convention or commonly known as change issues on an international scale. But the UN Framework Convention on Climate unfortunately, there is no writing to do a Change (UNFCCC). The result is an comparative mapping on climate change after international political commitment on climate the global agreement made by ENGO change at the Earth Summit on Environment International Greenpeace, especially in and Development (UN Conference on countries in Asia. Other than that, this paper Environment and Development, UNCED) in not only stops at the way organizations frame Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1992 (Mudiyarso, 2003). their movement models but also explains the As one of the ENGOs involved in UNFCC, UK- evaluation of the boundary range carried out based Greenpeace has committed to reducing by ENGO International Greenpeace in emissions by 12.5% in the 2008-2012 period. response to global agreements. This paper not However, the UNFCCC failed at the 25th only stops at the way organizations frame Summit held in Madrid. The 25th UNFCCC their movement models but also explains the summit COP 25 has five objectives namely: evaluation of the boundary-spanning by ENGO restarting the international carbon market, International Greenpeace in response to global seeking funds to deal with losses and damage agreements. caused by climate change, preparing a road map for long-term financing from developed Materials and Methods countries to developing countries, holding This paper uses qualitative research developed countries accountable for climate methods by utilizing literature studies in the action they should have taken before the Paris field of ecology and social movements. To Agreement entered into force, and to integrate update secondary data completely and the components of gender, human rights, and transformatively (Quan-Hoang, Anh-Vinh, indigenous rights into all climate actions (CAN, Viet-Phuong, Phuong-Hanh, & Manh-Toan, 2019). 2020; Shrivastava, Stafford Smith, O’Brien, & The carbon market has not yet begun Zsolnai, 2020; Zhang et al., 2020), the authors because 195 governments from the European refer directly to Greenpeace's official website. Union gathered in Madrid cannot approve its The importance of evaluating the boundary- modalities. Members of delegations from spanning by noting all countries in Asia that developed and developing countries are not have Greenpeace branches. Furthermore, the suitable when talking about data. Some accuse keywords climate change are included to

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Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues, Volume 1, Issue 2 (August 2020): 108-122 make it easier for writers to filter data on change drastically when speaking at the issues and campaigns in the field of climate national or regional level. Of course, the four change. The data obtained is then processed conceptual put forward by Jenkins will be using percentage sorting. Finally, the analysis subject to government regulations. and presentation of the data are done by International ENGO such as Greenpeace comparing the similarities and differences in as an example of relevant actors to discuss how campaigns respond to climate change. anthropogenic climate policy issues with principles such as joint responsibility but Results and Discussion carried out by many actors (besides UNFCC Evaluation of Boundary-Spanning on and IPCC), are present to collaborate with Climate Change ENGO International each other to solve the best solutions on Greenpeace in Asia climate change issues (Kukkonen et al., 2018). Limititation of Problems and Identity The issue of climate policy globally becomes a There are six countries in Asia that have prominent issue for national policymakers and Greenpeace ENGO International branch offices decision-makers, so that the framing of the in Southeast Asia such as Indonesia, Malaysia, boundaries of the problems and identities of the Philippines, and Thailand, then in South each country (Wang, Piazza, & Soule, 2018), Asia, India, and East Asia, Japan. The six sometimes becomes blurred and competes in countries have different issues and campaign the political arena, one of which is mass media. activities in the context of climate change even Simply put, how each country responds to the though they are in the same ENGO corridor. issue of climate change is different even This difference can be explained conceptually though the rules made refer to the UNFCC and according to Jenkins (1983), that the IPCC. The response data of each country environmental-based social movements aim to was obtained from the mapping by the author preserve and improve the natural based on electronic media, namely environment through public education, Greenpeace's official website. advocating lifestyle choices, better community The different ecological characteristics of planning, increased financial investment, and the Southeast Asian, South Asian, and East government regulation (Rochwulaningsih, Asian regions have caused the response of 2017). Emphasizing the final explanation, each country in each region to the issue of namely government regulation, that climate climate change to be different. The following change issues should still refer to the main are differences in the first boundary-spanning objectives of the UNFCCC, however all of them range, namely the problem boundaries and the are often at odds with government identities of several countries in Asia: regulations. Agreements at the global level can 1) Indonesia (Southeast Asia)

Greenpeace Issues in Indonesia

Make a Change 29%

Protection 68% Join 3%

Scheme 1. Greenpeace Issues in Indonesia Source: processed by the author from www.greenpeace.org (2020)

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There are three campaign issues when activity is the protection campaign. Details of entering keywords to search for climate each campaign can be seen in the following change in Indonesia. The most dominant table:

Table 1. Boundaries and Problems of ENGO International Greenpeace in Indonesia Join Make a Change Protection (3%) (29%) (68%) Percentage Percentage Percentage Case Total Case Total Case Total (%) (%) (%) 1 20% Plastic 6 12% Plastic 3 3% Forest avoidance avoidance Climate 2 40% Activism 11 22% Activism 3 3% 2 40% Green 1 2% Renewable 5 4% Air Electronics energy Renewable 7 14% 42 36% Total 5 100% Forest energy Forest 7 14% Climate 43 37% Climate 10 20% Ship 10 9% Ship 2 4% The sea 10 9% The sea 3 6% Total 116 100% Air 3 6% Total 50 100% Source: processed by the author from www.greenpeace.org (2020)

2) Malaysia (Southeast Asia)

Greenpeace Issues in Malaysia

Community

23%

Protection of Sustainable Nature Life 56% 21%

Scheme 2. Greenpeace Issues in Malaysia Source: processed by the author from www.greenpeace.org (2020)

There are three campaign issues when the campaign activities in the form of nature inserting keywords for climate change search protection activities. The details of each in the State of Malaysia. The most dominant in campaign can be seen in the following table:

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Table 2. Boundaries and Problems of ENGO International Greenpeace in Malaysia Sustainable Life Community Protection of Nature (21%) (23%) (56%) Percentage Percentage Percentage Case Total Case Total Case Total (%) (%) (%) City 2 13% Climate 5 29% City 1 2% Climate 2 13% Impact 8 47% Climate 10 24% Consumption 4 25% Plastic 1 6% Consumption 5 12% Forest 1 6% Ship 3 18% Forest 12 29% Impact 1 6% Total 17 100% Impact 4 10% Plastic 3 19% The sea 3 7% Pollution 3 19% Pollution 7 17% Total 16 100% Total 42 100% Source: processed by the author fromwww.greenpeace.org (2020)

3) Philippines (Southeast Asia)

Greenpeace Issues in Philippines

Community 7% Society 26%

Sustainable Life

67%

Scheme 3. Greenpeace Issues in Philippines Source: processed by the author from www.greenpeace.org (2020)

There are three campaign issues when campaign activities in the form of inserting keywords for climate change search sustainability activities. The details of each in the Philippines. The most dominant in the campaign can be seen in the following table:

Table 3. Boundaries and Problems of ENGO International Greenpeace in Philippines Community Society Sustainable Life (7%) (26%) (67%) Percentage Percentage Percentage Case Total Case Total Case Total (%) (%) (%) Activism 2 15% Activism 6 13% Activism 3 3% Climate 4 31% Climate 16 36% Climate 42 35% Democracy 1 8% Democracy 4 9% Democracy 1 1% Energy 1 8% Energy 1 2% Energy 13 11% Justice 2 15% Food 1 2% Food 11 9% Pollution 1 8% Justice 15 33% Justice 29 24% Ship 2 15% The sea 1 2% The sea 6 5% Total 13 100% Pollution 1 2% Plastic 8 7% Total 45 100% Pollution 6 5% Total 119 100% Source: processed by the author from www.greenpeace.org (2020)

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4) Thailand (Southeast Asia)

Greenpeace Issues in Thailand

Make a Change 18% Rejection

16% Protection

66%

Scheme 4. Greenpeace Issues in Thailand Source: processed by the author from www.greenpeace.org (2020)

There are three campaign issues when form of campaign protection activities. The inserting keywords for climate change search details of each campaign can be seen in the in Thailand. The most dominant activity in the following table:

Table 4. Boundaries and Problems of ENGO International Greenpeace in Thailand Rejection Make a Change Protection (16%) (18%) (66%) Percentage Percentage Percentage Case Total Case Total Case Total (%) (%) (%) People and Coal 3 50% Forest 1 14% 2 8% society Food Plastic 1 17% 4 57% Coal 1 4% system Sea and Climate 1 17% Lifestyle 2 29% 2 8% ocean Clean air 1 17% Total 7 100% Forest 3 12% Total 6 100% Plastic 1 4% Food 1 4% system Climate 9 36% Clean air 6 24% Total 25 100% Source: processed by the author from www.greenpeace.org (2020)

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5) India (South Asia)

Greenpeace Issues in India

Health and Life 24% Clean Energy 46% Environment 30%

Scheme 5. Greenpeace Issues in India Source: processed by the author from www.greenpeace.org (2020)

There are three campaign issues when campaign activity in the form of clean energy inserting keywords for climate change search activities. The details of each campaign can be in the State of India. The most dominant seen in the following table:

Table 5. Boundaries and Problems of ENGO International Greenpeace in India Health and Life Environment Clean Energy (24%) (30%) (46%) Percentage Percentage Percentage Case Total Case Total Case Total (%) (%) (%) Air Air 4 13% Air pollution 9 23% 11 18% pollution pollution Forest 1 3% Forest 11 28% Fossil fuels 18 30% Fossil fuels 6 19% Fossil fuels 9 23% Health 8 13% Health 12 39% Health 8 20% Renewable 23 38% Food safety 2 6% Renewable 2 5% Total 60 100% Sustainable Sustainable 6 19% 1 3% agriculture agriculture Total 31 100% Total 40 100% Source: processed by the author from www.greenpeace.org (2020)

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6) Japan (East Asia)

Greenpeace Campaign in Japan Food and

Agriculture Peace and Democracy 1% 3% Nuclear Toxic Substances Power Plant 1% 8%

Forest

Natural Energy

27%

Climate Change

20%

Coal Marine 32% Ecosystems

Scheme 6. Greenpeace Campaign in Japan Source: processed by the author fromwww.greenpeace.org (2020)

There are nine campaign issues when as a keyword on climate change in three parts, inserting keywords for climate change search namely sensitivity to conservation, forest in Japan. The most dominant in the campaign protection, renewable energy use change, and activity is the emphasis on the use of coal. Of the use of coal. This summary can be seen in the six countries in Asia, it can be categorized the following table:

Table 6. Boundaries and Problems of ENGO International Greenpeace in Asia Country Regian Issues Percentage (%) Indonesia Southeast Asia Climate 37% Malaysia Southeast Asia Forest 29% Philippines Southeast Asia Climate 35% Thailand Southeast Asia Climate 36% India South Asia Renewable energy 38% Japan East Asia Coal 32% Source: processed by the author from www.greenpeace.org (2020)

Among the six countries, only Japan is included in the category of developing included in the category of developed countries, although lately, Indonesia has countries. The other five countries are still begun to be included in the category of

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Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues, Volume 1, Issue 2 (August 2020): 108-122 developed countries. The category of countries on the Asian Continent became a developing-developed countries according to protest that determined the short life span of the World Bank is more emphasized on Gross advocacy for the environment, but could be National Income (GNB), which is the more the longevity of advocacy at the time of advanced infrastructure to support economic collaboration involving other partners. The activity, the economy is more focused on the campaign that has been carried out can be industrial sector, quality of education, health, seen as two forms, namely the instrument of high welfare, and science and technology is protest and the instrument of a cultural developing rapidly. When related to the GNI, symbol of collective identity (Wang et al., Japan is very well known for advancing with 2018). The environmental movement is driven its industrial sector, then the progress of the by ENGO currently has the greatest influence country is supported by the issue of climate on the politics of the global environment in its change which suppresses the use of coal to be wide and deep understanding of the replaced with environmentally friendly environment. This makes NGOs have a high renewable energy. In contrast to Indonesia position compared to countries in and India, which are better known for their environmental conventions that are not agriculture sector, Greenpeace in Indonesia specifically specific about the various global responds more to climate change with climate environmental conditions (Low, 2009). campaigns themselves, even though the issue Greenpeace as one of the ENGOs that has the of politicization in the extractive and tourism power to develop public discourse while industry sectors dominates Indonesia advocating for environmental issues has been (Amiruddin & Rozalinna, 2020; Genta aggressively campaigning for environmental Mahardhika Rozalinna, 2019; Nurhadi, issues in the Asian region. These efforts should Amiruddin, & Rozalinna, 2019; Rozalinna & be elaborated to find out to what extent Amiruddin, 2018). But even more interesting Greenpeace can advocate for environmental is India, with the potential of natural resources issues that are a common concern in countries similar to Indonesia, they are more responsive in the Asian Continent. about renewable energy. Renewable energy is 1. Greenpeace Advocacy Reduces Use of more related to suppressing air pollution and Plastics changing the lifestyle of the people Stages of resistance to destructive themselves. The two parts of renewable development discourse have shown results. In energy in India, more emphasis on the the case of East Asia, Greenpeace has microstructure of people's lives. Of course, advocated for climate change and energy something like this must be supported by issues. Greenpeace has carried out campaigns understanding and ecological awareness that for many years by conducting surveys in Asian is qualified in each individual. Thailand is also countries. One of the efforts made by well-known for its agriculture sector, for Greenpeace is surveying supermarkets that example, as a rice-producing country, it turns use plastic in the process of distributing goods out that both of them have chosen climate as to customers. In the Greenpeace Seoul Report the most common campaign boundary. The (Greenpeace Indonesia, 2020b) noted that the choice of climate campaign itself is related to area where plastic is most often used is in improving clean air quality, the context of packaging. Around 40% of plastic production climate change is understood by better in 2015 was used to package items such as handling of air ecosystems. The Philippines is food, drinks, cosmetics, disposable detergents, also more active in climate campaign and other household utensils. Packaging activities, but in contrast to the others, the products are a major cause of mass production Philippines prefers to declare justice for the and excessive plastic consumption. The environment. When viewed, the process of representative space where this plastic philosophy in looking at the environment has packaging material is consumed in the tried to be advocated by Greenpeace in the hypermarkets. The starting point of the use of Philippines. this plastic is the efficiency of consumers to Organizational and Tactical Restrictions see the appearance of the product to stimulate The campaign activities carried out by consumer sentiment. Also, the use of plastic is Greenpeace representatives in several massively found in the process of distribution

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Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues, Volume 1, Issue 2 (August 2020): 108-122 of goods because it is considered the most Lotte Mart to negotiate the amount of plastic effective. used by the company and to set effective The main results evaluated by reduction targets. As explained above, Greenpeace Seoul following the four standards hypermarkets are a bridge connecting of reduction, transparency, innovation, and consumers and products. If hypermarkets policy are as follows: show a desire to solve plastic problems, many 1. The inability of hypermarkets to products can change, and consumers can understand the amount of disposable contribute to living a plastic-free life. Then on plastic used in stores, including rolls of June 3, 2020, Lotte Mart declared itself to plastic bags, remove all disposable plastic. The Lotte Mart 2. Lack of distribution of plastic products Declaration is the first statement of attitude to themselves and product suppliers, take place in Asia. However, the statement of 3. Passive identification and disclosure, attitude is only the beginning. Greenpeace will 4. Lack of collaboration with manufacturers urge Lotte Mart to build a Benton system to and suppliers for plastic reduction, reduce plastic consumption systematically and 5. The absence of an alternative packaging will continue to monitor it. system, 2. Greenpeace Advocacy for Protection of 6. This campaign only focuses on consumers Marine Ecosystems so they don't get significant results, and After the nuclear disaster in Fukushima, 7. Inadequate rate of recovery of multi-use the use of nuclear as safe, inexpensive, and shopping carts reliable energy has been debated again. In the report, Greenpeace Seoul suggested Leaking of the Fukushima Daichi nuclear steps for Korea to change and follow the reactor pipe and disposal of radioactive Plastic Zero Movement that is spreading wastewater into the sea causes water and throughout the world with personal efforts to marine products to be contaminated by reduce the number of pastries on a macro radioactive substances. TEPCO states that scale. The first step to reducing disposable radioactive wastewater discharged into the plastic is to determine the capacity of use. In sea has reached 300 tons per day since 2011 the distribution process, capacity analysis is (Sarjiati, 2018). TEPCO and the government important to understand the amount of plastic state that the disposal of radioactive used including disposable plastics used in wastewater does not exceed the safety limits stores. Also, hypermarkets need to work with set by the government so that radioactive suppliers to develop sustainable packaging pollution in low doses does not endanger methods and improve logistics systems. health. However, some researchers express Finally, hypermarkets need to make different opinions. Radioactive waste disposed comprehensive road maps and set clear of by TEPCO as much as 300 tons per day does reduction targets. not include the waste that flows due to leakage One of the hypermarkets who stated their of nuclear reactor pipes (CNIC, 2011). In attitude after the circulation of the report was September 2018, it was revealed that 80% of Lotte Mart. Lotte Mart together with E-Mart radioactively contaminated water was treated and Homeplus got the lowest score among the in a multi-nuclide removal facility that could five marts surveyed in the Greenpeace report remove all reactive material except tritium (Greenpeace Indonesia, 2020b). Earlier in which contained strontium 90 and iodine 129 April, Greenpeace pulled an extra-large cart which were harmful to marine ecosystems more than 5 meters tall to the front of Lotte (Greenpeace Jepang, 2020). Mart as a form of demonstration that revealed At a meeting of the International Maritime the target of using and reducing disposable Organization (IMO), Greenpeace called on the plastic packaging and demanding immediate Japanese government not to release handling. Because Lotte Mart is expanding its radioactive polluted air into the sea. market to Southeast Asian countries including Greenpeace sent conservation experts Vietnam and Indonesia, so it is crucial to deal Greenpeace Division to the United Nations with plastic problems with corporate about the agreement of the International responsibility (Kim, 2020). After that, Maritime Organization which will be held in Greenpeace held an ongoing meeting with London in the fall and will request an appeal

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Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues, Volume 1, Issue 2 (August 2020): 108-122 directly to UN member states. Until now, farmers in Delhi at a reasonable price. This Greenpeace opened an open site petition public kitchen movement is also assisted by about Greenpeace that can be accessed online volunteers from residents who are willing to to approve Greenpeace at the level of the help to process food (Agnihotri, 2020). International Maritime Organization and the This solidarity movement increasingly United Nations Human Rights Organization. mushroomed when the COVID-19 pandemic 3. Greenpeace Advocacy Campaigns for struck India and forced the government to Renewable Energy impose a national lockdown so that it affected In September 2019, Beijing Greenpeace agricultural supplies. Transportation and the North China Electric Power University restrictions cause delays in procurement and released a report entitled "Green Cloud delivery which have an impact on product Lighting: Research on Energy Consumption freshness. Greenpeace India's collaboration and Potential for Renewable Energy Use in with the Organic Farmers Market (OFM) is Chinese Data Centers". This report is the first working with small and marginal farmers report that analyzes the evaluation of the from Kodai, Ooty, Dindigul, Tindivanam, needs and feasibility of purchasing and using Madurantakam, and Chengalpattu to unite to renewable energy in the China Data Center ensure that producers are connected to industry. Analysis of the report states that the consumers who need it most, especially total power consumption of the China Data stranded migrant workers, and tuna Center in 2018 was 160.8889 billion kWh homestead. Greenpeace helps farmers to which is 2.35% of China's total social power distribute their agricultural products while consumption. The expenditure exceeds ensuring that the products are safe and Shanghai's total social power consumption in nutritious to be processed by public kitchens 2018 (156.7 billion kWh) (Aninda, 2020). That and consumed by the community (Ananthoo, is, most of China's Data Center locations are 2020). mostly concentrated in areas with relatively 5. Greenpeace Advocacy in Kitchen Waste low renewable energy resources such as Management Beijing, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu. Through the According to Solid Waste Management report, Greenpeace emphasized the efforts of and Public Cleaning Company (SWCorp), in the Chinese Data Center industry to improve 2020, Malaysia produces around 16,688 tons the efficiency of power use. Greenpeace in the of food waste per day, an amount that can report recommends that relevant government easily feed around 2.2 million people three departments should expand the pilot area of times a day. Food waste is an incomplete and the renewable energy market trading dangerous problem. Food waste releases mechanism to enable various types and sizes methane gas which is far more dangerous than of corporate users to participate in the carbon dioxide. The heat absorbed by this gas procurement of renewable energy, as well as can heat the earth in a short time. Warming expand the scope of green certificate issuance. the earth will eventually cause the sea-level 4. Greenpeace Advocacy in Supporting Food rise and climate change. To respond to these Security problems, Greenpeace Malaysia campaigned The COVID-19 pandemic has caused for the Gerila Compost Land Recovery famine in affected populations in India. One of Movement. The substance of this movement is them is in Delhi. Even before the pandemic, to campaign for ways to treat kitchen waste famine was still a frightening specter for the and create compost through it so that it can be people of Delhi. The Delhi government has reused (Greenpeace Malaysia, 2020). started public kitchens in several cities, but 6. Greenpeace Advocacy for Water Crisis these efforts have not been enough to reach Management people in need. This urgency is behind the Greenpeace Thailand gets the findings non-profit organization Samadhan Abhiyan outlined in the research report which shows who is working with Greenpeace India to open that pollution occurs in every process in the a community kitchen that currently serves coal cycle. It causes water to be contaminated lunch and dinner for around 6000 people with heavy metals and toxic substances at every day. Greenpeace India donates grains, levels that are significantly dangerous to rice, and vegetables purchased from small humans and wildlife. This condition is

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Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues, Volume 1, Issue 2 (August 2020): 108-122 exacerbated by Thailand which is maintain air pollution at manageable levels experiencing the worst drought in four and minimize risks to health. decades. In Southeast Asia, aside from having Greenpeace's strategy in campaigning for to deal with water scarcity, water resources in increased environmental problems is related Thailand are dominated by industrial interest to the existing process of developing groups because government policies lead to environmental politics. The Greenpeace conflicts over agricultural resources. movement is currently responding to the post- Greenpeace Thailand has long been gathering industrialist era which could be the only online petitions to urge water resources alternative in fighting against the companies to find ways to treat water amid industrialization era. Campaigns and water scarcity and the drought currently ideologies that can be accepted quickly are engulfing Thailand (Greenpeace Southeast accepted because of the acculturation of Asia, 2019). cultural symbols and universal norms, green 7. Greenpeace Advocacy Strengthens Forest ideologies are symbolized as wise ideologies Protection to provide a complete set of patterns of Greenpeace Indonesia analyzes western capitalism. From the advocacy deforestation in the moratorium area in presentation conducted by Greenpeace, it can Kalimantan, Sumatra, Papua, Sulawesi, and be seen that advocacy must be the main focus Maluku. As a result, there is no significant in its movement patterns by adding value to decrease every year. Of the total forest cover the intellectual values of human resources and lost in the moratorium area in 2017 recorded creativity in communicating everyone who can around 22.2%, in 2012 reaching 19.7% look for individuals who care about the percent and in 2019 reaching 19.7% environment. This can be witnessed by the (Greenpeace Indonesia, 2020a). Through the incessant reports and analysis conducted by analysis, Greenpeace suggested making Greenpeace since it was founded in Asian fundamental changes namely fundamental countries through alternative discourses as a changes in the form of an improvement in movement output. indicative maps and information that are open The power of discourse used to provide to the public so that the community can values that are different from the discourse of participate in monitoring as an action to capitalism that is built. Because basically, the strengthen the Forest and Peat Moratorium power of this discourse can break the policy (Greenpeace Indonesia, 2019). intellectual traditions that have been 8. Greenpeace Advocacy Campaigns for Air controlled by the elite. The desire for a variety Quality Improvement of conditions that are better than now also The hashtag #BetterNormal has become a serves as an entry point for alternative mainstay hashtag in the Philippines in discourses. This criticism begins with the campaigning for air quality improvement in emergence of various changes in the joints of 2020. A report released by Greenpeace life one of which is the pattern of changes in Philippines reveals that pollution levels in consumption and production, lifestyle, and the Metro Manila have been steadily increasing context of other clean actions. The since early May. This report collects data from effectiveness of this movement pattern also two main air pollutants emitted from burning provides an awareness-building that is fossil fuels, namely nitrogen dioxide and fine starting to appear in global life now. So the particles (PM2.5) (Greenpeace Philippines, discourse instruments as the basis of the 2020). Nitrogen dioxide and PM 2.5 are movement provide awareness in seeing the associated with severe respiratory illness and environment. The discourse that is built in the heart health. Exposure to high levels of air community can build public sensitivity which pollution affects the body's natural defenses eventually becomes one of the entry points for against viruses in the air and increases ENGO Greenpeace to take part in the susceptibility to COVID-19. Greenpeace urges negotiations that take place at international the government with recommendations for conventions. recovery efforts that prioritize clean energy sources, green transportation options, and increased micro-mobility around the area to

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Conclusion Konsumsi Energi Industri Teknologi Greenpeace is one of the international China - Kabar24 Bisnis. Retrieved from ENGOs who participated in discussing the https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/2020 issue of global climate policy 0109/19/1188603/greenpeace-soroti- anthropogenically in addition to the UNFCC konsumsi-energi-industri-teknologi- and IPCC. Greenpeace has several branch china offices in more than 40 countries, including CAN. (2019). Senior Global Policy Advisor some on the Continent of Asia. The results of (Climate, Biodiversity, and Ocean), the evaluation of the range of climate change Greenpeace East Asia: Retrieved from fighting movements in the Asian Continent http://www.climatenetwork.org/press- produce the following conclusions: 1) the release/un-climate-talks-flounder-key- problem and identity restrictions on the issues-common-time-frames-finance- campaigns carried out are all adjusted to the loss-and-damage-and ecological conditions of each country; 2) CNIC. (2011). English Topics Safety organizational limitation through institutional Earthquake Fukukk 23 Mar 11 strengthening becomes the main focus in the に何も見つかりません. Retrieved from pattern of movement, and tactical efforts are https://cnic.jp/english/topics/safety/ea made through the publication of reports and rthquake/fukukk23mar11.html analysis that are built in stages in various Genta Mahardhika Rozalinna. (2019). Laki-laki communication and action media. From this Menjaga Tsunami, Perempuan Menjaga conclusion, the author recommends that there “Brahma”: Pemetaan Potensi Bencana be other similar writings, which also evaluate dan Masalah Daerah Rawan Tsunami di Greenpeace boundaries in the Continent of Pantai Golo, Desa Wojo, Kabupaten Europe, America, Africa, and Australia. Its Malang, Jawa Timur. Talenta Conference function is to become new knowledge related Series: Local Wisdom, Social, and Arts to the supervision of activities carried out by (LWSA), 2(1), 1–7. civil society on an international ENGO. https://doi.org/10.32734/lwsa.v2i1.59 6 References Greenpeace Indonesia. (2019). Analisis Agnihotri, A. (2020). Circles of Solaridary_ A Greenpeace_ menunjukkan satu juta community kitchen in Delhi feeds 5K hektar hutan terbakar di dalam area migrants and homeless people - moratorium hutan - Greenpeace Greenpeace India. Retrieved from Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/ https://www.greenpeace.org/indonesia story/9684/circles-of-solaridary-a- /siaran-pers/3506/analisis-greenpeace- community-kitchen-in-delhi-feeds-5k- menunjukkan-satu-juta-hektar-hutan- migrants-and-homeless-people/ terbakar-di-dalam-area-moratorium- Amiruddin, L., & Rozalinna, G. M. (2020). hutan/ Participatory Mapping for Disasters in Greenpeace Indonesia. (2020a). Kehilangan Tulungrejo Village, Bumiaji Sub-District, Hutan Indonesia Masih Terjadi di Batu City. Jurnal Partisipatoris, 2(1), 19. Kawasan Dilindungi, Moratorium Hutan https://doi.org/10.22219/jp.v2i1.1174 Perlu Diperkuat - Greenpeace Indonesia. 3 Retrieved from Ananthoo. (2020). Circles of Solidarity_ https://www.greenpeace.org/indonesia Farmers from Kodai, Ooty and Dindigul /siaran-pers/5170/kehilangan-hutan- feed distressed communities in Chennai indonesia-masih-terjadi-di-kawasan- - Greenpeace India. Retrieved from dilindungi-moratorium-hutan-perlu- https://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/ diperkuat/ story/9706/circles-of-solidarity- Greenpeace Indonesia. (2020b). Tindakan farmers-from-kodai-ooty-and-dindigul- Nyata Dari Salah Satu Jaringan feed-distressed-communities-in- Supermarket Terbesar di Korea Selatan chennai/ Bisa Menjadi Contoh Bagi Peritel Aninda, N. (2020). Greenpeace Soroti Lainnya - Greenpeace Indonesia. Retrieved from

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knowledge infrastructure: A scientometric analysis in CiteSpace. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020. 121537

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