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Identifying Caterpillars in Field, Forage, and Horticultural Crops

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Identifying Caterpillars in Field, Forage, and Horticultural Crops AL A B A M A A & M A N D A U B U R N U NIVERSITIES Identifying Caterpillars in Field, Forage, and ANR-1121 Horticultural Crops his guide provides series published by the Alabama information about the Cooperative Extension System. Information is also available Tbiology and characteristics on the Alabama Cooperative of caterpillars that can damage Extension System’s Web site at www.aces.edu. crops and also provides instructions for preserving caterpillar specimens Biology and Host Range so they can be identified. of Common Caterpillars Figure 1. Corn earworm, green form Caterpillars are the immature Seasonal occurrence of an feeding stage, or larvae, of insect depends on the stage in which the insect spends the butterflies and moths. Caterpillars winter, the weather conditions, transform into adults during an and the number of generations per year. A few of the insects intermediate stage called the pupal discussed in this guide are stage. Adult moths or butterflies migratory, and their first appearance of the year depends mate and lay eggs, and the life cycle on when flights of adults occur. begins anew. The location an adult female Figure 2. Corn earworm, brown form Caterpillars, like snakes, chooses to lay her eggs can influence the spatial distribution shed their skins (molt) several geranium, gladiolus, okra, of the caterpillars, so information times during their development, peanut, pea, sorghum, soybean, on location of the eggs is getting larger each time. strawberry, sweet pepper, sweet provided. Some caterpillars are As the caterpillar grows, its potato, tobacco, and tomato. more abundant during certain food consumption increases, Corn earworm overwinters as a weather conditions, and especially in the last stage. The pupa in the soil. Eggs are laid cropping practices can also feeding holes get larger as the singly on various parts of the influence insect abundance. For caterpillar’s mouthparts grow. It host plant. There are four or example, insects that overwinter is therefore important to detect more generations per year. caterpillar infestations while the within crop stubble are usually Tobacco budworm (Figures caterpillars are young and are more likely to be problems in 3 and 4) has a narrower host not causing as much damage. fields where minimum or no tillage is used than in fields range than corn earworm does. Older caterpillars are also much It feeds on soybean, cotton, and harder to kill with insecticides. where more intense cultivation is practiced. tobacco, as well as roses, clover, Management recommendationsARCHIVE and many wild hosts. The insect Corn earworm (Figures 1 are crop-specific. Information overwinters in the soil as a pupa and 2), also called tomato on how to control specific pests or as a caterpillar. Eggs are laid fruitworm or bollworm, on different crops is given in singly on leaves and flowers of feeds on more than 100 plants the Alabama Pest Management the host plant. There are three to but prefers corn. Other crops Hand­book, Extension four generations per year. publications ANR-500A and attacked include alfalfa, bean, ANR-500B, and in the IPM chrysanthemum, corn, cotton, www.aces.edu Figure 3. Small tobacco budworm Figure 8. Fall armyworm, brown form Figure 13. Green cloverworm Figure 4. Tobacco budworm Figure 9. Yellowstriped armyworm Figure 14. Variegated cutworm Figure 5. Beet armyworm Figure 10. Southern armyworm Figure 15. Velvetbean caterpillar Figure 6. Armyworm (true)ARCHIVE Figure 11. Soybean or cabbage looper Figure 16. Tobacco hornworm Figure 7. Fall armyworm, green form Figure 12. Imported cabbageworm Figure 17. Saltmarsh caterpillar 2 Alabama Cooperative Extension System Beet armyworm (Figure 5) and Texas. In extremely mild Cabbage looper (Figure 11) has a wide host range including winters, it can overwinter in south feeds on all plants in the cabbage cotton, corn, crucifers, peanut, Alabama. Eggs are laid in fuzzy family and will also attack lettuce, soybean, alfalfa, tobacco, table masses on the host plant, on the spinach, pea, beet, celery, potato, and sugar beets, pepper, tomato, undersides of fence posts, or soybean, cotton, tomato, tobacco, potato, onion, pea, sunflower, on the undersides of tree limbs. and certain flowers.T he insect citrus, and forage grasses. The There are four or more overwinters as a pupa in plant insect overwinters as a pupa generations per year. Hot, dry debris. Eggs are laid singly on or moth in subtropical areas summers in Alabama or cool, the upper and lower surfaces such as southern Florida and wet springs in the overwintering of leaves. The insect has five or then migrates northward in the area are conducive to outbreaks. more generations per year. spring. In mild winters, it may Weather patterns during moth Imported cabbageworm overwinter in parts of Alabama. flight periods affect the time (Figure 12) attacks cabbage and Eggs are laid on leaves in fuzzy and size of the first invasion. related plants. It may also feed clusters of eighty or more. Infestations usually begin in small, on nasturtium, mignonette, and Winter truck crops in parts of circular patches near the egg lettuce. The insect overwinters the Southeast may be serving as mass. Fall armyworm caterpillars as a pupa suspended head down a winter host for the larval stage. will then march into new areas from a branch or a building, Armyworm (Figure 6) when they deplete their food source. attached by a silk button and prefers grass hosts such as Yellowstriped armyworm girdle. Eggs are laid singly forage grasses, corn, millet, (Figure 9) feeds on a variety of on the undersides of cabbage sorghum, and small grains, crops including alfalfa, bean, beet, leaves. There are three to six although it will feed on other cabbage, clover, corn, cotton, generations per year. crops such as alfalfa, clover, cucumber, grape, grass, morning Green cloverworm (Figure bean, pea, and various fruits glory, onion, pea, peach, peanut, 13) feeds on leguminous crops and vegetables. The insect sweet potato, tobacco, tomato, such as clover, bean, cowpea, overwinters as a partially grown turnip, wheat, and watermelon. vetch, soybean, peanut, and caterpillar in litter. This makes it The insect usually overwinters alfalfa. It may also feed on a threat to early planted spring as a pupa in the soil but may strawberries and many common crops and to small grains and possibly overwinter as a partially weeds. The insect overwinters as winter forage grasses. Eggs are grown caterpillar. Egg masses a pupa or moth in crop debris. laid in overlapping rows in a are deposited on foliage, trees, Eggs are laid singly on the under- fold of a leaf or between two or buildings. There are three surfaces of leaves. There are leaf blades. There are five or to five generations per year. as many as six generations per more generations each year. Yellowstriped armyworms feed year. This insect rarely exceeds Caterpillars prefer to feed at during the day. economic threshold levels. night and will remain hidden Southern armyworm There are numerous species under crop debris during the (Figure 10) has a wide host of cutworms. Most crops are day. The insect often attacks range including sweet potato, vulnerable to attack by one or fields next to lush grasses or no- tomato, chrysanthemum, more of these insects. Cutworms till corn planted in a small grain legumes, cotton, and plants usually overwinter as caterpillars cover crop. Cool, wet springs in the squash and cabbage or pupae and can have four are conducive to outbreaks of families. The insect overwinters to six generations per year in this species. Hungry armyworm as a pupa. Eggs are deposited in Alabama. Three species included caterpillars will march to find fuzzy masses. There are four to in the following key are new food sources. five generations per year. granulate cutworm, Fall armyworm (Figures 7 Soybean looper (Figure variegated cutworm (Figure and 8) prefers to feed ARCHIVEon forage 11) prefers to feed on peanut, 14), and black cutworm. grasses, corn, sorghum, and soybean, and sweet potato. Granulate cutworm eggs are small grains. However, it can Cotton, tobacco, tomato, laid singly or in small groups on be a major pest of alfalfa, bean, cabbage and related plants, and leaves of crop plants. Granulate peanut, potato, sweet potato, pea are also hosts. The insect cutworm is a climbing cutworm turnip, spinach, tomato, cabbage, overwinters as a pupa in plant that will climb stems to sever cucumber, cotton, tobacco, and debris. Eggs are laid singly on leaves. Variegated cutworm clover. The insect overwinters in the upper surfaces of leaves. The eggs are laid in clusters of Central America, the Caribbean insect has three to four about sixty eggs on stems, Islands, and extreme south Florida generations per year. low-growing plants, fences, and Id­entifying Caterpillars 3 buildings. Variegated cutworm Saltmarsh caterpillar the plant whorl; later generations is often active in daylight. Black (Figure 17) and yellow bore into the stalk and ear. cutworm eggs are laid in clusters woolybear (Figure 18) feed on Southern corn stalk borer of one to thirty on low-growing more than 100 plant species. attacks corn, grain sorghum, weeds. Black cutworms feed at They are occasional pests of sugarcane, broomcorn, and night or underground. soybean and forage crops. They johnsongrass. The insect Velvetbean caterpillar overwinter as pupae. Eggs are overwinters as a caterpillar inside (Figure 15) feeds on broad-leaved laid in large masses on leaves corn taproots. Eggs are laid singly crops such as alfalfa, peanut, of host plants. There are about or in small groups on the under- soybean, cotton, and tobacco. It three generations per year. sides of lower leaves. There are does not overwinter in Alabama; Caterpillars of the Io moth one to three generations per year. instead, the moth migrates from (Figure 19) are found Southwestern corn borer the tropics each year.
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