A l a b a m a A & M a n d A u b u r n U niversities Identifying in Field, Forage, and ANR-1121 Horticultural Crops

his guide provides series published by the information about the Cooperative Extension System. Information is also available Tbiology and characteristics on the Alabama Cooperative of caterpillars that can damage Extension System’s Web site at www.aces.edu. crops and also provides instructions for preserving specimens Biology and Host Range so they can be identified. of Common Caterpillars Figure 1. Corn earworm, green form Caterpillars are the immature Seasonal occurrence of an feeding stage, or larvae, of depends on the stage in which the insect spends the and . Caterpillars winter, the weather conditions, transform into adults during an and the number of generations per year. A few of the intermediate stage called the pupal discussed in this guide are stage. Adult moths or butterflies migratory, and their first appearance of the year depends mate and lay eggs, and the life cycle on when flights of adults occur. begins anew. The location an adult female Figure 2. Corn earworm, brown form Caterpillars, like snakes, chooses to lay her eggs can influence the spatial distribution shed their skins (molt) several geranium, gladiolus, okra, of the caterpillars, so information times during their development, peanut, pea, sorghum, soybean, on location of the eggs is getting larger each time. strawberry, sweet pepper, sweet provided. Some caterpillars are As the caterpillar grows, its potato, tobacco, and tomato. more abundant during certain food consumption increases, Corn earworm overwinters as a weather conditions, and especially in the last stage. The pupa in the soil. Eggs are laid cropping practices can also feeding holes get larger as the singly on various parts of the influence insect abundance. For caterpillar’s mouthparts grow. It host plant. There are four or example, insects that overwinter is therefore important to detect more generations per year. caterpillar infestations while the within crop stubble are usually Tobacco budworm (Figures caterpillars are young and are more likely to be problems in 3 and 4) has a narrower host not causing as much damage. fields where minimum or no tillage is used than in fields range than corn earworm does. Older caterpillars are also much It feeds on soybean, cotton, and harder to kill with insecticides. where more intense cultivation is practiced. tobacco, as well as , clover, Management recommendationsARCHIVE and many wild hosts. The insect Corn earworm (Figures 1 are crop-specific. Information overwinters in the soil as a pupa and 2), also called tomato on how to control specific pests or as a caterpillar. Eggs are laid fruitworm or bollworm, on different crops is given in singly on leaves and flowers of feeds on more than 100 plants the Alabama Pest Management the host plant. There are three to but prefers corn. Other crops Hand­book, Extension four generations per year. publications ANR-500A and attacked include alfalfa, bean, ANR-500B, and in the IPM , corn, cotton,

www.aces.edu Figure 3. Small tobacco budworm Figure 8. Fall armyworm, brown form Figure 13. Green cloverworm

Figure 4. Tobacco budworm Figure 9. Yellowstriped armyworm Figure 14. Variegated cutworm

Figure 5. Beet armyworm Figure 10. Southern armyworm Figure 15. Velvetbean caterpillar

Figure 6. Armyworm (true)ARCHIVE Figure 11. Soybean or cabbage looper Figure 16. Tobacco hornworm

Figure 7. Fall armyworm, green form Figure 12. Imported cabbageworm Figure 17. Saltmarsh caterpillar

 Alabama Cooperative Extension System Beet armyworm (Figure 5) and . In extremely mild Cabbage looper (Figure 11) has a wide host range including winters, it can overwinter in south feeds on all plants in the cabbage cotton, corn, crucifers, peanut, Alabama. Eggs are laid in fuzzy family and will also attack lettuce, soybean, alfalfa, tobacco, table masses on the host plant, on the spinach, pea, beet, celery, potato, and sugar beets, pepper, tomato, undersides of fence posts, or soybean, cotton, tomato, tobacco, potato, onion, pea, sunflower, on the undersides of tree limbs. and certain flowers.T he insect citrus, and forage grasses. The There are four or more overwinters as a pupa in plant insect overwinters as a pupa generations per year. Hot, dry debris. Eggs are laid singly on or in subtropical areas summers in Alabama or cool, the upper and lower surfaces such as southern and wet springs in the overwintering of leaves. The insect has five or then migrates northward in the area are conducive to outbreaks. more generations per year. spring. In mild winters, it may Weather patterns during moth Imported cabbageworm overwinter in parts of Alabama. flight periods affect the time (Figure 12) attacks cabbage and Eggs are laid on leaves in fuzzy and size of the first invasion. related plants. It may also feed clusters of eighty or more. Infestations usually begin in small, on nasturtium, mignonette, and Winter truck crops in parts of circular patches near the egg lettuce. The insect overwinters the Southeast may be serving as mass. Fall armyworm caterpillars as a pupa suspended head down a winter host for the larval stage. will then march into new areas from a branch or a building, Armyworm (Figure 6) when they deplete their food source. attached by a silk button and prefers grass hosts such as Yellowstriped armyworm girdle. Eggs are laid singly forage grasses, corn, millet, (Figure 9) feeds on a variety of on the undersides of cabbage sorghum, and small grains, crops including alfalfa, bean, beet, leaves. There are three to six although it will feed on other cabbage, clover, corn, cotton, generations per year. crops such as alfalfa, clover, cucumber, grape, grass, morning Green cloverworm (Figure bean, pea, and various fruits glory, onion, pea, peach, peanut, 13) feeds on leguminous crops and vegetables. The insect sweet potato, tobacco, tomato, such as clover, bean, cowpea, overwinters as a partially grown turnip, wheat, and watermelon. vetch, soybean, peanut, and caterpillar in litter. This makes it The insect usually overwinters alfalfa. It may also feed on a threat to early planted spring as a pupa in the soil but may strawberries and many common crops and to small grains and possibly overwinter as a partially weeds. The insect overwinters as winter forage grasses. Eggs are grown caterpillar. Egg masses a pupa or moth in crop debris. laid in overlapping rows in a are deposited on foliage, trees, Eggs are laid singly on the under- fold of a leaf or between two or buildings. There are three surfaces of leaves. There are leaf blades. There are five or to five generations per year. as many as six generations per more generations each year. Yellowstriped armyworms feed year. This insect rarely exceeds Caterpillars prefer to feed at during the day. economic threshold levels. night and will remain hidden Southern armyworm There are numerous species under crop debris during the (Figure 10) has a wide host of cutworms. Most crops are day. The insect often attacks range including sweet potato, vulnerable to attack by one or fields next to lush grasses or no- tomato, chrysanthemum, more of these insects. Cutworms till corn planted in a small grain legumes, cotton, and plants usually overwinter as caterpillars cover crop. Cool, wet springs in the squash and cabbage or pupae and can have four are conducive to outbreaks of families. The insect overwinters to six generations per year in this species. Hungry armyworm as a pupa. Eggs are deposited in Alabama. Three species included caterpillars will march to find fuzzy masses. There are four to in the following key are new food sources. five generations per year. granulate cutworm, Fall armyworm (Figures 7 Soybean looper (Figure variegated cutworm (Figure and 8) prefers to feed ARCHIVEon forage 11) prefers to feed on peanut, 14), and black cutworm. grasses, corn, sorghum, and soybean, and sweet potato. Granulate cutworm eggs are small grains. However, it can Cotton, tobacco, tomato, laid singly or in small groups on be a major pest of alfalfa, bean, cabbage and related plants, and leaves of crop plants. Granulate peanut, potato, sweet potato, pea are also hosts. The insect cutworm is a climbing cutworm turnip, spinach, tomato, cabbage, overwinters as a pupa in plant that will climb stems to sever cucumber, cotton, tobacco, and debris. Eggs are laid singly on leaves. Variegated cutworm clover. The insect overwinters in the upper surfaces of leaves. The eggs are laid in clusters of Central America, the Caribbean insect has three to four about sixty eggs on stems, Islands, and extreme south Florida generations per year. low-growing plants, fences, and

Id­entifying Caterpillars  buildings. Variegated cutworm Saltmarsh caterpillar the plant whorl; later generations is often active in daylight. Black (Figure 17) and yellow bore into the stalk and ear. cutworm eggs are laid in clusters woolybear (Figure 18) feed on Southern corn stalk borer of one to thirty on low-growing more than 100 plant species. attacks corn, grain sorghum, weeds. Black cutworms feed at They are occasional pests of sugarcane, broomcorn, and night or underground. soybean and forage crops. They johnsongrass. The insect Velvetbean caterpillar overwinter as pupae. Eggs are overwinters as a caterpillar inside (Figure 15) feeds on broad-leaved laid in large masses on leaves corn taproots. Eggs are laid singly crops such as alfalfa, peanut, of host plants. There are about or in small groups on the under- soybean, cotton, and tobacco. It three generations per year. sides of lower leaves. There are does not overwinter in Alabama; Caterpillars of the Io moth one to three generations per year. instead, the moth migrates from (Figure 19) are found Southwestern corn borer the tropics each year. Eggs are occasionally in crop fields. They feeds on corn, sorghum, sugar- laid singly on the underside feed on a wide variety of plants. cane, broomcorn, sudangrass, of foliage. There can be three Squash vine borer (Figure and johnsongrass. Its life cycle is generations in soybean per year. 20) feeds on squash, pumpkin, the same as that of the southern Diamondback caterpillar gourds, cucumber, and musk- corn stalk borer. Both insects feeds on the undersides of melon. The insect overwinters in tend to bore in the stalk near leaves of cabbage and related the soil as a caterpillar or pupa. ground level, and the plants. The adult moths The adult moth glues her eggs southwestern corn borer is overwinter under crop debris. in place on the stem or leaf stalk capable of girdling the stalk Eggs are glued on the leaves one at a time. There are two from within. in groups of one to three eggs. generations per year. Sugarcane borer attacks Caterpillars are small, about 1⁄3 Stalk borer (Figure 21) sugarcane, as well as sorghums, inch long, when fully grown. tunnels in almost any large- corn, rice, and wild grasses. It There can be as many as six stemmed plant. It feeds on more overwinters as a caterpillar in a generations per year. than 170 plant species including tunnel in sugarcane or in crop Alfalfa caterpillar feeds corn, cotton, potato, tomato, debris. Eggs are laid in clusters on alfalfa, clover, soybean, and alfalfa, rye, barley, pepper, beet, of two to 100 on the leaves. several other legumes. It usually spinach, sugar beet, and giant There are four to five overwinters in the pupal stage ragweed. The insect overwinters generations per year. on the plants but may also in the egg stage on weedy Lesser cornstalk borer overwinter in other stages. Eggs plants. Younger caterpillars first (Figure 23) prefers corn but will are laid singly on the undersides feed inside leaves and as they also feed on beans, cowpeas, of leaves. There can be as many mature, begin boring into stems. johnsongrass, crabgrass, peas, as seven generations per year. As they outgrow a plant, they peanut, sorghum, soybean, Parsleyworm feeds on can switch to larger ones. There turnip, and wheat. It overwinters plants in the carrot family, such is one generation per year. as a caterpillar or pupa in crop as carrot, celery, dill, parsnip, Highest populations are in fields debris. Eggs are laid on leaves or caraway, and parsley. The and fencerows where there are stems of the host plants. There insect overwinters as a pupa, many large-stemmed weeds. It is are two generations per year. suspended from the host plant most likely to be a pest in no-till Lesser cornstalk borer is most by a silk button and girdle. Eggs plantings or in border rows. serious in sandy soils and during are scattered about the leaves. European corn borer dry weather. There are two to three (Figure 22) feeds on more Garden webworm feeds generations per year. than 200 kinds of plants. Corn, on a variety of plants including Tobacco and tomato sorghum, millet, oat, and Irish alfalfa, clover, corn, bean, hornworms (Figure ARCHIVE16) feed on potato are among crops likely soybean, cowpeas, sugar beet, tobacco, tomato, and other plants to be damaged by this pest. The peas, strawberry, wild sunflower, in the tomato family. They corn borer caterpillar overwinters thistles, pigweed, ragweed, overwinter in the soil as pupae. inside tunnels in crop debris. sweet clover, and lambsquarter. Eggs are deposited on the under- Eggs are laid in small masses on The alfalfa webworm eats sides of leaves, usually one to the undersides of leaves. There almost any herbaceous plant five eggs per plant.T here are at are four or more generations per except for grasses and small least two and a half generations year. Caterpillars in early grains. The insect overwinters per year. generations feed on foliage in as a caterpillar or pupa in soil surrounding the host plant. Eggs  Alabama Cooperative Extension System are laid on the leaves of food Thorax Abdomen plants. There are five or more Spiracle Dorsal bristles generations per year. Alfalfa T1 webworms migrate like armyworms when food is scarce. A9 Sod webworms feed on sod and forage grasses, corn, tobacco, and clover. There are several different species. They Abdominal prolegs Abdominal Thoracic (true) legs segment 8 overwinter as caterpillars in Hypognathous Anal prolegs silken nests in soil. Eggs are head dropped onto grass as adult females over the ground. Prognathous head (mouth Depending on the species, there Hooks (crochets) in parts pointing a curved row on the Dark spots are one to three generations per forward) year. These insects may sever end of an abdominal (plates) proleg surrounding leaf blades and drag them into Figure 27. Parts of a caterpillar feeding tunnels in the soil. dorsal bristle Sorghum webworm (Figure 24) feeds on the flower Key to Identifying and grain head of grain sorghum, johnsongrass, sudangrass, sweet Common Crop sorghum, corn, rye, and timothy. Caterpillars The insect overwinters as a fully The following identification grown caterpillar in plant debris. key applies only to caterpillars Cabbage looper Soybean looper Eggs are deposited singly on that transform into butterflies and Figure 28. Microscopic characteristics protected areas of flower heads. moths. These caterpillars have Four or more generations occur on mandibles used to distinguish three pairs of true legs on their soybean and cabbage loopers per year. Outbreaks are not likely thorax, a pair of appendages (anal during warm, dry weather. prolegs) at the posterior end, and Caterpillars of some butterflies Pickleworm (Figure 25) one to four pairs of abdominal and moths, including the corn attacks cantaloupe, cucumber, prolegs in between (Figure 27). earworm, fall armyworm, and squash. Watermelon is If you look closely with a hand velvetbean caterpillar, and rarely damaged, and pumpkin lens or microscope, you see that armyworm, have different color is not attacked. Pickleworm each proleg has small hooks forms so that the same insect overwinters in southern Florida; (crochets) on the bottom, arranged may look different each time moths migrate north every year. in different patterns. It is the legs it is collected. For this reason, Eggs are laid in clusters of two that distinguish caterpillars from this key is not based on color. to seven on buds, new leaves, larvae of other insects—beetle Extreme color variations can undersides of fruits, or stems. larvae do not have prolegs, and occur within a given species, There are four to five generations weevil larvae have no legs at all. and preserved specimens may per year. Caterpillars usually bore Larvae of bees, wasps, and related lose color during storage. into fruits and stems. insects either have no legs, or, like The best method for Melonworm is similar to larvae, they have three pairs preserving caterpillars is to pickleworm in life cycle and of true legs and prolegs on each blanch them—drop the live habits; however, it feeds more abdominal segment. The first step caterpillar into almost boiling extensively on foliage than does in identifying caterpillars is to count water, and leave it for 1 to 3 pickleworm. It attacksARCHIVE cantaloupe, the pairs of abdominal prolegs. minutes. Then place the cucumber, squash, and pumpkin There are many species of caterpillar into a 70 percent but rarely attacks watermelon. caterpillars. The key includes rubbing alcohol or ethanol Striped grass loopers those caterpillars that occur solution. If caterpillars are placed (Figure 26) feed on bahiagrass, most often in field, forage, directly into the alcohol without bermudagrass, and sudangrass. and horticulture crops. Most of being blanched first, they will Several species occur in Alabama, the pictures in this guide show become brittle, and the proleg including Mocis latipes, M. mature caterpillars because characteristics will be hard to see. d­isseverans, M. marcid­a, and M. the identifying characteristics texana. These species are similar are most visible at this stage. in appearance. Id­entifying Caterpillars  Group A, One pair of abdominal prolegs Includes various inchworms, spanworms, and geometers

Group B, Two pairs of abdominal prolegs 1A. Green caterpillars with thin white stripes along the sides include the soybean looper, Pseud­oplusia includ­ens, and cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. These two caterpillars are very similar. Most soybean loopers, but not all, have black front legs. These two species can be distinguished by observing characteristics on the inside surface of the mandible part of the mouthparts (Figure 28). These characteristics are visible only through a microscope. 1B. Whitish-yellow, yellow, or gray-colored larvae with brown or orange-brown stripes running along the body distinguish striped grass looper larvae, Mocis spp. The head is yellowish-white with many brown to brownish-black stripes.

Group C, Three pairs of abdominal prolegs 1A. Caterpillar with tufts of long hairs is the sorghum webworm, Nola sorghiella 1B. Caterpillar apparently hairless (twelve or fewer fine hairs per body segment) is thegreen cloverworm, Hypena scabra

Group D, Four pairs of abdominal prolegs (Figure 27) 1A. Caterpillar with dense hairs or spines (more than twelve per side of each body segment) 1B. Caterpillar without dense hairs or spines …………………………………………………………………….…….……go to 5 2A. Hairs or spines are long ………………………………………………………………………………………………..…go to 3 2B. Hairs or spines are short and velvetlike …………………………………………………………………………………go to 4 3A. Tufts of long, dense hairs; body color pale yellow to black includes the saltmarsh caterpillar, Estigmene acrea and the yellow woolybear, Spilosoma virginica 3B. Bushlike clusters of long, dense spines; green color, with a pink and cream longitudinal stripe; stinging caterpillar is the Io moth, Automeris io (Note: see also Stinging Caterpillars, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 633) 4A. Green caterpillar with a narrow, orange stripe along the back and a pale stripe along each side is the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae 4B. Green caterpillar with a broken, pink stripe inside a white stripe along each side is the alfalfa caterpillar, Colias eurytheme 5A. With hornlike projections …………………………………………………………………………………………………go to 6 5B. Without hornlike projections ………………………………………………………………………………………………go to 8 6A. Two hornlike projections just behind the head and with horizontal bands of colors is the parsleyworm (black swallowtail), Papilio polyxenes 6B. Single, hornlike projection at posterior end of caterpillar ………………………………………………………………go to 7 7A. Horn is bluish or greenish; pale V-shaped mark on the side of each abdominal segment is the tomato hornworm, Mand­uca quinquemaculata (Haworth) 7B. Horn is reddish; single diagonal, pale mark on the side of each abdominal segment is the tobacco hornworm, Mand­uca sexta (L.)

8A. Head is yellowish with dark brown spots; small, pale green caterpillar (¹⁄3 inch when fully grown) with conspicuous, erect hairs; thrashes violently when disturbed; feeds on cabbage and related plants is the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella 8B. Not as above ……………………………………………...…………………………………………………………………go to 9 9A. Skin is white and wrinkled; caterpillar is thick with a dark head; bores in vines of squash and related plants is the squash vine borer, Melittia cucurbitae 9B. Not as above ………………………………………………………………go to 10 10A. Crochets on abdominal prolegs arranged in a straight or curved row; mouthparts no small teeth, with small teeth, pointing downwardARCHIVE (hypognathous) (Figure 27) ………………………go to 11 skin smooth skin rough 10B. Crochets on abdominal prolegs arranged in a circle or partial circle; mouthparts pointing forward (prognathous) …………………………………………go to 22 Figure 29. Close-up of caterpillar 11A. Skin appears rough, like unshaven stubble due to many sharp, small teeth; skin barely visible with a hand lens (Figure 29); caterpillars vary in color from yellow to green, brown, pink, or almost black, with variously colored longitudinal stripes; head usually brown; curls into a ball when handled includes the corn earworm, tomato fruitworm, bollworm, Helicoverpa zea, or tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens The corn earworm has small spines around, but not on, the dorsal plate of segment A8 (Figure 27) and lacks a ridge on the inside surface of the mandible (part of the mouthparts). The tobacco budworm has small spines on the dorsal plate of segment A8, with a ridge on the inside surface of the mandible (Figure 30).

 Alabama Cooperative Extension System 11B. Skin without small, sharp spines between longer setae (bristles) ...... go to 12 12A. Dark spot on side of caterpillar near the legs ………………………………go to 13 12B. No dark spot on side of caterpillar near the legs ……………………………go to 16 13A. Dark spot on side of segment T2; head capsule usually mottled, green to brown body is the beet armyworm, Spod­optera exigua dorsal plate without spines dorsal plate with spines 13B. Dark spot on side of first abdominal segment (A1) ...... go to 14 14A. Front of head is dark brown or black with a distinct white, inverted V-shaped mark ……………………………………………………………………….…………go to 15 14B. Head uniformly orange; V-shaped mark present but not distinct is the southern armyworm, Spod­optera erid­ania

15A. Has pairs of triangle-shaped markings or may be solid black along the back is inner side of mandible inner side of mandible the yellowstriped armyworm, Spod­optera ornithogalli without extra tooth with extra tooth 15B. Has four black spots on the back (dorsal plate) of each abdominal segment; the Figure 30. Microscopic characteris- four dots on segment A8 (Figure 27) are arranged in a square is the fall army- tics at base of abdominal bristle and on worm, Spod­optera frugiperd­a mandible used to distinguish corn 16A. Side of head capsule has a broad stripe; purplish longitudinal stripes can join earworm and tobacco budworm together on first four abdominal segments is the stalk borer, Papaipema nebris 16B. Side of head capsule does not have a broad stripe ....………....…………go to 17 17A. Small dark plates surrounding the four dorsal bristles on each abdominal segment; on the eighth segment (A8), the four spots are arranged in a square; cervical shield behind the head with three white, longitudinal stripes is the fall armyworm, Spod­optera frugiperd­a 17B. Without small, dark spots surrounding the dorsal bristles ……………………………………………………………go to 18 18A. Skin granular ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………go to 19 18B. Skin smooth ………………...... …...... go to 20 19A. Skin granules elevated into blunt cones as high as they are wide; dusty brown color is the granulate cutworm, Agrotis subterranea (Figure 31) 19B. Skin granules like low, rounded pebbles; isolated large granules interspersed with smaller granules (Figure 31); caterpillar gray to black, sometimes with thin, yellow stripes is the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon 20A. Distinct pale yellow dot on mid-dorsal line of each of the first three to seven abdominal segments; ash-colored or light brown is the variegated cutworm, Perid­roma saucia 20B. Without distinct yellow dots along mid-dorsal line ……………………....go to 21 Figure 31. Close-up of cutworm skin, showing granular texture. Left, black 21A. Dark line along center of back (there may be a thin, broken, white line cutworm; right, granulate cutworm embedded in this line) is the armyworm, Pseud­aletia unipuncta 21B. Thin, white line along center of back and thin white stripes along each side; bristles are long; caterpillar thrashes violently when disturbed is the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis 22A. White, cream, tan, or greenish caterpillars with distinct black spots along back and sides ………………………go to 23 22B. Not as above ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………go to 25 23A. Hooks on prolegs in a partial circle ……………………………………………………………………………………go to 24 23B. Hooks on prolegs in a complete circle includes the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grand­iosella, southern corn stalk borer, Diatraea crambid­oid­es, sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, and some sod webworms (several species) 24A. Thin, gray, longitudinal stripes is the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis 24B. Without thin, gray stripes includes the garden webworm, Achyra rantalis, alfalfa webworm, Loxostege cereralis, and some sod webworms (several species) 25A. Body is bluish-greenARCHIVE with purple or brown horizontal bands around each body segment is the lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus 25B. Body is white to greenish; brown head …………………………………………………………………………..……go to 26 26A. Feed on cucumber, squash, and related plants …………………………………………………………………………go to 27 26B. Feed primarily on grasses includes sod webworm (several species) 27A. Without white stripes; smaller ones may have a cross-row of black spots on each abdominal segment is the pickleworm, Diaphania nitid­alis 27B. Two dorsal, white stripes and no cross-banding of black spots is the melonworm, Diaphania hyalinata

Id­entifying Caterpillars  Figure 18. Yellow woolybear Figure 21. Stalk borer Figure 24. Sorghum webworm

Figure 19. Io moth caterpillar Figure 22. European corn borer Figure 25. Pickleworm

Figure 20. Squash vine borer Figure 23. Lesser cornstalk borer Figure 26. Striped grass looper

Information on host range and biology obtained from Insects and­ Related­ Pests of Field­ Crops, Agricultural Extension Service AG-271; Metcalf and Metcalf, Destructive and­ Useful Insects, McGraw Hill; and Biology and­ Illustrated­ Key for the Id­entification of Twenty Species of Economically Important Noctuid­ Pests, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 733. Photographs from the following sources: Figures 5, 9, and 10, James Castner, University of Florida; Figure 6, University of ; Figures 12, 20, and 23, Geoff Zehnder, Clemson University.; Figure 21, Kevin Steffey, University of . ARCHIVE Kathy Flanders, Extension Entomologist, Associate Professor, Entomology and Plant Pathology at Auburn University, and Ron Smith, Visiting Professor, Alabama Cooperative Extension System For more information, call your county Extension office.L ook in your telephone directory under your county’s name to find the number. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work in agriculture and home economics, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, and other related acts, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn University) offers educational programs, materials, and equal opportunity employment to all people without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, veteran status, or disability. ANR-1121 6M, Revised Feb 2008, ANR-1121 © 2008 by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. All rights reserved.