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Evaluation of OSB Webbed Laminated Bamboo Lumber Box-Shaped Joists with a Circular Web Hole

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Evaluation of OSB Webbed Laminated Bamboo Lumber Box-Shaped Joists with a Circular Web Hole Journal of Building Engineering 29 (2020) 101129 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Building Engineering journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jobe Evaluation of OSB webbed laminated bamboo lumber box-shaped joists with a circular web hole Guo Chen *, Jing Wu , Hao Jiang , Tong Zhou , Xiang Li , Yunfei Yu College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Openings are frequently required in the web of oriented strand board (OSB) webbed laminated bamboo lumber Laminated bamboo lumber (LBL) (LBL) box-shaped joists for passage of service ducts, plumbing, and wiring. A total of 105 joists with a circular Oriented strand board (OSB) web hole were tested and compared with 7 joists without a web opening (control joists). It was found that for Web opening smaller circular holes (D/hw � 30%), the effect of the hole was negligible and did not cause strength and stiffness Box-joist reductions. The unreinforced joists with larger web holes (D/h >30%) failed in a brittle and sudden shear mode, Reinforcement w resulting in a reduction in strength. Reinforcing of joists with an opening to stop or prevent crack formation or propagation could be accomplished by using one of three methods including collar shaped oriented strand board patches (C-OSB), two “U” shaped oriented strand board patches (TU-OSB), or collar shaped steel patches (C-SP). Results showed that the C-OSB worked most effectively and returned 2 of 5 series of joists to a strength and stiffness equivalent to the “no hole” condition. The mechanical performance and deformation properties of joists with a web opening could be improved by C-SP, but the improvement was only a small percentage of the total load-carrying capacity. TU-OSB worked effectively for a limited opening diameter (D/hw � 50%), and was easier to install without removing the service pipes and less expensive than the C-OSB or C-SP options. Good correlation was obtained between experimental results and numerical simulations. 1. Introduction sustainable green building material, increasing attention has been paid on the application of laminated bamboo lumber (LBL) in civil engi­ Wood I joist is an engineered product, which was successfully neering, which is made from bamboo [10–15]. Obviously, the effective introduced into the fieldsof civil engineering in the 1970s as a substitute utilization of engineered bamboo as a substitute to wood will help to for timber beam with rectangular section [1]. The reasons for the mitigate the pressures on the ever-shrinking forests resources and thus, popularity for the wood I joists include light weight, ease of installation, facilitate the conservation of the global environment [16]. a variety of lengths and design options, the possibility of drilling holes Holes in the web of wood joists, usually circular or square shaped, through their web, and better environmental impact [2]. Usually, the are often introduced to allow passage of services (such as ventilation and flangescan be made of laminated veneer lumber or solid wood and the plumbing), because of the headroom clearance limitation in wood web is typically made from wafer board, plywood or oriented strand structure [17]. The flangesand webs of wood I-joists are often designed board (OSB). There is abundant evidence that OSB is thought to be the to carry moment and shear forces, respectively, and the stresses between most cost-effective web materials [3]. With the environment of the the flanges and web are transmitted through the flange-web glue line world deteriorating and the forest coverage being dropped rapidly [4], and nails. Therefore, introducing opening in the web of wood joist large scale deforestation is severely restricted. Therefore, many coun­ makes the stress distribution more complicated around the opening and tries are facing the difficultyof wood shortages due to over-exploitation changes the failure modes of the joist, resulting to drastic reduction in of their wood resources over the last few decades, particularly in China. capacity for the case of opening located close to the supports and may Bamboo is regarded as one of fast-growing plants, widespread in Africa, cause joists to fail in premature sudden and brittle shear failure. South America and Southeast Asia, and thus to provide adequate raw In the past decades, a series of experimental researches on structural materials for the development of bamboo structure [5–9]. As a performance of wood I-joists with opening in the web has been carried * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (G. Chen), [email protected] (J. Wu), [email protected] (H. Jiang), [email protected] (T. Zhou), [email protected] (X. Li), [email protected] (Y. Yu). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101129 Received 10 August 2019; Received in revised form 4 December 2019; Accepted 13 December 2019 Available online 14 December 2019 2352-7102/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. G. Chen et al. Journal of Building Engineering 29 (2020) 101129 out. Extensive previous research evaluated the failure modes and ca­ hole in the middle. The yield strength and MOE of C-SP is 220 MPa and pacity reduction of wood I-joists with opening in the web [18–21]. It was 205 GPa, which was provided by the manufacture. demonstrated that joists with web openings exhibited a loss of stiffness The smooth shank nails used in this test are cold-formed from a steel as openings located in shear dominant regions, but little effect on the wire. The average bending yield strength of nails obtained by 5% off-set bending strength of moment critical I-joists. Pirzada et al. [19] studied method is 705.2 Mpa. the influence of the web hole on the performance of wood I-joists and found the typical failure mode was that the OSB fractured from tension 2.2. Unreinforced joists with/without web opening zones around the opening. The joist eventually collapsed after the cracks reached the flanges, which is not conducive to protect personnel and Prefabricated OSB webbed LBL composite joists with a box-shaped property, thus further study and solution are needed urgently. cross-section were introduced [33], which consisted of LBL flanges Previous studies showed that the presence of holes in the web had and OSB webs, as shown in Fig. 1. And the dimensions of the flanges adverse effect on the stress state of joist, therefore could cause a decrease were 2440 mm long by 30 mm wide by 35 mm thick, with a modulus of of strengthen drastically. To change this unfavorable situation, several elasticity (MOE) of 10.24 GPa. Two 240 mm � 9.5 mm webs were reinforcement techniques were developed, such as attaching steel plates, attached to flanges with phenol formaldehyde resin (Yijiayi New Ma­ plywood plates and FRP sheets by adhesive or nails. Morrissey et al. [20] terial Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Province) and smooth-shank nails tested the performance of wood I joists with and without openings in the (2.1 mm diameter � 38 mm long) spaced at 150 mm on center. Due to webs and found the steel angles retrofits were an effective way to the LBL flanges is relative weak perpendicular to grain, the shear plug enhance the strength and stiffness of joists. Hindman et al. [22] found generated by the nails was likely to cause cracking [34]. So, the webs that the I-joists with the web hole and the double-sided cold formed steel were connected to the flangeswith nails at spacing of 100 mm along the reinforcers retained the I-joist strength and 95.1% of the stiffness of the web edges and the edge distance of nails was 10 mm. Install bearing original I-joist. Ardalany et al. [23] used plywood and thin steel plate for stiffeners tight against the bottom flangeof the joists [35], leaving 5 mm reinforcement of laminated veneer lumber beams with holes and gap at the top (Fig. 1(a)). But the load stiffeners had the opposite concluded that plywood worked more effectively for reinforcing installation (Fig. 1 (b)). The dimension of bearing stiffeners was iden­ laminated-veneer lumber (LVL) beams. Polocoser et al. [24] has chosen tical to load stiffeners, and the width, thickness and length of stiffeners other reinforcement methods, such as OSB collar, U-shaped OSB and was 30 mm, 35 mm and 165 mm, respectively. For maximum adhesive side laminated-strand lumber (LSL). Results showed that the OSB collar bond strength, the liquid adhesive must “wet” the coating surface, flow reinforcement technique was more effective in returning strength than over and permeate into the surface of OSB webs and LBL flanges. Ac­ the side LSL technique. cording to the suggestion of manufactures, the consumption of adhesive The flange material of wood I-joist is typically laminated veneer between each other was 250 g/m2. During the gluing process, a pressure lumber or solid sawn lumber, which is made of slow-growing wood [1]. was applied with the aid of nails. Finally, the finished specimens were � Replacing wood by laminated bamboo lumber (LBL) plays an important kept in laboratory room at (20 � 2) C and (65 � 5) % relative humidity, role in mitigating a contradiction of timber supply and demands, natural before being tested after two weeks. forest preservation and improvement of ecological environment. Due to Openings are often made for the passage of ventilation, service ducts higher strength to weight ratio, lower cost and locally available, OSB and wiring, most of which are circular. Previous study showed that up to webbed LBL box-shaped joist is introduced, which had potential to 25 percent of web removal had less influence on the capacity and stiff­ replace wood I-joist as roof and floorsystems.
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