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Orthographic Effects on Rhyme Detection and Phoneme Counting In ORTHOGRAPHIC EFFECTS ON RHYME DETECTION AND PHONEME COUNTING Nadia L. Clement IN FRENCH, ENGLISH, AND ITALIAN Dartmouth College 1.Introduction 3.2 Results: Rhyme Test 4.2 Results: Phoneme Counting This study investigates the effects of orthography on speakers’ ability Accuracy to detect rhymes and count phonemes in response to written stimuli in All languages: accuracy better in French, English, and Italian. It examines variation across differing the same category than in all other categories orthographic conditions within a single language, as well as variation Both English and French: across the differing orthographic depths of the three languages studied. accuracy better for systematic category than for silent category Average accuracy in every category was worse in French than in English and Italian 2. Orthographic Systems Same accuracy was better in English than in Italian, and Accuracy Orthographic depth: the degree to which an orthography deviates from a one- Reaction Time systematic accuracy was slightly Both French and English: same spell no French had fastest reaction time in every category, and English had slowest better in English than in Italian to-one grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence, i.e. the degree to which one can rhyme had worst accuracy English reaction times (from fastest to slowest): same, systematic, silent predict pronunciation from spelling and vice versa. Italian: worse accuracy for rhyming condition than non-rhyming condition English has the deepest orthographic Average accuracy, both overall and in each system of the three languages studied, respective category, was worse in French SHALLOW DEEP 5. Overall Results and Discussion Italian French English and Italian has she shallowest. than in English and Italian Reaction Time Systematic digraph: a two-letter symbol that represents a single phoneme, and French: longest reaction time was for dif Rhyme Test Phoneme Counting that phoneme is nearly always represented with the two letters. For example, SH spell yes rhyme Incongruous conditions had Silent category had lower accuracy than is a systematic digraph in English, representing /ʃ/. English: longest reaction time was for same spell no rhyme significantly lower accuracy and systematic category. Silent letter: a letter that is not required to indicate the correct pronunciation. Average reaction time was longer in French slower reaction times than congruous Across all languages, (if we lump silent and For example, the "B" in English dumb is silent, because the word could be spelled than in English and Italian (exception: same conditions. systematic together into one non-same category), spell no rhyme category, for which French Within the incongruous conditions, accuracy was best in English and worst in "dum" and still be pronounced the same. reaction time was faster than English) accuracy was significantly lower in the French. same spell no rhyme category than in surprising, given orthographic depth of the dif spell yes rhyme category. English vs. Italian 3.1 Experiment 1: Rhyme Test 4.1 Experiment 2: Phoneme Counting Across all languages, within the In Italian and English, reaction times were congruous conditions, accuracy was significantly different across all categories, with Participants in each language were shown pairs of words and asked to judge Participants were shown individual words and asked to type how many highest for English and lowest for same being fastest, then systematic, then silent. whether they rhyme. Word pairs each fell into one of four categories: “sounds” were in the word. The spelling of the words could be classified French. French reaction times were fastest across all 1.dif spell no rhyme = words are spelled with different endings and do not rhyme (e.g. went, three) in one of three categories: surprising, given that Italian has categories and were not significantly 2.dif spell yes rhyme = words are spelled with different endings but do rhyme (e.g. four, more) 1.same = same number of phonemes as letters in the word the shallowest orthography different across categories. 3.same spell no rhyme = words are spelled with the same ending but do not rhyme (e.g. rough, through) 2.systematic = spelling includes a systematic digraph Why was there any difference in the In French, the possible effect of the liaison and 4.same spell yes rhyme = words are spelled with the same ending and do rhyme (e.g. part, tart) 3.silent = spelling includes a silent letter two conditions in Italian? varying pronunciation of word-final schwa Categories 1 and 4 are "congruous," and 2 and 3 are "incongruous." Accuracy (correct/incorrect), participant answer, and reaction time were should be considered. Accuracy (correct/incorrect) and reaction time were recorded. recorded. *One-Way ANOVA tests were performed on the data, and all results mentioned here are statistically significant with p<.05.
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