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Aspects and Directions of Internal Arc Protection LAURI KUMPULAINEN Aspects and Directions of Internal Arc Protection ACTA WASAENSIA 361 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 6 Reviewers Associate Professor Petr Toman Brno University of Technology Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication Technická 2848/8 616 00 BRNO CZECH REP. Professor Hans Kristian Høidalen Norwegian University of Science and Technology Faculty of Information Technology Department of Electrical Engineering 7491 TRONDHEIM NORWAY III Julkaisija Julkaisupäivämäärä Vaasan yliopisto Marraskuu 2016 Tekijä Julkaisun tyyppi Lauri Kumpulainen Artikkeliväitöskirja Julkaisusarjan nimi, osan numero Acta Wasaensia, 361 Yhteystiedot ISBN Vaasan yliopisto 978-952-476-704-0 (painettu) Teknillinen tiedekunta 978-952-476-705-7 (verkkojulkaisu) Sähkö- ja energiatekniikan yksikkö ISSN PL 700 0355-2667 (Acta Wasaensia 361, painettu) 65101 VAASA 2323-9123 (Acta Wasaensia 361, verkkojulkaisu) 1799-6961 (Acta Wasaensia. Sähkötekniikka 6, painettu) 2343-0532 (Acta Wasaensia. Sähkötekniikka 6, verkkojulkaisu) Sivumäärä Kieli 169 englanti Julkaisun nimike Valokaarisuojauksen näkökohtia ja kehityssuuntia Tiivistelmä Valokaarivika keski- tai pienjännitekojeistossa on yksi sähköverkkojen tuhoisimmista vikatyypeistä. Sitä voidaan luonnehtia sähköiseksi räjähdykseksi. Se aiheuttaa ihmisille vakavan palovammariskin ja monia muita vaarallisia vaikutuksia. Valokaari voi aiheuttaa myös erittäin huomattavia taloudellisia menetyksiä laitevaurioina tai sähkönjakelun ja tuotantoprosessien keskeytysten seurauksena. Valokaarivikojen vähentämiseksi ja niiden vaikutusten lieventämiseksi on kehitetty useita menetelmiä. Tässä tutkimuksessa valokaarisuojauksen menetelmistä on esitetty kattava kokonaiskuva laitteiden suunnit- telusta valokaaren sammuttamiseen asti. Työssä on myös tutkittu ja esitetty suojauksen kehityssuuntia. Osa valokaarivioista kehittyy hitaasti. Tutkimuksessa on tarkasteltu kehittyviin vikoihin liittyviä ilmiöitä, testattu niiden havaitsemiseen soveltuvia antureita ja luotu suunta- viivat jatkuvatoimiselle ennakoivalle valokaarisuojaukselle. Tietoliikenteen merkitys sähköverkoissa kasvaa, kun verkkoja kehitetään älyverkoiksi. Tämä koskee myös valokaarisuojausta, jossa koko suojausjärjestelmältä edellytetään erittäin nopeaa toimintaa. Tutkimuksessa on tarkasteltu IEC 61850 -standardin määritte- lemien GOOSE-viestien hyödyntämistä valokaarisuojausjärjestelmässä ja osoitettu kehi- tetyn järjestelmän avulla kyseisen tekniikan käyttökelpoisuus ja edut. Valokaarien aiheuttamien vahinkojen lieventämiseksi tutkimus esittää jo olemassa olevien ja tehokkaiksi osoittautuneiden menetelmien standardointia, erityisesti valokaaren optiseen havaitsemiseen perustuvaa suojausta. Valokaaren vaikutusajan minimoimiseksi voimavaroja kannattaa suunnata katkaisijatekniikan kehittämiseen. Kriittisimmissä kohteissa oikosulkulaitteet tarjoavat erittäin tehokkaan suojauksen. Asiasanat Valokaari, kojeisto, ennakoiva suojaus, sensorit, IEC 61850. V Publisher Date of publication Vaasan yliopisto November 2016 Author Type of publication Lauri Kumpulainen Doctoral thesis by publication Name and number of series Acta Wasaensia, 361 Contact information ISBN University of Vaasa 978-952-476-704-0 (print) Faculty of Technology 978-952-476-705-7 (online) Department of Electrical Engineering ISSN and Energy Technology 0355-2667 (Acta Wasaensia 361, print) P.O. Box 700 2323-9123 (Acta Wasaensia 361, online) FI-65101 Vaasa 1799-6961 (Acta Wasaensia. Electrical Finland Engineering 6, print) 2343-0532 (Acta Wasaensia. Electrical Engineering 6, online) Number of pages Language 169 English Title of publication Aspects and Directions of Internal Arc Protection Abstract An arc fault in medium voltage or low voltage switchgear is one of the most devastating fault types in power systems. Term ‘arc flash explosion’ is a good characterization of the fault type. It causes a serious burn hazard to personnel along with several other safety hazards. An arc fault may also lead to significant economic losses directly, by damaging the equipment and indirectly, through power supply outages and production process interruptions. Several methods have been introduced to prevent arc faults and mitigate their impacts. In this research a comprehensive overview of the methods has been given, starting from the design of equipment until the extinction of the fault arc. Development directions for arc protection have been investigated and suggested. Part of arc faults develop gradually and it is possible to construct systems for detecting such faults. In this research, mechanism and phenomena related to developing faults have been investigated. Moreover, an online monitoring system enabling preemptive protection has been outlined, and suitable sensors have been tested in a laboratory. The importance of communication technology in power systems increases along with the progress of smart grids. This also applies to arc protection systems that require extremely short operation time. This research has investigated the feasibility of IEC 61850 based GOOSE messaging in arc protection systems, verified the functionality of a developed implementation and evaluated benefits of the technology. The dissertation suggests standardization of already existing, effective and proven protection methods, especially protection based on optical detection. In minimizing the arc duration, efforts should be directed towards development of circuit breaker technology. In most critical sites, short-circuit devices can be applied. Keywords Arc fault, switchgear, preemptive protection, sensors, IEC 61850. VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The results of this doctoral thesis are based on the research activities during the years 2008-2016. Several people have contributed to the work, and it is a pleasure to thank all those who have made this thesis possible. I would like to thank my supervisors professor Kimmo Kauhaniemi and professor Timo Vekara for guidance and encouragement. I am very grateful to Vamp Oy and its personnel, especially Juha Rintala, Anssi Jäntti and Olavi Vähämäki for providing excellent expertise and nice cooperation during all these years. Special thanks also to former Vamp employees Seppo Pettissalo and Samuel Dahl for their vast contribution to the development of arc protection technology. I am very grateful to Dr. G. Amjad Hussain and professor Matti Lehtonen for excellent cooperation and encouragement during the research on arc prediction technology at Aalto University. I also express my deep gratitude to IEEE Fellow John A. Kay, Rockwell Automation, for valuable contribution in our articles. Special thanks to all other co-authors. I want to express my gratefulness to current and former colleagues Anssi Mäki, Katja Sirviö, Jukka Rinta-Luoma and Sampo Voima for encouragement and for the social network at the University of Vaasa. Professor N. Rajkumar deserves special thanks for proofreading. The Graduate School of the University of Vaasa, Ulla Tuominen Foundation and Vaasan Teknillinen Seura are acknowledged for their financial support, enabling the finalization of the dissertation. This dissertation is definitely not my life’s work. This is just a thesis. And work is only a slice of my life. September 2016 Lauri Kumpulainen IX Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................ VII 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Importance of internal arc fault protection ............................... 1 1.2 Objectives of the work ............................................................. 2 1.3 Outline of the thesis ................................................................ 2 1.4 Scientific contribution .............................................................. 3 1.5 Summary of publications ......................................................... 3 1.6 Other publications by the author with closely related topics .... 5 2 INTERNAL ARC FAULTS IN SWITCHGEAR ............................................. 9 2.1 Arc fault phenomenon ............................................................. 9 2.1.1 Definition of internal arc fault ................................... 9 2.1.2 Series and parallel arc faults...................................... 9 2.1.3 Impacts of arc faults ............................................... 10 2.2 Causes of internal arc faults .................................................. 14 3 ARC PROTECTION RELATED STANDARDS ......................................... 15 3.1 Overview of the standardization ............................................ 15 3.2 IEC standards ........................................................................ 16 3.3 IEEE standards ....................................................................... 17 3.4 NFPA 70E ............................................................................... 18 3.5 Discussion on standards ........................................................ 19 4 A COMPREHENSIVE VIEW OF ARC PROTECTION ................................. 20 4.1 Elements of the big picture of arc protection ......................... 20 4.2 Design, education and maintenance ...................................... 21 4.3 Mechanical arc fault protection methods ................................ 22 4.4 Common principles of mitigating the thermal impact ............ 24 4.5 Fault current limitation .......................................................... 24 4.6 Reduction of arc duration ...................................................... 25 4.6.1 Busbar differential
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