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GRASSROOTGRASSROOTSS POWERPOWER:: THTHEE UTAHUTAH EAGLEAGLEE FORUM,FORUM, 19721972-200-20099

bbyy

MelaniMelaniee DianDianee NewportNewport

A thesithesiss submittedsubmitted ttoo ththee facultfacultyy ofof TheThe UniversityUniversity ofof UtahUtah inin partiapartiall fulfillmentfulfillment ooff ththee requirementsrequirements forfor ththee degreedegree ooff

MasteMasterr ofof ArtsArts

DepartmentDepartment ofof HistorHistoryy

ThThee UniversitUniversityy ofof UtahUtah

MaMayy 20092009 . , " "

CopyrightCopyright © MelanieMelanie DianeDiane NewporNewportt 20092009

AlAlll RightsRights ReservedReserved THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL

SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE APPROVAL

of a thesis submitted by

Melanie DianeNewport

This thesis has been read by each member of the following supervisory committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory.

W. Paul Reeve THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL

FINAL READING APPROVAL

To the Graduate Council of the University of Utah:

I have read the thesis of Melanie Diane Newport in its final form and have found that (1) its format, citations, and bibliographic style are consistent and acceptable; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the supervisory committee and is ready for submission to The Graduate School.

Date

Approved for the MajorDepartment

Chair/Dean

Approved for the GraduateCouncil

David S. Chapman Dean ofThe Graduate School ABSTRACABSTRACTT

HoHoww anandd whwhyy hahass a groupgroup ofof conservativconservativee housewivehousewivess becombecomee ththee mostmost powerfupowerfull lobbyinlobbyingg grougroupp iinn ononee ooff ththee mosmostt populoupopulouss statestatess inin ththee MountaiMountainn WestWest??

SinceSince ititss foundingfounding iinn 1972,1972, ththee EaglEaglee ForuForumm hahass riserisenn ttoo prominencprominencee asas a dominantdominant forceforce iinn UtahUtah statestate politicspolitics.. ThiThiss formidableformidable conservativconservativee grassrootgrassrootss sociasociall movemenmovementt shapeshapedd legislationlegislation,, influenceinfluencedd electionselections,, andand advocateadvocatedd aann agendagendaa thathatt isis unwaverinunwaveringg iinn ititss supportsupport ofof families,families, ChristianitChristianityy anandd smallsmall governmentgovernment.. TheThe UtaUtahh

EaglEaglee Forum'Forum'ss powepowerr iiss unparalleleunparalleledd bbyy otheotherr statestate chapterchapterss ofof ththee organization.organization.

ThiThiss thesithesiss exploreexploress ththee efforteffortss ooff housewife-activisthousewife-activistss ttoo advanceadvance conservativeconservative agendaagendass aatt localocall anandd statestate levellevelss ofof governmengovernmentt inin Utah.Utah. IInn a complecomplexx miliemilieuu ofof MormonismMormonism,, WesterWesternn libertarianism,libertarianism, changinchangingg gendegenderr rolesroles anandd shiftingshifting nationanationall politicspolitics,, ththee UtaUtahh EagleEagle ForuForumm hahass assumedassumed ththee rolrolee ofof moramorall "watchdog""watchdog" overover statestate politicspolitics.. FroFromm ititss beginningbeginningss aass a singlesingle issuissuee organizationorganization opposeopposedd ttoo thethe

ERAERA,, ttoo ititss effortsefforts ttoo forformm coalitionscoalitions empowerinempoweringg housewivehousewivess withwith a voicvoicee inin politicspolitics,, itsits cultivationcultivation ofof a phonphonee tretreee aann efficienefficientt statewidestatewide mobilizationmobilization tootooll andand a notoriounotoriouss reputatioreputationn foforr vigilanvigilantt legislativlegislativee lobbying,lobbying, ththee UtaUtahh EaglEaglee ForumForum iiss anan exampleexample ooff ththee possibilitiepossibilitiess foforr righrightt winwingg women'women'ss activisactivismm inin a conservativeconservative politicapoliticall environmentenvironment.. ThiThiss papepaperr dramaticallydramatically expandexpandss historianshistorians'' understandingunderstanding ofof ththee EagleEagle ForuForumm aatt ththee localocall levellevel aass itit exploreexploress ththee rolesroles anandd activitiesactivities ooff conservativconservativee womewomenn inin twentieth-centurtwentieth-centuryy AmericaAmericann sociasociall movements.movements. TABLTABLEE OOFF CONTENTSCONTENTS

ABSTRACABSTRACTT ...... iviv

INTRODUCTIOINTRODUCTIONN ...... 1

UTAUTAHH ANANDD GRASSROOTGRASSROOTSS CONSERVATISCONSERVATISMM IINN THTHEE 19701970ss ...... 7

STOP-ERSTOP-ERAA ANANDD THTHEE RISRISEE OOFF THTHEE UTAUTAHH EAGLEAGLEE FORUFORUMM ...... 1212

LATENCYLATENCY:: DOROTHEDOROTHEAA MASUMASURR ANANDD THTHEE UTAUTAHH EAGLEAGLEE FORUFORUMM DURINGDURING

THTHEE REAGAREAGANN YEARyEARSS ...... 2323

GAYLGAYLEE RUZICKARUZICKA:: POWEPOWERR ANANDD INFLUENCINFLUENCEE IINN STATSTATEE POLITICPOLITICSS ...... 2828

CONCLUSIOCONCLUSIONN ...... 4343

SELECTEDSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHyBIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 46 46 INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

OnOn JanuarJanuaryy 17,17, 20092009,, twtwoo hundrehundredd memenn andand womewomenn gatheregatheredd aatt SalSaltt LakeLake

CommunityCommunity College'College'ss FreeFree EnterpriseEnterprise CenteCenterr forfor ththee UtaUtahh EaglEaglee ForuForumm conference.conference.

TableTabless outsidoutsidee ththee auditoriumauditorium toutetoutedd ththee agendaagendass ooff otherother righrightt winwingg activistactivist groupsgroups.. TheyThey soldsold bookbookss bbyy conservativeconservative authorauthorss anandd MormoMormonn religioureligiouss artart andand offereofferedd dealdealss oonn weddingwedding photographyphotography.. PeoplPeoplee clamoredclamored ttoo meemeett witwithh a disbarreddisbarred

FloridaFlorida lawyelawyerr whwhoo crusadecrusadedd againsagainstt violenviolentt videvideoo gamesgames andand a freedom-preachingfreedom-preaching

U.SU.S.. senatosenatorr fromfrom OklahomaOklahoma,, jusjustt a fefeww ooff ththee speakersspeakers inviteinvitedd ttoo ththee event.event.

BreakingBreaking onlonlyy foforr mealsmeals,, committedcommitted listenerlistenerss diligentldiligentlyy tootookk notesnotes,, interruptedinterrupted speakersspeakers withwith quotequotess frofromm scripture,scripture, anandd occasionallyoccasionally gavgavee standinstandingg ovationsovations toto activistsactivists,, authorsauthors,, andand statestate andand federalfederal officialsofficials whwhoo presentepresentedd a pro-gunpro-gun,, pro­pro- familyfamily,, pro-lifpro-lifee agenda.agenda.

ThThee prograprogramm forfor ththee dadayy wawass a who'who'ss whwhoo ooff Utah'Utah'ss mosmostt conservativeconservative politicianspoliticians,, invitedinvited ttoo presenpresentt policpolicyy initiativeinitiativess anandd currcurryy favorfavor witwithh EaglEaglee ForumForum activists.activists. ChriChriss ButtarsButtars,, a senioseniorr RepublicaRepublicann statstatee senatorsenator renownerenownedd foforr politicapoliticall incorrectnessincorrectness,, tootookk ththee stagestage ttoo speakspeak aboutabout issueissuess beforbeforee ththee comincomingg legislativlegislativee session.session. HHee saidsaid nothinnothingg ooff thethe recessionrecession,, bubutt spokespoke ooff ththee effortsefforts ofof localocall activistsactivists toto paspasss billbillss supportingsupporting gagayy rightsrights.. ThatThat morningmorning,, whilwhilee preparinpreparingg forfor ththee conference,conference, hhee encounteredencountered fourfour gaygay rightrightss activistactivistss iinn hihiss neighborhooneighborhoodd drummingdrumming uupp supportsupport andand handinhandingg outout loaveloavess ofof dessertdessert breadsbreads.. ButtarButtarss spokespoke iinn detaidetaill aboutabout ththee gagayy 2 rightrightss perilperil,, bubutt remaineremainedd focusefocusedd onon ththee breadbread.. InsinuatingInsinuating thathatt iitt hahadd beenbeen poisonedpoisoned,, ButtarButtarss helheldd uupp ththee loafloaf foforr everyoneeveryone ttoo seesee.. "I"I broughbroughtt itit becausebecause I'dI'd liklikee somebodysomebody ttoo testestt it.it."" ThThee crowcrowdd eruptederupted iinn laughtelaughterr andand applause.applause. WhenWhen UtaUtahh

EaglEaglee ForuForumm presidenpresidentt GayleGayle RuzickRuzickaa joinejoinedd hihimm onon ththee stage,stage, shshee quippequippedd thathatt iiff thethe gaygay rightrightss activistsactivists hahadd knowknownn thathatt ButtarButtarss woulwouldd seseee heherr thathatt dayday,, thetheyy mightmight havhavee sentsent alonalongg mormoree ooff ththee allegedlallegedlyy contaminatedcontaminated breadbread.. ThThee jokjokee wawass welwelll received.11

AlthoughAlthough politicapoliticall andand legislativelegislative disagreementdisagreementss havhavee nonott yeyett inspireinspiredd a poisoningpoisoning,, ththee jokjokee iiss a producproductt ofof Utah'Utah'ss polarizepolarizedd politicapoliticall culture.culture. TheThe statestate legislaturelegislature conveneconveness foforr annualannual battlebattless oveoverr individuaindividuall rightrightss anandd statestate responsibilityresponsibility.. ConservativeConservativess lobblobbyy ttoo restricrestrictt liquoliquorr salessales,, contraceptivcontraceptivee accessaccess,, andand homosexuahomosexuall rightsrights asas thetheyy seekseek ttoo expanexpandd parentaparentall rightrightss iinn publipublicc education,education, alloalloww gunsguns onon collegecollege campuses,campuses, anandd lowelowerr taxestaxes.. InIn a complicatecomplicatedd milieumilieu,, conservativeconservativess reconcilreconcilee libertarianismlibertarianism anandd stricstrictt constitutionalisconstitutionalismm witwithh callscalls forfor traditionaltraditional valuevaluess andand socialsocial restraint.restraint.

TheThe politicapoliticall scenescene inin UtaUtahh iiss nonott uniqueunique.. IInn ththee facfacee ooff ththee growinggrowing powepowerr ooff governmentgovernment andand ththee perceiveperceivedd degradationdegradation ooff familyfamily valuesvalues,, religioureligiouss institutions,institutions, anandd traditionatraditionall gendegenderr rolesroles,, AmericaAmericann conservativeconservativess mobilizemobilizedd ttoo defenddefend thethe nationnation,, morality,morality, andand ththee unbornunborn.. TheThe NeNeww RighRightt emergeemergedd iinn ththee 1970s1970s asas a politicapoliticall forcforcee whewhenn conservativeconservativess formedformed a varietvarietyy ooff single-issuesingle-issue organizationorganizationss andand grassrootgrassrootss movementmovementss ttoo seizeseize controcontroll fromfrom liberals.liberals. ThThee EaglEaglee ForumForum,, a successfulsuccessful multi-issumulti-issuee group,group, emergedemerged atat thithiss time.time. FoundeFoundedd bbyy PhylliPhylliss SchlaflySchlafly inin 1972,1972, thethe

1 1 ChrisChris Buttars,Buttars, "Common"Common SenseSense Initiative"Initiative" (speech,(speech, UtahUtah EagleEagle ForumForum conference,conference, Sandy,Sandy, ur,UT, Jan.Jan. 17,17, 2009).2009). 3

EaglEaglee ForumForum challengechallengedd womewomenn ttoo becombecomee participantparticipantss inin ththee politicapoliticall procesprocesss withwith

BiblicaBiblicall injunctionsinjunctions forfor action-toaction—to "fl"flyy oonn ththee wingwingss ofof eagles"eagles" anandd bbee "doers"doers ofof thethe wordword,, anandd nonott hearerhearerss only."only."22

. ThiThiss calcalll foforr civiccivic engagemenengagementt mobilizemobilizedd womewomenn throughouthroughoutt ththee country,country, makinmakingg ththee EaglEaglee ForumForum ononee ofof ththee mormoree prominenprominentt organizationorganizationss oofthef the NeNeww RightRight..

A nationalnational organizationorganization divideddivided intointo statestate chapters,chapters, thethe EaglEaglee Forum'sForum's achievementsachievements iinn UtaUtahh havhavee beebeenn particularlparticularlyy notablenotable.. EstablishedEstablished inin 1972,1972, ththee UtahUtah EaglEaglee ForumForum hashas transformedtransformed fromfrom a smalsmalll grougroupp ooff lobbyistlobbyistss intintoo a statewidestatewide organizationorganization thatthat cancan mobilizmobilizee thousandthousandss ooff womewomenn quicklyquickly.. IInn a politicapoliticall contexcontextt conduciveconducive toto thethe organization'sorganization's conservativconservativee agenda,agenda, ththee UtahUtah EagleEagle ForumForum hahass prospereprosperedd andand assumedassumed a rolrolee iinn decision-making.decision-making. ThThee EaglEaglee Forum'Forum'ss family-focusedfamily-focused ideologideologyy hashas influencedinfluenced legislation,legislation, bolsterebolsteredd lawmakerlawmakerss anandd strengthenedstrengthened ththee holholdd ooff ththee rightright oonn Utah'Utah'ss politicapoliticall future.future.

IInn spitespite ooff ththee successesuccessess ooff thethe EaglEaglee Forum,Forum, manmanyy historiehistoriess chroniclinchroniclingg thethe risrisee ooff ththee NeNeww RighRightt havhavee focusefocusedd almostalmost exclusivelexclusivelyy onon menmen.. HistorianHistorianss havehave emphasizedemphasized ththee contributionscontributions ooff iconiciconic politicianpoliticianss BarrBarryy GoldwateGoldwaterr andand RonalRonaldd

ReaganReagan,, preachepreacherr JerrJerryy FalwellFalwell,, anandd publishepublisherr WilliaWilliamm BuckleyBuckley JrJr.. MovementsMovements menmen foundedfounded,, sucsuchh asas ththee JohnJohn BircBirchh SocietySociety andand ththee MoralMoral Majority,Majority, havhavee alsalsoo receivedreceived mucmuchh attention.attention. ThoughThough suchsuch heroeheroess araree creditedcredited withwith ththee risrisee ooff conservatismconservatism,, a growinggrowing historiographhistoriographyy chronicleschronicles ththee contributioncontributionss ofof womewomenn ttoo conservativeconservative socialsocial movementmovementss welwelll beforbeforee WorlWorldd WaWarr II.II. TheTheyy suggestsuggest thathatt womewomenn havhavee beenbeen integralintegral ttoo ththee Right'sRight's ascendancascendancyy sincesince ititss beginningbeginning.. WomeWomenn playeplayedd cruciacruciall rolesroles

2 IsaiaIsaiahh 40:30;40:30; JamesJames 1:22.1:22. 4 inin advancinadvancingg ththee EighteenthEighteenth AmendmenAmendmentt toto ththee ConstitutioConstitutionn ttoo prohibiprohibitt liquorliquor manufacture,manufacture, distribution,distribution, andand sales.sales. DurinDuringg ththee 1920s,1920s, ththee WomeWomenn ooff ththee KKuu KluxKlux

KlaKlann (WKKK)(WKKK) employedemployed racisracistt andand nativisnativistt rhetorirhetoricc ttoo promotpromotee moralitmoralityy anandd sociasociall welfarwelfaree andand ttoo wagwagee campaigncampaignss againsagainstt privatprivatee schoolschoolss anandd bootleggingbootlegging.. WomeWomenn onon ththee fafarr righrightt launchelaunchedd a "mother's"mother's movementmovement"" inin oppositionopposition ttoo WorlWorldd WaWarr IIII toto protecprotectt theitheirr sonssons andand toto supporsupportt Hitler'Hitler'ss fighfightt againstagainst communism.33

ThThee developindevelopingg literaturliteraturee abouaboutt post-Worlpost-Worldd WaWarr IIII conservativeconservative womewomenn hashas characterizecharacterizedd theitheirr activitiesactivities aass limitelimitedd ttoo ththee home,home, votinvotingg precinctprecinct,, andand schoolschool districtdistrict.. ElaineElaine TyleTylerr May'sMay's Homeward Bound addresseaddressess ththee effortsefforts ofof homeboundhomebound anticommunists;anticommunists; MaryMary CC. . Brennan'sBrennan's Wives, Mothers and the Red Menace identifiesidentifies women'women'ss anticommunisanticommunistt effortsefforts iinn theitheirr communitiescommunities.. IInn Suburban Warriors, LisaLisa

McGirMcGirrr portrayportrayss womewomenn asas "kitchen-table"kitchen-table activists,activists,"" whwhoo helheldd eventeventss iinn theitheirr homeshomes ttoo educateeducate neighborneighborss aboutabout conservativeconservative causes.44 WorkWorkss bbyy MichellMichellee NickersonNickerson andand

CatherinCatherinee RympRymphh chroniclechronicle women'women'ss involvemeninvolvementt iinn ththee RepublicaRepublicann PartyParty.. WomeWomenn stuffedstuffed envelopesenvelopes andand canvassedcanvassed neighborhoodneighborhoodss ttoo ddoo RepublicaRepublicann PartyParty

3 RobertRobert A.A. Goldberg,Goldberg, Barry Goldwater (New(New HavenHaven:: YalYalee UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 1995);1995); MattheMattheww Lassiter,Lassiter, "Inventing"Inventing FamilFamilyy Values,"Values," iinn Rightward Bound: Making America Conservative in the 1970s, ed.ed. BB.. SchulmanSchulman anandd J.J . ZelizeZelizerr (Cambridge,(Cambridge, MA:MA : HarvarHarvardd UniversitUniversityy PressPress,, 2008)2008);; GeorgGeorgee HH.. NashNash,, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (Wilmington(Wilmington,, DEDE:: ISlSII BooksBooks,, 2006)2006);; MichaeMichaell Schaller,Schaller, Right Turn: American Life in the Reagan-Bush Era, 1980-1992 (New(New YorkYork:: OxforOxfordd UniversityUniversity PressPress,, 2007);2007); JonathaJonathann SchoenwaldSchoenwald,, A Time forfor Choosing: The Rise of Modern American ConservatismConservatism (Oxford:(Oxford: OxfordOxford UniversitUniversityy PressPress,, 2001);2001); JonathaJonathann SchoenwaldSchoenwald,, "We"We ArAree anan ActioActionn GroupGroup:: ThThee JohJohnn BircBirchh SocietySociety andand ththee ConservativConservativee MovemenMovementt iinn ththee 1960s,"1960s," iinn The Conservative Sixties, eded.. DD.. FarberFarber andand JJ. . RochRochee (Ne(Neww YorkYork,, PetePeterr LanLangg PublishingPublishing,, Inc.Inc.,, 2003)2003);; AlisoAlisonn MM.. ParkerParker,, Purifying America:America: Women, Cultural Reform, and Pro-Censorship Activism, 1873-1933 (Urbana(Urbana,, ILIL:: UniversitUniversityy ooff IllinoiIllinoiss PressPress,, 1997);1997); KathleeKathleenn MM.. BleeBlee,, Women of the Klan: Racism and Gender in the 1920s (Berkeley:(Berkeley: UniversitUniversityy ooff CaliforniCaliforniaa Press,Press, 1991);1991); GleGlenn JeansonneJeansonne,, Women of the Far Right: The Mothers'Mothers' Movement and World War II (Chicago:(Chicago: ThThee UniversitUniversityy ooff ChicagChicagoo PressPress,, 1996).1996). 4 MaryMary C.C. Brennan,Brennan, Wives, Mothers, and the Red Menace: Conservative Women and the Crusade AgainstAgainst Communism (Boulder:(Boulder: ThThee UniversitUniversityy PresPresss ooff ColoradoColorado,, 2008)2008);; ElainElainee TyleTylerr MayMay,, Homeward Bound:Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New(New YorkYork:: BasiBasicc BooksBooks,, 1988);1988); LisLisaa McGirrMcGirr,, SuburbanSuburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton(Princeton,, NJNJ:: PrincetoPrincetonn UniversitUniversityy PressPress,, 2001)2001),, 6.6. 5

"housework""housework" bubutt accomplishedaccomplished littllittlee iinn termtermss ofof leadershileadershipp andand policpolicyy influence.s5

BattleBattless overover raciaraciall businbusingg policiepoliciess anandd neighborhooneighborhoodd integratiointegrationn yieldedyielded moremore intenseintense engagementengagement fromfrom conservativconservativee womewomenn bubutt inspireinspiredd fewfew changeschanges inin theirtheir traditionatraditionall politicapoliticall roles.66

ThesThesee workworkss presenpresentt conservativeconservative womewomenn asas involvedinvolved iinn a branbrandd ofof activisactivismm thathatt wawass onlonlyy part-timpart-timee andand ofteoftenn subordinate.subordinate. ThThee mobilizatiomobilizationn ooff ththee 1950s1950s andand

6060ss dididd nonott produceproduce,, inin historianhistorian CatherinCatherinee Rymph'Rymph'ss wordswords,, lastinglasting "Republica"Republicann feminism."7feminism."7 Women'Women'ss effortsefforts areare overlookeoverlookedd asas memenn araree creditecreditedd witwithh sustainingsustaining

AmericaAmericann conservatism'sconservatism's powerpower.. EveEvenn historiehistoriess ooff ththee righrightt usheusherr thesthesee anonymousanonymous womewomenn bacbackk toto theitheirr homehomess inin 19811981 iinn timtimee ttoo cedcedee ththee stagstagee toto PresidenPresidentt RonalRonaldd

ReaganReagan.. WhilWhilee theitheirr liberaliberall adversariesadversaries receivreceivee historianshistorians'' praisepraise,, ththee contributionscontributions ofof legionslegions ooff womewomenn whwhoo foughfoughtt ththee conservativeconservative movement'movement'ss cultureculture warwarss areare dismissed.S8

YetYet,, women'women'ss involvementinvolvement iinn righrightt politicpoliticss dididd nonott enendd witwithh ththee failurfailuree ofof ERAERA andand ththee attainmentattainment ooff a conservativeconservative WhitWhitee House.House. ThThee conservativeconservative ascendancyascendancy

5 MichelleMichelle NickersonNickerson,, "'The'"The PowerPower ofof a MorallMorallyy IndignantIndignant Woman':Woman': RepublicaRepublicann WomeWomenn andand thethe MakinMakingg ofof CaliforniaCalifornia Conservatism,"Conservatism," Journaljournal of the West 4422 (Summer(Summer 2003)2003);; MichellMichellee NickersonNickerson,, "Moral"Moral MotherMotherss anandd GoldwaterGoldwater Girls,"Girls," iinn The Conservative Sixties, ed.ed. DD.. FarbeFarberr anandd JJ. . RocheRoche,, (Ne(Neww YorkYork., PeterPeter LangLang Publishing,Publishing, Inc.Inc.,, 2003)2003),, 51-62;51-62; MichellMichellee NickersonNickerson,, "Domestic"Domestic Threats:Threats: WomenWomen,, GendeGenderr andand ConservatisConservatismm iinn ColdCold WaWarr LoLoss AngelesAngeles,, 1945-1966,"1945-1966," (Ph(PhDD Diss.Diss.,, YalYalee UniversityUniversity,, 2003);2003); CatherinCatherinee Rymph,Rymph, Republican Women: Feminism and Conservatism fromfrom SuffrageSUffrage through the Rise of the New Right (Chapel(Chapel HillHill:: ThThee UniversitUniversityy ooff NortNorthh CarolinCarolinaa PressPress,, 2006).2006). 6 KevinKevin KruseKruse,, White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism (Princeton,(Princeton, NJNJ:: PrincetonPrinceton UniversitUniversityy PressPress,, 2005)2005);; MattheMattheww LassiterLassiter,, The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt SouthSouth (Princeton,(Princeton, NJNJ:: PrincetoPrincetonn UniversitUniversityy PressPress,, 2006).2006). 7 7 RymphRymph,, RepublicanRepublican Women,Women, 189.189. 8 B DonaldDonald Critchlow,Critchlow, Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade (Princeton,(Princeton, NJ:NJ: PrincetoPrincetonn UniversitUniversityy PressPress,, 2005);2005); MarjoriMarjoriee Spruill,Spruill, "Gende"Genderr anandd America'America'ss RighRightt Turn,Turn,"" inin RightwardRightward Bound: Making America Conservative in the 1970s, eded.. B8.. SchulmanSchulman andand JJ. . ZelizeZelizerr (Cambridge(Cambridge,, MA:MA : HarvarHarvardd UniversitUniversityy PressPress,, 2008),2008), 71-89;71-89; MarMaryy FranceFrancess BerryBerry,, Why ERA Failed: Politics, Women'sWomen's Rights, and the Amending Process of the Constitution (Bloomington(Bloomington:: UniversitUniversityy ooff IndianIndianaa Press,Press, 1986).1986). JaneJane MansbridgeMansbridge,, Why We Lost the ERA (Chicago(Chicago:: UniversitUniversityy ooff ChicagChicagoo PressPress,, 1986).1986). 6

waswas notnot ththee deathdeath knellknell ofof RepublicaRepublicann feminismfeminism nonorr a "backlash""backlash" againstagainst feminism.feminism.99

RatherRather,, conservativconservativee womewomenn whoswhosee politicspolitics,, evangelicalevangelical faith,; andand conceptionsconceptions ooff

moralitymorality werewere inextricablyinextricably intertwinedintertwined becambecamee dominantdominant figuresfigures inin thethe NewNew RightRight..I1o0

ThThee -historyhistory ofof ththee UtaUtahh EagleEagle ForumForum,, oneone ofof thethe country'scountry's mostmost successfulsuccessful andand

sustainedsustained conservativeconservative socialsocial movementsmovements,, suggestssuggests thethe importantimportant rolerole womenwomen

playeplayedd iinn thethe riserise ofof thethe NeNeww RightRight..

9 9 Rymph,Rymph, Republican Women, 225-227;225-227; SusanSusan Faludi,Faludi, BacklashBacklash: : The Undeclared War Against AmericanAmerican Women (Ne(Neww York,York, CrownCrown PublisherPublisherss Inc.Inc., 1991.1991. 10 RebeccaRebecca Klatch,Klatch, Women o/theof the New Right (Philadelphia:(Philadelphia: TempleTemple UniversityUniversity Press,, 1987),, 4.4. UTAHUTAH ANANDD GRASSROOTSGRASSROOTS CONSERVATISCONSERVATISMM IINN THETHE 1970s1970s

DurinDuringg ththee earlyearly 1970s,1970s, UtaUtahh wawass a statestate markemarkedd bbyy growth.growth. TheThe 19701970

CensuCensuss revealerevealedd thathatt Utah'Utah'ss populatiopopulationn rosrosee ttoo 1,059,273-1,059,273— aann eighteeneighteen percentpercent jumjumpp iinn tetenn years.years.ll11 PopulationPopulationss declinedeclinedd iinn rurarurall areaareass andand inin SaltSalt LakLakee CitCityy andand

OgdenOgden asas neneww suburbansuburban developmentdevelopmentss appeareappearedd alongalong InterstatInterstatee 15,15, yieldinyieldingg populatiopopulationn boomboomss inin communitiecommunitiess likelike BountifulBountiful,, Sandy,Sandy, anandd Layton.1212 Ninety-eighNinety-eightt percenpercentt ooff ththee peoplpeoplee countecountedd werweree whitewhite;; onlyonly 25,1625,1633 peoplpeoplee ofof colorcolor livedlived iinn thethe state.1313 ManufacturinManufacturingg andand energenergyy resourcresourcee developmentdevelopment drovedrove ththee state'sstate's economeconomyy aass businessebusinessess movemovedd intintoo ththee state,state, luredlured bbyy Utah'Utah'ss pro-businesspro-business culturculturee andand educateeducatedd populace.1414

MormonMormon hegemonihegemonicc powepowerr touchetouchedd ththee dailydaily liveslives ofof Utah'Utah'ss growinggrowing population.population. TheThe ChurcChurchh ofof JesuJesuss ChrisChristt ofof Latter-daLatter-dayy SaintsSaints (LOS)(LDS) claimedclaimed seventy-seventy- ononee percenpercentt ooff UtahnUtahnss aass members.members.1S15 SociologistsSociologists atat thethe timtimee founfoundd thathatt livinlivingg iinn a predominantlpredominantlyy LDLOSS populatiopopulationn influencedinfluenced highehigherr birtbirthh rateratess amongamong UtaUtahh

Mormons.1616 TheThe LDLOSS churcchurchh ownedowned ththee localocall newspapenewspaperr Deseret News andand radioradio

11 11 U.Su.s.. BureaBureauu ooff ththee Census,Census, 1970 Census of Population Utah, Volume 1, Part 46 (Washington,(Washington, DDCC 1970),35.1970), 35. 1212 IbidIbid.. 1313 Ibid.,Ibid., 274.274.

14 14 PetePeterr WileWileyy anandd RoberRobertt Gottlieb,Gottlieb, Empires in the Sun: The Rise of the New American West (Tucson(Tucson,, AZAZ:: ThThee UniversitUniversityy ooff ArizonArizonaa PressPress,, 1982),1982), 163.163. 1155 HowarHowardd CC.. NelsonNelson,, MembershipMembership ofof thethe ChurchChurch ofJesusof Jesus ChristChrist ofof Latter-dayLatter-day SaintsSaints byby AreasAreas (1971).(1971). 16 16 BriaBriann L.L. PitcherPitcher,, EvaEvann TT.. PetersoPetersonn andand PhilliPhillipp R.R. KunzKunz,, "Residency"Residency DifferentialDifferentialss iinn MormoMormonn Fertility,Fertility,"" Population Studies 2828,, nono.. 1 (Marc(Marchh 1974),1974), 146.146. 8

anandd televisiotelevisionn stations.stations. SupporSupportt fromfrom LDLDSS leadersleaders,, oorr eveneven inferredinferred endorsements,endorsements,

. hahadd powerfupowerfull politicapoliticall impacimpactt forfor churchgoerschurchgoers.. AwarAwaree ofof thithiss powerpower,, churchchurch leadersleaders

organizeorganizedd a SpecialSpecial AffairAffairss CommitteeCommittee ttoo managmanagee ititss politicapoliticall interests.17interests.17

PoliticianPoliticianss frofromm botbothh partiepartiess werweree electedelected ttoo Utah'Utah'ss statestate andand federalfederal officesoffices

iinn ththee decadedecadess followinfollowingg WorlWorldd WaWarr IIII.. DemocratDemocratss anandd RepublicanRepublicanss tradedtraded controlcontrol

ooff ththee statestate legislature.legislature. RepublicaRepublicann U.SU.S.. SenatorSenator WallacWallacee BennetBennettt wawass populapopularr andand

swayeswayedd votervoterss witwithh hihiss anticommunisanticommunistt andand precapitalisprocapitalistt platformplatform.. HHee wowonn fourfour

consecutiveconsecutive termtermss frofromm 1950-1974.1950-1974. U.SU.S.. SenatorSenator FranFrankk MosMosss anandd GovernorGovernor CalvinCalvin

RamptoRamptonn werewere successfusuccessfull moderatmoderatee DemocratDemocratss durinduringg ththee 1960s1960s anandd 70s70s.. HoweverHowever,,

ththee parityparity betweenbetween partiepartiess beliebeliedd a shifshiftt towardtowardss conservatisconservatismm anandd RepublicanRepublicanss atat

ththee grassroots.grassroots.

Utah'Utah'ss righrightt turturnn coincidedcoincided witwithh nationanationall andand regionaregionall trendstrends.. EarlEarlyy post-warpost-war

conservativeconservative movementmovementss appealeappealedd stronglystrongly ttoo MormoMormonn UtahnUtahnss concernedconcerned aboutabout

godlessnessgodlessness andand preservatiopreservationn ooff ththee UniteUnitedd States,States, elicitingeliciting ththee supportsupport ooff

prominenprominentt LDLDSS leadeleaderr ("apostle"("apostle")) EzrEzraa TafTaftt BensonBenson.. BensonBenson servedserved asas SecretarySecretary ooff

AgricultureAgriculture duringduring ththee DwighDwightt EisenhoweEisenhowerr AdministratioAdministrationn andand wawass a popularpopular

advocateadvocate ooff conservativconservativee valuesvalues.. AligneAlignedd witwithh ththee JohJohnn BirchBirch Society,Society, BensonBenson usedused

ththee pulpipulpitt ttoo emphasizeemphasize ththee importanceimportance ooff politicapoliticall libertlibertyy ttoo MormonismMormonism.. IInn 1974,1974,

BensoBensonn toltoldd anan intervieweinterviewerr thathatt hhee believebelievedd iitt woulwouldd bbee difficuldifficultt forfor someonesomeone whowho

"was"was livinlivingg ththee gospegospell andand understoounderstoodd itit"" ttoo bbee anan activeactive MormoMormonn andand liberalliberal

1717 FranFrankk HH.. JonaJonass andand DaDann EE.. JonesJones,, "The"The 19701970 ElectionElection iinn Utah,Utah,"" The Western Political Quarterly 24,24, (Jun(Junee 1971),1971), 345;345; MichaeMichaell BB.. Toney,Toney, CarolCarol McKeweMcKewenn StinnerStinner,, andand StephanStephan KanKan,, "Mormon"Mormon andand NonmormonNonmormon MigratioMigrationn iinn andand ououtt ooff Utah,Utah,"" Review of Religious Research 2255 (December(December 1983):1983): 114;114; WileWileyy anandd GottliebGottlieb,, Empires in the Sun, 161.161. 9

Democrat.1s18 ThoughThough thethe churchchurch publiclpubliclyy refutedrefuted ththee statement,statement, Benson'sBenson's prominencprominencee asas a churchchurch leadeleaderr ensuredensured thathatt hihiss politicalpolitical viewsviews leftleft anan indelibleindelible markmark onon ththee politicalpolitical thinkingthinking ofof Utahns.1919

ThisThis positioningpositioning waswas crucialcrucial asas ththee 1960s1960s hadhad dramaticallydramatically changedchanged

America'America'ss socialsocial andand politicalpolitical landscape.landscape. TheThe counterculturecounterculture movementsmovements ofof thethe

1960s1960s hahadd legitimizedlegitimized drugdrug useuse,, conflictsconflicts witwithh authority,authority, andand sexualsexual promiscuity.promiscuity.

FeministFeministss andand gaygay rightrightss activistsactivists openedopened a nationanationall dialoguedialogue onon equalequal rights.rights.

GovernmentGovernment welfarewelfare programprogramss expandedexpanded inin LyndonLyndon Johnson'sJohnson's GreatGreat Society.Society. IInn

1973,1973, ththee SupremeSupreme CourtCourt legalizedlegalized abortionabortion inin itsits Roe v. Wade decision.decision. OppositionOpposition ttoo thethe failedfailed warwar inin VietnamVietnam andand ththee moramorall failingsfailings ofof RichardRichard NixoNixonn fueledfueled nationalnational shame.shame. RaciaRaciall unrestunrest triggeredtriggered a whitwhitee backlasbacklashh andand exodusexodus ttoo ththee suburbs.suburbs.

InIn UtahUtah,, LDSLDS leadersleaders expressedexpressed concernsconcerns aboutabout thethe changingchanging moralmoral standardsstandards anandd inspireinspiredd membermemberss ttoo act.act. InIn responsresponsee ttoo thethe sexualsexual revolution,revolution, thethe women'swomen's movementmovement,, andand issuesissues suchsuch asas abortion,abortion, officialofficial publicationspublications transmittedtransmitted thethe church'schurch's positiopositionn toto ththee membershipmembership.. TheThe firstfirst issueissue ofof thethe monthlmonthlyy churchchurch magazinemagazine Ensign featuredfeatured anan articlearticle byby ApostlApostlee ThomasThomas S.S. MonsonMonson entitledentitled "The"The

Women'sWomen's MovementMovement:: LiberationLiberation oror Deception?"20Deception?"20 InvokinInvokingg scripturalscriptural evidenceevidence andand mediamedia coveragecoverage tyintyingg feminismfeminism ttoo thethe communistcommunist philosophiephilosophiess ofof FriedrichFriedrich EngelEngelss andand KarKarll Marx,Marx, MonsoMonsonn counseledcounseled womenwomen ttoo channelchannel theitheirr energiesenergies intointo theirtheir

1818 "Support"Support forfor CandidateCandidate PossiblPossiblee SomeSome Day,Day, LOSLDS ApostlApostlee Says,"Says," Salt Lake Tribune, Feb.Feb. 22,22,1974 1974,, BlB1.. 1919 ExampleExampless includeinclude EzraEzra TaftTaft Benson,Benson, "The"The AmericaAmericann HeritagHeritagee ofof Freedom:Freedom: A PlanPlan ofof God,God,"" Improvement Era 6464 (Dec.(Dec. 1961):1961): 955;955; EzrEzraa TaftTaft Benson,Benson, "Be"Be NoNott Deceived,"Deceived," ImprovementImprovement EraEra 6666 (Dec.(Dec. 1963):1963): 1063-1065.1063-1065. A collectiocollectionn ooff Benson'sBenson's anticommunistanticommunist speechesspeeches waswas publishepublishedd inin 1964;1964; seesee EzraEzra TaftTaft Benson,Benson, Title of Liberty: A Warning Voice (Salt(Salt LakLakee City:City: DesereDeserett Book,Book, 1964).1964). ForFor a discussiondiscussion ofof Benson'sBenson's politicalpolitical influenceinfluence,, seesee DD.. MichaelMichael Quinn,Quinn, The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power (Sal(Saltt LakeLake City:City: SignatureSignature BooksBooks,, 1997),1997), 66-115.66-115. 2020 ThomaThomass S.S. MonsonMonson,, "The"The Women'Women'ss Movement:Movement: LiberationLiberation oror Deception?Deception?"" Ensign, JanuaryJanuary 1971,17.1971,17. 1010 husbandshusbands,, homeshomes,, anandd churcchurchh ratheratherr thathann intointo ththee "weakness"weakness ofof willwill"" thathatt women'swomen's rightrightss movementmovementss represented.represented.2121

ChurchChurch leadeleaderr HarolHaroldd B.B. Lee,Lee, a membememberr ooff ththee FirsFirstt PresidencyPresidency,, toldtold membersmembers iinn ththee church'church'ss GeneralGeneral ConferenceConference thathatt 19721972 representedrepresented,, "the"the beginninbeginningg ofof anan intensintensee politicapoliticall activityactivity,, whewhenn memenn ooff evereveryy persuasiopersuasionn inin ththee politicapoliticall arenaarena willwill bebe clamorinclamoringg foforr attentioattentionn anandd acceptanceacceptance bbyy ththee electorate."electorate." HHee predictedpredicted,, "There"There wilwilll bbee controversy,controversy, debate,debate, conflictconflict,, anandd contention."contention."2222 LeLeee asserteassertedd thathatt thethe agendasagendas ooff a "well-organized"well-organized loudloud minority,"minority," undoubtedlyundoubtedly oneone withwith a liberalliberal socialsocial agenda,agenda, marremarredd contemporarcontemporaryy politicspolitics.. HHee callecalledd upouponn churcchurchh members,members, aass a parpartt ooff thethe

"greater"greater majoritmajorityy ooff thosthosee whwhoo mighmightt bbee leslesss vocavocall bubutt whoswhosee causcausee isis jusjustt anandd inin accordanceaccordance witwithh righteourighteouss principlesprinciples"" ttoo standstand uupp foforr ththee church'schurch's "political"political faith."23faith."23

TheThe 1970s1970s werewere a timtimee forfor Latter-daLatter-dayy SaintSaint peoplpeoplee ttoo shunshun theitheirr membershimembershipp iinn thethe silentsilent majoritmajorityy ttoo ensurensuree thathatt politicianpoliticianss representerepresentedd theitheirr valuesvalues..

ThisThis positiopositionn wawass reaffirmereaffirmedd iinn ApriAprill ofof 1974,1974, whewhenn newlnewlyy ordainedordained churchchurch

PresidenPresidentt SpencerSpencer WW.. KimbalKimballl madmadee a plepleaa forfor politicapoliticall engagement.engagement. AffirmingAffirming previoupreviouss policiespolicies,, hhee saidsaid,, "We"We urgurgee ChurchChurch membermemberss ttoo attenattendd ththee masmasss meetingmeetingss ooff theitheirr respectivrespectivee politicapoliticall partiepartiess anandd thertheree exercisexercisee theitheirr influence."24influence."24 QuotinQuotingg evangelisevangelistt BillBillyy Graham,Graham, previoupreviouss churchchurch leaders,leaders, anandd scripture,scripture, hhee decriedecriedd "ugl"uglyy actactss anandd activitiesactivities"" suchsuch asas abortionabortion andand divorcdivorcee anandd imploredimplored womewomenn ttoo bbee mothersmothers anandd membermemberss ttoo bbee chaste.2525 KimbalKimballl fusedfused ththee politicapoliticall actionaction ofof membermemberss andand thethe

2211 IbidIbid.. 2222 HarolHaroldd BB.. LeeLee,, "A"A TimTimee ooff Decision,Decision,"" Ensign, JulJulyy 1972,1972, 2929.. 2233 IbidIbid.. 2244 SpencerSpencer WW.. KimballKimball,, "Guidelines"Guidelines ttoo CarrCarryy FortForthh ththee WorkWork ofof GoGodd iinn Cleanliness,Cleanliness,"" Ensign, MayMay 1974,1974, 44.. 2255 IbidIbid.. 11 moramorall standardsstandards ofof thethe churchchurch asas hehe calledcalled membersmembers toto proclaimproclaim Mormonism'Mormonism'ss teachingteachingss ttoo thethe world.world. "This,"This, then,then, isis ourour program:program: toto reaffirmreaffirm ana'~dd boldlyboldly carrycarry forwardforward ththee workwork ofof GodGod iinn cleanliness,cleanliness, uprightness,uprightness, andand toto taketake thatthat gospelgospel ofof truthtruth toto thatthat worlworldd thathatt needneedss soso mucmuchh thatthat godlygodly life."226 TheseThese essaysessays andand talkstalks reflectedreflected a largelarge numbernumber ofof articlesarticles andand transcriptstranscripts publishedpublished inin thethe Ensign thatthat lambastedlambasted feminism,feminism, denouncedenouncedd immorality,immorality, andand focusefocusedd onon idealideal womanhood.womanhood. TheThe increasedincreased emphasisemphasis onon traditionatraditionall gendergender rolesroles andand callscalls forfor politicalpolitical involvementinvolvement drewdrew attentioattentionn andand support.support. WhenWhen combinedcombined withwith thethe growinggrowing conservativeconservative reactionreaction toto thethe 1960s,1960s, ththee stagestage waswas setset forfor ththee risrisee ofof ththee UtahUtah EagleEagle Forum.2727

2266 IbidIbid..

27 27 LauraLaura Vance,Vance, "The"The EvolutEvolutioionn ooff IdealsIdeals forfor WomeWomenn inin MormoMormonn Periodicals,Periodicals, 1897-1999,"1897-1999," Sociology of Religion 63,63, (Spring, 2002),, 98. STOP-ERASTOP-ERA ANANDD THETHE RISERISE OFOF THETHE UTAUTAHH EAGLEAGLEE FORUMFORUM

TheThe storstoryy ofof thethe nationanationall EaglEaglee ForuForumm beginbeginss witwithh ititss founder,founder, conservativeconservative activistactivist PhylliPhylliss Schlafly.Schlafly. A Radcliffe-educatedRadcliffe-educated housewifhousewifee frofromm MissouriMissouri,, SchlaflySchlafly builtbuilt anan impressivimpressivee politicapoliticall resumresumee aass sheshe rearerearedd heherr childrenchildren.. InvolvedInvolved withwith communitycommunity groupgroupss andand ththee IllinoiIllinoiss FederationFederation ooff RepublicaRepublicann Women,Women, sheshe gainedgained renowrenownn inin twtwoo failefailedd runrunss foforr CongresCongresss andand heherr involvementinvolvement inin ththee NationaNationall

FederationFederation ooff RepublicaRepublicann WomenWomen.. SheShe workeworkedd witwithh familfamilyy membermemberss ttoo formform thethe

CardinalCardinal MindszentyMindszenty FoundatioFoundationn iinn 1958,1958, a CatholiCatholicc versioversionn ooff ththee ProtestantProtestant

ChristianChristian Anti-CommunisAnti-Communismm CrusadeCrusade.. SchlaflySchlafly dredreww nationanationall attentioattentionn iinn 19641964 forfor herher populapopularr anticommunisanticommunismm boobookk A Choice Not an Echo thathatt promotepromotedd BarryBarry

Goldwater'sGoldwater's presidentiapresidentiall campaign.campaign. AAss aann author,author, politicianpolitician,, lobbyistlobbyist,, oratororator,, andand leaderleader ofof numerounumerouss politicapoliticall organizationsorganizations,, sheshe wawass admireadmiredd foforr heherr abilitabilityy toto translattranslatee ththee ideasideas ofof conservatismconservatism intintoo a populispopulistt languaglanguagee thathatt encourageencouragedd peoplepeople ttoo act.act.2828

TheThe passagpassagee ooff ththee EquaEquall RightRightss AmendmenAmendmentt inin 19721972 incitedincited SchlaflySchlafly toto action.action. TheThe succincsuccinctt amendmentamendment stated,stated, "Equality"Equality ofof rightrightss undeunderr ththee lawlaw shalshalll notnot bbee deniedeniedd oror abridgedabridged bbyy ththee UniteUnitedd StatesStates oorr bbyy anyany StateState onon accountaccount ofof sex.sex. ThThee

CongresCongresss shalshalll havhavee ththee powepowerr ttoo enforce,enforce, bbyy appropriatappropriatee legislation,legislation, ththee provisionsprovisions

2828 Critchlow,Critchlow, Phyllis Schlafly, 168.168. 13 ofof thithiss article."29article."29 CongressCongress sentsent ththee amendmentamendment ttoo thethe statesstates witwithh a seven-yearseven-year perioperiodd forfor ratificationratification.. IInn spitespite ofof havinghaving championedchampioned traditionaltraditional gendergender rolesroles throughouthroughoutt muchmuch ofof herher politicalpolitical career,career, SchlaflySchlafly initiallyinitially dismisseddismissed ththee ERAERA asas

"something"something betweebetweenn innocuousinnocuous andand mildlmildlyy helpful."helpful."3030 A friendfriend challengedchallenged SchlaflySchlafly toto investigateinvestigate thethe implicationsimplications ofof thethe ERA.ERA. FurtherFurther studystudy convincedconvinced heherr thatthat itit posedposed a greatergreater threatthreat toto familiesfamilies thanthan nationalnational securitysecurity issues.issues. InIn 19721972 sheshe foundedfounded StopStop

TakingTaking OurOur Privileges-EqualPrivileges-Equal RightRightss AmendmentAmendment (STOP-ERA)(STOP-ERA) andand launchedlaunched a campaigncampaign ttoo prevenpreventt thethe amendment'samendment's ratificationratification byby thethe states.states.

ToTo combatcombat thethe ERA,ERA, SchlaflySchlafly assertedasserted thatthat thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates hadhad a lengthylengthy historhistoryy ofof genderegenderedd rightrightss anandd citizenshipcitizenship obligationsobligations.. STOP-ERA'sSTOP-ERA's ideologyideology focusedfocused oonn ththee beliefbelief thathatt memenn andand womenwomen werewere fundamentallyfundamentally different,different, physicallyphysically andand emotionally,emotionally, andand thusthus hahadd distinctdistinct responsibilitiesresponsibilities.. SchlaflySchlafly claimedclaimed thatthat herher crusadecrusade waswas moremore aboutabout ththee preservatiopreservationn ofof women'swomen's politicapoliticall protections-protections— keepingkeeping thethemm fromfrom combat,combat, awayaway fromfrom abortionists,abortionists, andand safesafe atat workwork throughthrough genderedgendered laborlabor laws—thalaws-thann impedingimpeding equality.equality. SuchSuch laws,laws, sheshe argued,argued, sustainedsustained traditionaltraditional families.families. TheThe integrityintegrity ofof familiefamiliess witwithh a breadwinningbreadwinning father,father, a housewifehousewife,, andand childrenchildren dependeddepended upouponn anan understandinunderstandingg thathatt menmen andand womewomenn hadhad differendifferentt rolesroles inin society.society.

SchlaflySchlafly prophesiedprophesied thatthat ththee ERAERA wouldwould triggertrigger moralmoral degenerationdegeneration byby blurrinblurringg gendegenderr difference.difference. BecauseBecause thethe fatefate ofof AmericaAmerica dependeddepended onon ititss moralmoral superiority,superiority, housewiveshousewives werweree calledcalled toto defenddefend theirtheir "careers""careers" asas homemakershomemakers forfor

2299 "Constitutional"Constitutional AmendmentsAmendments NoNott Ratified,"Ratified," U.S.U.S. HouseHouse ofof Representatives,Representatives, http://www.house.gov/house/Amendnotrat.shtmlhttp://www.house.gov/house/ Amendnotrat.shtml.. 3030 PhyllisPhyllis SchlaflySchlafly quotedquoted inin CarolCarol Felsenthal,Felsenthal, Phyllis Schlajly:Schlafly: The Sweetheart of the Silent MajorityMajority (Chicago:(Chicago: RegneryRegnery Gateway,Gateway, 1982),240.1982), 240. 15 inadvertentlinadvertentlyy becambecamee ththee facfacee ooff STOP-ERA.STOP-ERA. SchlaflySchlafly callecalledd STOP-ERASTOP-ERA ththee "most"most loosellooselyy organizeorganizedd organizatioorganizationn yoyouu wilwilll eveeverr bbee associateassociatedd with."34with."34

BByy ththee endend ooff 1973,1973, thirtthirtyy statestatess hahadd rusherushedd ttoo ratifratifyy ththee amendment;amendment; onlonlyy eighteight mormoree statestatess needeneededd ttoo ratifratifyy foforr passagepassage.. WheWhenn ththee Governor'sGovernor's CommissionCommission oonn ththee StatusStatus ofof WomeWomenn advocatedadvocated ththee ERA'ERA'ss passagpassagee iinn UtahUtah,, ththee oppositionopposition rallied.rallied.

STOP-ERASTOP-ERA joinejoinedd aann informainformall coalitiocoalitionn ooff conservativeconservative groupgroupss ttoo changchangee sentimentsentiment towartowardd ththee ERAERA.. TheThe FreemaFreemann Institute,Institute, a conservativeconservative thinthinkk tantankk basebasedd iinn ProvoProvo,, featuredfeatured SchlaflSchlaflyy oonn ththee covecoverr ooff ititss newsletternewsletter,, The Freeman Report. WomeWomenn forfor

ConstitutionaConstitutionall GovernmentGovernment,, a UtaUtahh PACPAC,, petitionepetitionedd SchlaflySchlafly forfor STOP-ERASTOP-ERA materials.materials.

BeginninBeginningg iinn 1974,1974, ConservativConservativee CaucusCaucus leadeleaderr DennisDennis KerrKerr organizedorganized a numbernumber ooff informationainformationall mass-meetingmass-meetingss thathatt featurefeaturedd CarolCarol GarbetGarbettt aass a keynotkeynotee speakerspeaker.. TheThe

JohJohnn BircBirchh SocietySociety backebackedd HumanitarianHumanitarianss OpposeOpposedd ttoo ththee DegradationDegradation ofof OurOur GirlsGirls

(HOTDOGS),(HOTDOGS), aann anti-ERanti-ERAA organizatioorganizationn foundefoundedd inin southernsouthern Utah.Utah. HOTDOGHOTDOGSS distributedistributedd STOP-ERASTOP-ERA materialsmaterials.. ConcerneConcernedd citizencitizenss alarmealarmedd abouaboutt ththee dangerdangerss ooff aann EquaEquall RightRightss AmendmenAmendmentt collaboratecollaboratedd witwithh STOP-ERASTOP-ERA ttoo ensureensure ititss defeatdefeat.. ThiThiss joinjointt mobilizatiomobilizationn wawass criticacriticall ttoo ththee ERA'ERA'ss defeadefeatt iinn UtahUtah.. HavingHaving engageengagedd otherother conservativesconservatives,, PhylliPhylliss SchlaflSchlaflyy turneturnedd heherr attentioattentionn ttoo aann organizatioorganizationn witwithh greatergreater reacreachh andand broadebroaderr influenceinfluence:: ththee LDLDSS church.3535

3434 Ibid.Ibid.;; PhylliPhylliss SchlaflySchlafly,, quotequotedd iinn CritchlowCritchlow,, Phyllis Schlafly, 220.220. 3535 ThThee FreemaFreemann InstituteInstitute,, "Equal"Equal RightRightss Amendment,Amendment,"" Freeman Report, JanuarJanuaryy 15,15, 1973,1973, 1;1; JanJanee MansbridgeMansbridge,, Why We Lost the ERA (Chicago(Chicago:: TheThe UniversitUniversityy ooff ChicagoChicago PressPress,, 1986),1986), 13;13; MarthaMartha SonntagSonntag BradleyBradley,, Pedestals and Podiums: Utah Women, Religious Authority and Equal Rights (Salt(Salt LakLakee CityCity:: SignatureSignature BooksBooks,, 2005)2005),, 138;138; BonniBonniee BruceBruce,, letterletter ttoo PhylliPhylliss Schlafly,Schlafly, NovNov.. 3030,, 1973,1973, BoBoxx 19,19, filefile 33,, ERERAA StateState ActioActionn Series,Series, PhylliPhylliss SchlaflSchlaflyy CollectionCollection,, EagleEagle ForuForumm ArchivesArchives,, StSt.. LouisLouis,, MissouriMissouri;; JennJennyy McGeMcGeee HarrisHarris,, "The"The SilenSilentt MajorityMajority:: ConservativConservativee PerceptionPerception,, MobilizatioMobilizationn andand RhetoriRhetoricc aatt ththee UtaUtahh StateState InternationalInternational Women'Women'ss YeaYearr ConferenceConference"" (MA(MA Thesis,Thesis, BrighaBrighamm YounYoungg UniversityUniversity,, 2005),2005), 5353;; GarbettGarbett,, interviewinterview;; MargareMargarett I.I. MilleMillerr andand HelenHelenee LinkerLinker,, "Equal"Equal RightRightss AmendmentAmendment CampaignsCampaigns inin 16

PhylliPhylliss SchlaflySchlafly understoounderstoodd thathatt ththee LDLDSS churchchurch wawass integralintegral ttoo herher effortsefforts iinn

UtahUtah.. UtaUtahh HousHousee ooff RepresentativeRepresentativess membememberr GeorgiGeorgiaa PetersoPetersonn correspondedcorresponded withwith

PhylliPhylliss SchlaflySchlafly anandd toltoldd heherr ooff meetingsmeetings witwithh LDSLDS RelieRelieff SocietySociety PresidenPresidentt BelleBelle

Spafford.Spafford. SchlaflySchlafly respondedresponded,, ""{I aamm thrillethrilledd witwithh youyourr contactcontact witwithh thethe MormoMormonn churchchurch.. GoodGood supportsupport forfor ouourr causecause frofromm ththee MormonMormonss shouldshould assureassure uuss ofof victoryvictory iinn UtaUtahh anandd NevadaNevada,, especially.especially. YoYouu mighmightt inquireinquire aass ttoo whicwhichh ooff youyourr statesstates thethe

MormonMormonss araree stronstrongg in."in."3636 SchlaflySchlafly wawass keenlkeenlyy awarawaree ooff thethe strategicstrategic benefibenefitt ofof anan alliancalliancee witwithh ththee LDLDSS church.church.

WheWhenn PhylliPhylliss SchlaflySchlafly visitevisitedd SaltSalt LakLakee CityCity iinn NovembeNovemberr 1974,1974, PetersonPeterson arrangearrangedd a meetinmeetingg witwithh neneww RelieRelieff SocietSocietyy PresidenPresidentt BarbarBarbaraa Smith.Smith. OfOf meetingmeeting witwithh Schlafly,Schlafly, SmithSmith recalledrecalled,, ""II toltoldd heherr thathatt I didn'tdidn't thinthinkk ththee churchchurch woulwouldd taktakee a standstand againstagainst ththee ERERAA becausbecausee thetheyy onlonlyy tootookk a standstand againsagainstt moramorall issuesissues.. TheTheyy trietriedd nonott ttoo becombecomee involvedinvolved inin politicapoliticall issues."3737 SchlaflySchlafly assureassuredd SmithSmith thathatt "she"she felfeltt thathatt ththee ERERAA wawass oneone ofof ththee greatestgreatest moramorall issuesissues ofof ourour dadayy andand thathatt iitt woulwouldd bebe ververyy destructivdestructivee ttoo ththee family."family."3838 SmitSmithh wawass challengechallengedd ttoo revisirevisitt ththee issueissue.. LikeLike

Schlafly,Schlafly, Smith'sSmith's reevaluatioreevaluationn wawass a catalystcatalyst forfor actionaction.. AfteAfterr meetinmeetingg witwithh Schlafly,Schlafly,

SmithSmith "felt"felt thathatt maybmaybee wwee needeneededd ttoo ddoo somethingsomething mormoree abouaboutt it."39it."39 ThThee followinfollowingg monthmonth,, SmithSmith madmadee aann anti-ERanti-ERAA speecspeechh atat ththee LDLDSS InstituteInstitute ofof ReligioReligionn inin SaltSalt LakLakee

CaliforniCaliforniaa anandd Utah/Utah,"' Society 1111 (Ma(Mayy 1974),1974), 42-4342-43;; MarilyMarilynn WarenskiWarenski,, Patriarchs and Politics: The Plight of the Mormon Woman, (Ne(Neww YorkYork:: Mc-Graw-HilMc-Graw-Hilll BooBookk CompanyCompany,, 1978),185.1978),185. 3636 PhylliPhylliss SchlaflySchlafly letterletter ttoo GeorgiGeorgiaa PetersonPeterson,, NovembeNovemberr 19,19, 1973,1973, BoBoxx 19,19, filefile 3,3, ERERAA StateState ActionAction Series,Series, PhylliPhylliss SchlaflySchlafly CollectionCollection,, EaglEaglee ForuForumm ArchivesArchives,, StSt.. LouisLouis,, MissouriMissouri..

37 37 BarbarBarbaraa Smith,Smith, intervieintervieww bbyy JessiJessiee EmbryEmbry,, JulJulyy 88,, 1977,1977, JamesJames MoylMoylee OralOral HistorHistoryy CollectionCollection,, LOSLDS ChurcChurchh ArchivesArchives,, SalSaltt LakeLake CityCity,, UtahUtah.. 38™ IbidIbid.. 393<> Ibid.Ibid. 17

City,City, settingsetting intointo motiomotionn ththee church'schurch's campaigcampaignn againsagainstt thethe ERA.4oERA.40 PhylliPhylliss Schlafly'sSchlafly's efforteffortss servedserved asas a catalystcatalyst foforr officialofficial MormoMormonn involvemeninvolvementt iinn ththee fighfightt againsagainstt thethe

ERA.ERA. AAss ththee LDLOSS ChurcChurchh emergedemerged asas a strongstrong opponenopponentt onon thethe anti-ERAanti-ERA side,side, thethe impactimpact ofof thithiss meetinmeetingg cannotcannot bbee understated.understated.

IInn spitespite ooff ththee ERA'ERA'ss failurefailure inin ththee UtaUtahh statestate legislaturelegislature inin 1972,1972, iitt waswas presentepresentedd foforr a secondsecond timtimee iinn JanuaryJanuary,, 1975.1975. InIn anticipatioanticipationn ooff ththee votevote,, ththee LDLOSS

Church News publishepublishedd anan editorialeditorial condemningcondemning ththee ERAERA. . EmphasizinEmphasizingg thethe detrimentadetrimentall effecteffectss ththee ERAERA wouldwould havehave onon women'swomen's "special"special protectionprotection andand thethe statusstatus properlproperlyy duedue them,them,"" ththee editoriaeditoriall reinforcereinforcedd ththee positiopositionn BarbarBarbaraa SmithSmith hadhad taketakenn aatt ththee InstituteInstitute,, oneone undoubtedlundoubtedlyy influenceinfluencedd byby PhylliPhylliss Schlafly.41Schlafly.41 ThThee editoriaeditoriall denouncedenouncedd ththee ERERAA asas a threathreatt ttoo traditionatraditionall rolesroles.. ThThee Church NewsNews editoriaeditoriall wawass a suresure signsign ththee LDLOSS ChurchChurch opposedopposed ththee ERAERA..

STOP-ERA'sSTOP-ERA's appeaappeall iinn UtaUtahh grewgrew iinn tandetandemm witwithh ththee increasinincreasingg forcefulnessforcefulness ooff ththee LDLOSS Church'sChurch's rhetoric.4242 STOP-ERASTOP-ERA expandedexpanded southwarsouthwardd intintoo heavilheavilyy LOSLDS

UtaUtahh CountyCounty.. OnOn ththee 9thth ooff JanuaryJanuary,, ththee Salt Lake Tribune reportereportedd thathatt RayannRayannaa

ChristiansenChristiansen,, a housewifhousewifee fromfrom EasEastt OremOrem,, hahadd organizeorganizedd a STOP-ERASTOP-ERA grougroup.43p 43 "I"Itt iiss imperativimperativee thatthat ourour legislatorlegislatorss realizrealizee thertheree iiss greatgreat oppositiooppositionn amonamongg ourour peoplpeoplee toto ththee amendmentamendment becausbecausee ooff itsits knowknownn andand unknowunknownn legalegall effects,"effects," ChristiansenChristiansen toldtold ththee Tribune.4444 ChieflyChiefly concernedconcerned witwithh ththee amendmenamendmentt asas a state'sstate's rightrightss issue,issue, sheshe statedstated,, "STOP-ERA"STOP-ERA objectobjectss ttoo aann amendmentamendment whicwhichh woulwouldd automaticallyautomatically makemake

4400 Bradley,Bradley, 94.94. 41 41 "Equa"Equall RightRightss Amendment,Amendment,"" Church News, JanJan.. 12,12,1975 1975,, 4.4. 4422 Garbett,Garbett, interview.interview. 4433 "Uta"Utahh GrouGroupp BalksBalks aatt ERA,ERA,"" Salt Lake Tribune, JanuarJanuaryy 9,9,1975 1975,, C12C12.. 4444 IbidIbid.. 1818 sweepingsweeping changeschanges inin mucmuchh existingexisting statestate legislation.legislation. EspeciallEspeciallyy hazardoushazardous isis thethe greagreatt lossloss ofof thethe controlcontrol ofof ththee statestate legislaturlegislaturee oveoverr alalll ouourr personapersonall relationrelationss andand domestidomesticc laws."45laws."45 ChristianseChristiansenn felfeltt thathatt cedingceding suchsuch powepowerr toto ththee federalfederal governmengovernmentt woulwouldd impacimpactt parentaparentall authoritauthorityy anandd damagdamagee familiesfamilies..

ChristiansenChristiansen hopehopedd thatthat STOP-ERASTOP-ERA woulwouldd becombecomee a statewidstatewidee organization,organization, suggestinsuggestingg thathatt sheshe wawass unawarunawaree ofof CaroCaroll Garbett'Garbett'ss activitieactivitiess iinn SalSaltt LakLakee CountyCounty..

HeHerr commentscomments thathatt ththee ERERAA representerepresentedd a "radical"radical transfetransferr ofof powerpower"" fromfrom thethe statesstates ttoo ththee federafederall governmentgovernment impliedimplied thathatt heherr focusfocus,, andand thathatt ofof ththee organization,organization, wawass mormoree conservativeconservative thathann antifeminist.4646 STOP-ERASTOP-ERA gregreww andand organizeorganizedd quicklyquickly..

ItIt hahadd a chapterchapter iinn everyevery largelarge towntown inin UtahUtah CountyCounty,, includinincludingg LehiLehi,, AlpineAlpine,, PleasantPleasant

Grove,Grove, Springville,Springville, Orem,Orem, anandd Provo.Provo. ChapterChapter chairs-allchairs—all women—reportewomen-reportedd toto

Christiansen.Christiansen. A weeweekk afteafterr ititss organizatioorganizationn wawass reportedreported,, The Utah Independent, a conservativeconservative newspapenewspaperr affiliatedaffiliated witwithh ththee AmericaAmericann PartPartyy anandd ththee JohnJohn BircBirchh

Society,Society, honorehonoredd ChristiansenChristiansen foforr heherr effortsefforts ttoo informinform citizencitizenss abouaboutt ththee dangerdangerss ooff ththee ERA.ERA.4747 InIn FebruaryFebruary,, thethe combinatiocombinationn ooff grassrootgrassrootss mobilizatiomobilizationn anandd churchchurch involvementinvolvement thwartethwartedd ththee ERA'ERA'ss ratificatioratificationn iinn UtaUtahh foforr a seconsecondd time.time.4848

HavinHavingg harnesseharnessedd ththee powerpower ooff antifeminisantifeminismm througthroughh STOP-ERA,STOP-ERA, SchlatlySchlafly recognizerecognizedd ththee potentiapotentiall forfor long-terlong-termm activismactivism.. ShShee changedchanged ththee organization'sorganization's namnamee ttoo EaglEaglee ForumForum inin 1975.1975. ThougThoughh ththee ERERAA remaineremainedd ththee focusfocus ooff ititss activitiesactivities,, a neneww namnamee alloweallowedd forfor a broadebroaderr conservativeconservative agendaagenda relaterelatedd ttoo ththee familfamilyy andand

4455 IbidIbid.. 4466 IbidIbid.. 4477 JoeJoe HH.. Ferguson,Ferguson, "Citizens"Citizens OrganizeOrganize toto StopStop ERA,"ERA," TheThe UtahUtah Independent,Independent, Jan.Jan. 16,16,1975 1975,, 3.3 . 48 48 CharlesCharles Seldin,Seldin, "Equal"Equal RightRightss AmendmenAmendmentt SuffersSuffers DefeaDefeatt amidamid EmotionaEmotionall Voting,Voting,"" Salt Lake Tribune, FebFeb.. 19,19,1975,1 1975, 1.. 19 encouraginencouragingg smalsmalll government.government. IInn 1976,1976, ththee LDLDSS FirsFirstt PresidencPresidencyy officiallyofficially declareddeclared thatthat defeatingdefeating ththee ERAERA waswas anan essentialessential stepstep ttoo ensurinensuringg preservatiopreservationn ofof ththee familfamilyy anandd impliedimplied aann endorsement.4499 ThisThis alignmentalignment ofof rhetorirhetoricc betweebetweenn churcchurchh andand movementmovement openedopened thethe doordoor ttoo ththee EagleEagle Forum'Forum'ss mobilizatiomobilizationn iinn UtahUtah..

FollowinFollowingg thethe ERERAA vote,vote, ththee nationanationall EaglEaglee ForuForumm workeworkedd ttoo preparpreparee foforr thethe

InternationaInternationall Women'Women'ss YeaYearr statestate conferencconferencee planneplannedd forfor 1977.1977. BecausBecausee statestate conferencesconferences woulwouldd providprovidee a voicvoicee forfor womewomenn oonn socialsocial issueissuess andand elecelectt delegatesdelegates toto ththee nationanationall IWIWYY meetinmeetingg inin HoustonHouston,, ththee conferencconferencee wawass importantimportant ttoo feministsfeminists andand conservativeconservativess alike.alike. ProposalProposalss comincomingg frofromm HoustoHoustonn woulwouldd offeroffer a clearclear statementstatement aboutabout AmericaAmericann valuesvalues.. ThougThoughh ththee conferencconferencee wawass intendeintendedd ttoo bbee non-non­ partisanpartisan,, conservativesconservatives bristledbristled thathatt ititss plannerplannerss werweree predominantlpredominantlyy feminisfeministt andand tootookk stepstepss ttoo ensureensure thatthat theitheirr voicevoicess werweree heard.heard.5050

AAss soonsoon asas CaroCaroll GarbettGarbett hearheardd aboutabout ththee conferenceconference,, sheshe copiecopiedd materialsmaterials andand distributedistributedd thethemm widelywidely.. CitizensCitizens iinn ththee SaltSalt LakLakee ValleValleyy camcamee ttoo heherr homhomee forfor meetingsmeetings thathatt drewdrew thirtthirtyy peoplpeoplee atat a time.5151 AttendeeAttendeess helpehelpedd ttoo disseminatdisseminatee anti-anti-

ERAERA materials.materials. SheShe spokespoke atat masmasss meetingmeetingss sponsoredsponsored bbyy Let'Let'ss GoverGovernn OurselveOurselvess andand ththee ConservativeConservative Caucus.5252 IInn lighlightt ooff ththee EagleEagle Forum'Forum'ss preparationpreparationss forfor thethe

IWIWYY anandd ththee collaborationcollaboration ofof conservativeconservative groups,groups, statstatee meetinmeetingg chairwomanchairwoman JaJann

53 TylerTyler condemnedcondemned ththee effortsefforts ofof politicapoliticall factionfactionss aass divisivedivisive andand disruptive.disruptive. 53

49 49 "First"First PresidencPresidencyy IssuesIssues StatementStatement OpposingOpposing EquaEquall RightRightss Amendment,Amendment,"" Ensign, DecDec.. 1976,1976, 7979;; BradleyBradley,, 99-101.99-101. 5so0 "1000"1000 CautioneCautionedd onon ElectinElectingg WomenWomen Delegates,"Delegates," Salt Lake Tribune,Tribune, JuneJune 24,24,1977 1977,, B4B4.. 5151 GarbettGarbett,, interview.interview. 5252 "100"10000 CautioneCautionedd onon ElectinElectingg WomeWomenn Delegates,Delegates,"" Salt Lake Tribune, JunJunee 24,197724, 1977,, B4B4.. 5353 AngelynAngelyn NelsonNelson,, "State"State Women'sWomen's YearYear LeaderLeader UrgesUrges Unity,"Unity," SaltSalt Lake Tribune,Tribune, JuneJune 24,24,1977 1977,, B2B2.. 20

UtaUtahh IWYIWY conferenceconference attendeesattendees selectedselected GarbettGarbett asas aa UtahUtah delegatedelegate toto thethe nationanationall conference,conference, affirminaffirmingg thathatt heherr involvemeninvolvementt inin EaglEaglee ForumForum positionepositionedd herher asas a prominenprominentt figurefigure iinn ththee conservativconservativee communitycommunity.. ThThee delegationdelegation hadhad a strongstrong cascastt ooff right-winright-wingg activistactivistss thathatt includeincludedd MargareMargarett CassuCassumm ofof RighRightt toto LifeLife andand

GeorgiGeorgiaa PetersonPeterson.. AlsAlsoo selecteselectedd asas delegatesdelegates werweree prominenprominentt womewomenn inin thethe LDLDSS churchchurch,, whwhoo iiff nonott explicitylyexplicityly politicalpolitical,, werweree presumepresumedd ttoo holholdd traditionatraditionall beliefsbeliefs..

Utah'Utah'ss delegatiodelegationn gainedgained renowrenownn aass a vocavocall conservativeconservative minoritminorityy atat thethe nationalnational

IWIWYY conference.5454

ThThee ERAERA strugglestruggle anandd IWIWYY conferenceconference representerepresentedd thethe earliestearliest evidenceevidence ooff ththee UtaUtahh EagleEagle Forum'Forum'ss influence.influence. TheTheyy alsalsoo exposedexposed earlyearly fracturesfractures iinn thethe movementmovement.. TheThe lengtlengthh ooff ththee battlbattlee generatedgenerated frictionfriction betweebetweenn GeorgiaGeorgia PetersonPeterson anandd otheotherr locallocal leadersleaders.. IInn a letterletter ttoo PhylliPhylliss Schlafly,Schlafly, CaroCaroll GarbetGarbettt complainedcomplained thatthat

PetersonPeterson,, runninrunningg agaiagainn forfor statstatee representativerepresentative,, "ha"hass billebilledd herselherselff aass ththee leadeleaderr ooff ththee ConservativConservativee delegationdelegation (cough!](cough!),, anandd ththee foremostforemost ConservativeConservative LeaderLeader inin thethe women'women'ss movement."movement."5555 IInn Garbett'Garbett'ss eyeseyes,, Peterson'sPeterson's greatestgreatest follfollyy waswas inin formingforming alliancesalliances witwithh feministfeministss bubutt doindoingg soso whilwhilee callincallingg herselherselff conservative.conservative. "We"We whowho knoknoww thethe truttruthh thinthinkk thithiss isis ridiculous—wridiculous-wee araree ConservativeConservative andand sheshe staysstays awayaway frofromm thosthosee ooff uuss whwhoo knoknoww ththee differencdifferencee betweebetweenn actioactionn andand liplip service!"56service!"56 IInn thethe wakwakee ooff ERERAA collaborationcollaboration,, Peterson'Peterson'ss associatioassociationn witwithh feminisfeministt activistactivist BellBellaa Abzug,Abzug, anandd heherr effortsefforts ttoo makmakee ththee newlnewlyy formedformed UtaUtahh AssociatioAssociationn ofof WomeWomenn a membememberr ofof a

5544 AngelyAngelynn NelsonNelson,, "'Pro-family'''Pro-family'' delegatesdelegates plaplann ttoo bbee visiblvisiblee iinn Houston,Houston,"" The Salt Lake Tribune,Tribune, NovembeNovemberr 15,1977,15,1977,21 21.. 5555 CarolCarol GarbetGarbettt ttoo PhylliPhylliss SchlaflySchlafly,, ApriAprill 3D,30, 1978,1978, BoBoxx 19,19, filfilee 33,, ERERAA StateState ActionAction Series,Series , PhyllisPhyllis SchlaflySchlafly CollectionCollection,, EaglEaglee ForuForumm ArchivesArchives,, St.St. Louis,Louis, MissouriMissouri.. 5566 IbidIbid.. 21 liberalliberal women'swomen's coalitioncoalition werweree thethe ultimatultimatee betrayal.betrayal. "To"To thosthosee ofof usus whwhoo knewknew her,her,"" DorotheDorotheaa MasurMasur wrotwrotee ttoo Schlafly,Schlafly, "it"it comescomes asas nono surprise."surprise."5757

GeorgiaGeorgia Peterson'Peterson'ss experienceexperience witwithh thethe UtahUtah EagleEagle ForumForum waswas anan earlyearly sigsignn ofof whawhatt wouldwould becomebecome a hallmarhallmarkk ofof thethe organization'organization'ss culture-itsculture—its intensity.intensity.

PetersoPetersonn wawass whawhatt sociologistsociologist RebeccaRebecca KlatchKlatch calledcalled a "laissez"laissez faire"faire" conservative.conservative.

SheShe opposedopposed ththee ERAERA becausebecause sheshe waswas concernedconcerned thathatt thethe secondsecond clauseclause wouldwould reducreducee ththee powepowerr ofof ththee states.states. ThoughThough PetersonPeterson attendedattended severalseveral nationanationall eventsevents andand wawass eveneven featuredfeatured inin The Phyllis Schlafly Report, heherr relationshirelationshipp withwith thethe organizationorganization grewgrew strainedstrained asas thethe EaglEaglee ForumForum adoptedadopted a multi-issuemulti-issue,, sociallsociallyy conservativeconservative platform.platform. 5588 PetersoPetersonn wawass courtecourtedd foforr leadershileadershipp iinn ththee UtaUtahh EaglEaglee

ForuForumm bubutt declineddeclined becausbecausee sheshe wantedwanted toto remairemainn truetrue toto herher moderatmoderatee beliefs.beliefs.5959

AAss chaichairr ofof ththee UtahUtah delegationdelegation toto ththee IWYIWY,, PetersonPeterson hahadd drawndrawn thethe iriree ooff feministsfeminists forfor organizingorganizing againstagainst ththee ERA.ERA. WhenWhen sheshe votevotedd withwith feministfeministss onon otherother socialsocial issuesissues atat thethe nationalnational IWYIWY conference,conference, sheshe feltfelt ththee bruntbrunt ofof a conservativeconservative publicpublic relationsrelations assault.assault. The Utah Independent featuredfeatured a seriesseries ofof storiesstories thatthat smearedsmeared PetersonPeterson asas a traitortraitor andand toutedtouted CarolCarol Garbett'sGarbett's supportsupport ofof ththee antifeministantifeminist platformplatform atat thethe IWY.IWY. TheThe angeranger thathatt UtaUtahh EaglEaglee ForumForum leadersleaders feltfelt andand confessedconfessed toto

PhylliPhylliss SchlaflySchlafly workedworked itsits wawayy throughthrough conservativeconservative channelschannels andand intointo ththee press.press.

PetersoPetersonn creditedcredited ththee coveragecoverage withwith herher decisiondecision toto resignresign herher legislativelegislative seatseat andand givegive uupp onon a rurunn forfor CongressCongress.. HavingHaving contributedcontributed toto thethe downfalldownfall ofof a prominentprominent

5757 DorotheaDorothea MasurMasur ttoo PhyllisPhyllis Schlafly,Schlafly, MaMayy 1,1, 1978,1978, BoxBox 19,19, filefile 3,3, ERERAA StateState ActionAction Series,Series , PhyllisPhyllis SchlaflySchlafly CollectionCollection,, EagleEagle ForumForum ArchivesArchives,, St.St. Louis,Louis, MissouriMissouri.. 5858 "Georgia"Georgia Peterson,Peterson,"" The Phyllis Schlafly Report, MarchMarch 1976.1976. 5959 GeorgiaGeorgia PetersonPeterson,, intervieintervieww witwithh author,author, DecemberDecember 17,17, 2008,2008, SaltSalt LakLakee City,City, UtahUtah.. 2222

UtaUtahh politicianpolitician,, ththee EaglEaglee ForuForumm wawass eageeagerr forfor neneww battles.battles. ConservativConservativee womenwomen woulwouldd notnot,, aass historianhistorianss havhavee suggested,suggested, deserdesertt theitheirr causcausee andand ·dishand.disband.6o60

60 60 MargareMargarett CassumCas sum,, "1977"1977 YeaYearr ooff Confusion," The Utah Independent, MarcMarchh 9,, 1978;1978; ErmaErma JJ.. Christensen,Christensen, "A"A CorneCornerr oonn Education," The Utah Independent, MarcMarchh 23, 1978,1978, 4-64-6;; Peterson,Peterson, interviewinterview.. LATENCYLATENCY:: DOROTHEDOROTHEAA MASUMASURR ANANDD THTHEE UTAUTAHH EAGLEEAGLE FORUMFORUM

DURINDURINGG THTHEE REAGAREAGANN YEARYEARSS

TheThe endend ofof ththee IWYIWY ushereusheredd iinn a neneww eraera botbothh forfor conservativesconservatives anandd ththee UtaUtahh

EaglEaglee ForumForum.. CaliforniCaliforniaa GovernoGovernorr RonalRonaldd ReaganReagan,, Utah'Utah'ss candidatecandidate inin thethe

RepublicaRepublicann presidentiapresidentiall racracee ofof 1976,1976, easilyeasily capturecapturedd ththee nominationnomination anandd thethe presidencpresidencyy iinn 1980.1980. IInn UtaUtahh hhee faredfared particularlparticularlyy wellwell,, garneringgarnering eightyeighty percenpercentt ooff thethe votevote.. HavinHavingg contributecontributedd ttoo ththee failurfailuree ooff ththee ERERAA anandd ththee IWIWYY anandd comfortablecomfortable withwith a RepublicaRepublicann presidenpresidentt inin ththee WhitWhitee HouseHouse,, ththee UtaUtahh EagleEagle ForuForumm initiallinitiallyy demobilizedemobilizedd bubutt maintainemaintainedd a smallsmall bubutt robusrobustt grougroupp ofof supporters.supporters. CaroCaroll Garbett'sGarbett's involvemeninvolvementt wanewanedd asas shshee pursuepursuedd a teachingteaching career.career. ThThee casualcasual structurestructure ooff thethe

ERAERA yearyearss gavgavee wawayy toto a mormoree formaformall organizationorganization whewhenn PhylliPhylliss SchlaflySchlafly appointedappointed

DorotheaDorothea Masur,Masur, a CatholiCatholicc housewifhousewifee frofromm Logan,Logan, asas statestate chapterchapter president.president.

AAss a supplsupplyy workeworkerr iinn NeNeww JerseyJersey andand NeNeww YorYorkk durinduringg WorlWorldd WaWarr II,II, MasuMasurr developedevelopedd a strongstrong sensesense ooff civicivicc commitmentcommitment.. MasuMasurr wawass a militarmilitaryy wifwifee anandd hadhad spenspentt foufourr yearyearss livinlivingg iinn GermanyGermany.. WheWhenn shshee settledsettled iinn OgdenOgden neanearr HilHilll AiAirr ForcForcee

BasBasee inin ththee earlearlyy 1970s,1970s, MasuMasurr foundfound thathatt ththee sexualsexual revolutionrevolution,, ththee risrisee ooff feminismfeminism,, andand growinggrowing secularissecularismm hahadd changechangedd societysociety.. MasuMasurr recallerecalledd thathatt sheshe wrotwrotee letterletterss ttoo ththee editoreditor inin whicwhichh sheshe declareddeclared thathatt ththee declinedecline ofof ththee familyfamily deeplydeeply troubletroubledd herher.. HeHerr letterletterss revealerevealedd a breadtbreadthh ooff concernsconcerns;; inin oneone sheshe decrieddecried thethe 24

"golde"goldenn calf'calf ofof over-fundeover-fundedd schooschooll athleticsathletics programs.6161 SheShe calledcalled othersothers ttoo action.action.

ReadinReadingg thesthesee lettersletters,, PhylliPhylliss SchlaflySchlafly telephonetelephonedd heherr andand inviteinvitedd heherr toto participateparticipate inin ththee EaglEaglee Forum.6262

MasuMasurr felfeltt thathatt feministsfeminists wenwentt "overboard""overboard" iinn theitheirr effortsefforts t too undermineundermine gendergender differencedifferencess anandd interpreteinterpretedd ththee ERERAA aass a ploployy ttoo lowerlower ththee standardsstandards ofof thethe militarmilitaryy ttoo meemeett ththee physicaphysicall needneedss ooff women.6363 ThThee cultureculture ofof ththee EagleEagle ForumForum inspireinspiredd MasurMasur.. "I"I wawass astoundeastoundedd aatt whawhatt thesthesee womewomenn knekneww andand whatwhat theythey werewere doing..doing .... iitt hahadd neveneverr dawneddawned oonn mmee thathatt womewomenn coulcouldd bbee thathatt effectiveeffective whilwhilee atat thethe samesame timtimee raisinraisingg theitheirr families."64families."64 FoForr MasurMasur,, leadinleadingg ththee UtaUtahh EagleEagle ForumForum meantmeant workinworkingg ttoo convinceconvince womewomenn thatthat thetheyy couldcould bebe familfamilyy orienteorientedd andand effecteffect changechange..

ThThee voicvoicee thathatt MasuMasurr founfoundd througthroughh heherr activitieactivitiess witwithh ththee EaglEaglee ForuForumm andand

GeorgiaGeorgia Peterson'Peterson'ss defeadefeatt inspireinspiredd MasuMasurr ttoo rurunn forfor statstatee representativrepresentativee fromfrom

Ogden'sOgden's fiftfifthh districdistrictt inin 1980.1980. MasuMasurr rarann onon a platforplatformm thatthat emphasizedemphasized keepingkeeping governmengovernmentt outout ofof familyfamily mattermatterss andand providinprovidingg tataxx relief.relief. "Utahns"Utahns araree knowknownn forfor raisinraisingg googoodd families,families,"" a campaigncampaign brochurbrochuree announcedannounced.. "Mrs."Mrs. MasuMasurr believebelievess therethere iiss a neneww andand powerfupowerfull movmovee bacbackk ttoo stronstrongg familfamilyy lifelife aidedaided bbyy lessless tataxx burdens."65burdens."65

SheShe promisepromisedd ttoo worworkk foforr legislatiolegislationn requirinrequiringg parentaparentall consenconsentt forfor minorsminors ttoo obtainobtain abortionabortionss anandd birtbirthh control.control. MasuMasurr advertiseadvertisedd heherr positiopositionn oonn thethe chartercharter boarboardd ooff directorsdirectors ooff ththee UtaUtahh Women'Women'ss AssociatioAssociationn anandd employeemployedd a largelarge,, prominenprominentt graphicgraphic

6611 DorotheDorotheaa EE.. MasurMasur,, "Letters"Letters ttoo ththee Editor:Editor: NeeNeedd AlAlll Activities,Activities,"" Ogden Standard-Examiner, FebFeb.. 1515,, 1975,4.1975,4. 6262 DorotheDorotheaa MasurMasur,, intervieintervieww bbyy authorauthor,, AugusAugustt 12,12, 20082008,, Ogden,Ogden, UtahUtah.. 6363 IbidIbid.. 6464 IbidIbid.. 6565 DorotheDorotheaa MasurMasur,, campaigcampaignn brochurebrochure,, BoBoxx 19,19, filefile 44,, ERERAA StateState ActioActionn Series,Series, PhyllisPhyllis SchlaflySchlafly CollectionCollection,, EaglEaglee ForuForumm ArchivesArchives,, StSt.. LouisLouis,, MissouriMissouri.. 25 ofof anan eagleeagle,, bubutt diddid nonott openlyopenly proclaiproclaimm heherr affiliationaffiliation witwithh ththee EagleEagle ForumForum.. MasuMasurr wawass electeelectedd andand servedserved inin ththee statestate HouseHouse ooff RepresentativesRepresentatives forfor twotwo years.years.

Masur'sMasur's briebrieff tenurtenuree aass a legislatorlegislator hahadd a pronouncepronouncedd impacimpactt onon ththee Forum.Forum.

WithinWithin ththee organizationorganization,, MasuMasurr gainegainedd a reputatioreputationn forfor toughnesstoughness.. CarolCarol GarbettGarbett remembersremembers,, "She's"She's inin ththee legislaturelegislature,, shshee doesn'doesn'tt compromise."compromise."6666 WhenWhen facedfaced withwith challengingchallenging issuesissues iinn ththee statestate legislature,legislature, MasurMasur regularlregularlyy callecalledd PhyllisPhyllis SchlaflySchlafly forfor advice.advice. SheShe toltoldd The Salt Lake Tribune thathatt shshee sawsaw heherr legislativelegislative serviceservice anandd herher outsideoutsiderr statusstatus asas a woman,woman, CatholicCatholic,, andand non-nativnon-nativee UtahUtahnn asas prooprooff thathatt therethere waswas nnoo neeneedd forfor thethe ERA.ERA.6767 ThougThoughh heherr influencinfluencee iinn ththee HousHousee wawass minimalminimal,, Masur'Masur'ss rolerole asas a legislatolegislatorr broughbroughtt credibilitcredibilityy ttoo ththee EaglEaglee ForuForumm andand provideprovidedd itit witwithh insiderinsider knowledgknowledgee ofof legislativelegislative processes.processes.

WhilWhilee quietlquietlyy mobilizingmobilizing,, ththee EaglEaglee ForuForumm maintainemaintainedd a lowlow publipublicc profileprofile durinduringg ththee 1980s.1980s. MemberMemberss helheldd occasionaloccasional pro-familpro-familyy conferenceconferencess atat WeberWeber StateState

UniversityUniversity,, bubutt forfor thethe mosmostt parpartt werweree devotedevotedd toto low-keylow-key legislativlegislativee lobbyinglobbying andand ththee defensdefensee ooff parentaparentall rightrightss inin schools.schools. ParentParentss ofteoftenn askeaskedd MasuMasurr ttoo speakspeak atat schoolschool districtdistrict andand PTPTAA meetingsmeetings.. OftheOf the UtaUtahh EaglEaglee ForuForumm duringduring ththee 1980s,1980s, MasuMasurr remembersremembers,, "We"We neveneverr askedasked anyoneanyone ttoo dodo anythinganything.. ItIt wawass theitheirr familyfamily,, itit wawass theirtheir life.life. WhaWhatt thetheyy couldcould dodo,, thetheyy woulwouldd dodo,, andand thetheyy did."did."6868 ConcernedConcerned lessless withwith changechange inin governmentgovernment,, MasuMasurr emphasizeemphasizedd changechange onon a mormoree personapersonall levelevell aass sheshe workeworkedd ttoo empowerempower housewivehousewivess ttoo becombecomee mormoree vocavocall citizenscitizens.. IInn allall,,

6666 Garbett,Garbett, interview.interview. 6767 VaughVaughnn RocheRoche,, "Utahns"Utahns GatheGatherr ttoo SupportSupport 'Death''Death' ooff ERA,ERA,"" Salt Lake Tribune, JulJulyy 19,1981,19,1981, Bl81.. 6868 MasurMasur,, interview.interview. 26 approximatelapproximatelyy fiftfiftyy peoplpeoplee werweree activeactive iinn thethe organizationorganization durinduringg thethe 1980s,1980s, mostlymostly iinn ththee OgdenOgden area.area. 6969

TToo compensatecompensate forfor theitheirr smalsmalll numbersnumbers,, ththee EaglEaglee ForuForumm formedformed alliancesalliances witwithh otherother socialsocial movementsmovements.. CitizenCitizenss forfor TrueTrue FreedomFreedom,, a coordinatingcoordinating groupgroup basebasedd inin OgdenOgden,, uniteunitedd forty-fivforty-fivee conservativconservativee organizationsorganizations ttoo fighfightt PlannedPlanned

ParenthooParenthoodd inin 1980,?01980.70 ConcerneConcernedd thathatt PlannePlannedd ParenthooParenthoodd offereofferedd counselingcounseling toto minorsminors anandd infringedinfringed onon parentaparentall rightsrights,, ththee EaglEaglee ForuForumm workeworkedd witwithh CitizensCitizens forfor

TruTruee FreedoFreedomm ttoo circulatecirculate petitionpetitionss challengingchallenging ititss federafederall funding.funding. MasuMasurr collaboratecollaboratedd witwithh SenatorSenator OrrinOrrin HatcHatchh oonn ththee issuissuee anandd attendedattended a WhitWhitee HousHousee meetinmeetingg witwithh PresidenPresidentt Reagan.Reagan,?l71 AlthougAlthoughh ReagaReagann supportedsupported grantgrantss toto PlannedPlanned

ParenthoodParenthood,, MasuMasurr remaineremainedd committecommittedd ttoo ththee statesstates'' rightright toto managmanagee federalfederal spendingspending oonn familfamilyy planningplanning.. TheThe campaigcampaignn proveprovedd unsuccessfuunsuccessfull bubutt enhancedenhanced thethe

UtaUtahh EaglEaglee Forum'Forum'ss relationshirelationshipp witwithh CitizenCitizenss forfor TruTruee Freedom.Freedom.

ThThee alliancealliance witwithh CitizenCitizenss forfor TruTruee FreedoFreedomm proveprovedd fruitfufruitfull throughoutthroughout thethe

1980s.1980s. ThThee foundefounderr ofof CitizenCitizenss forfor TruTruee FreedomFreedom,, JoJoyy BeechBeech,, wawass a powerfupowerfull allyally..

BeecBeechh wawass renownerenownedd forfor havinhavingg ththee largeslargestt collectiocollectionn ofof pornographpornographyy iinn UtaUtahh aass a symbolsymbol ofof heherr focusfocus oonn issuesissues relaterelatedd ttoo childrechildrenn andand thethe mediamedia.. DurinDuringg ththee midmid-- eightieeightiess sheshe formedformed a grassrootgrassrootss grougroupp calledcalled FamilieFamiliess AlertAlert.. SimilarSimilar inin missiomissionn toto ththee EaglEaglee ForumForum,, FamilieFamiliess AlerAlertt wawass bettebetterr organizedorganized.. MemberMemberss frequentlyfrequently attendedattended legislativlegislativee committecommitteee meetingsmeetings;; BeecBeechh anandd MasuMasurr werweree oftenoften seeseenn atat ththee legislaturelegislature

6699 LoiLoiss MM. . CollinsCollins,, "10,000"10,000 HelHelpp MakMakee ChaiChainn iinn SupportSupport ofof Child-careChild-care Bill,Bill,"" Deseret News, JunJunee 16,16, 1990;1990; JaJayy EvensenEvensen,, "Utah"Utah IgnoreIgnoress HomemakersHomemakers,, GrouGroupp Says,"Says," Deseret News, OctOct.. 22,, 1989;1989; GayleGayle RuzickaRuzicka,, intervieintervieww bbyy author,author, JunJunee 5,5, 20082008,, HighlandHighland,, Utah.Utah . 7700 "Organizatio"Organizationn TakeTakess UUpp Arms,Arms,"" The Salt Lake Tribune,Tribune. JunJunee 17.17,1980 1980,, DlD1.. 7711 VirginiVirginiaa RobicheauzRobicheauz,, "Routing"Routing AidAid fromfrom GrantsGrants Assailed,"Assailed," TheThe SaltSalt LakeLake Tribune,Tribune, AugustAugust 6,6,1981 1981,, B8.B8. 27 togethertogether.. FamilieFamiliess AlerAlertt drewdrew heavheavyy criticismcriticism whewhenn iitt challengedchallenged AIDAIDSS educationeducation iinn publipublicc schoolsschools,, goinggoing soso farfar aass ttoo sendsend a letteletterr ttoo a localocall schoolschool boarboardd witwithh allegationsallegations thathatt anan AIDAIDSS educationeducation teacheteacherr waswas homosexualhomosexual.. WheWhenn FamilieFamiliess AlerAlertt retreated,retreated,

EaglEaglee ForuForumm filledfilled a voivoidd forfor conservativconservativee womewomenn seekingseeking ttoo promotpromotee a pro-familypro-family agendaJ2agenda.72

Still,Still, ththee patpathh ttoo influenceinfluence wawass nonott clear.clear. MasuMasurr struggledstruggled witwithh heherr imagimagee iinn ththee presspress.. FroFromm heherr daydayss iinn ththee legislaturelegislature,, MasuMasurr wawass knowknownn amongamong journalistjournalistss forfor herher extremextremee andand provocativprovocativee statementsstatements.. PresPresss coveragecoverage placedplaced MasuMasurr oonn thethe defensive.defensive. IInn 1989,1989, MasurMasur releasereleasedd a statementstatement lambastinlambastingg ththee Governor'Governor'ss

CommissionCommission oonn ththee StatusStatus ooff WomenWomen.. "O"Onn ththee backsbacks ooff Utah'sUtah's homemaker,"homemaker," sheshe declared,declared, "they"they agaiagainn provprovee thathatt rhetorirhetoricc abouaboutt familfamilyy iiss meaninglessmeaningless andand thethe feministfeminist iiss inin controlcontrol ooff ththee statehousestatehouse oonn familfamilyy issues."issues." A statstatee officialofficial dismisseddismissed ththee EaglEaglee ForuForumm asas ououtt ooff touchtouch.. "Gov."Gov. [sic[sic]] BangerteBangerterr isis committecommittedd ttoo bringinbringingg thisthis statestate intointo ththee 21stst CenturyCentury,, anandd DorotheDorotheaa MasuMasurr andand heherr grougroupp areare apparentlyapparently goingoingg ttoo havhavee ttoo bbee broughbroughtt kickinkickingg andand screaming."73screaming."73 AnotheAnotherr articlearticle inin whicwhichh MasuMasurr opposedopposed federalfederal child-carchild-caree legislatiolegislationn maintainemaintainedd thathatt heherr criticismcriticism wawass "based"based onon misinformation."misinformation."7474 WhilWhilee MasuMasurr wawass regarderegardedd aass a representativerepresentative ooff conservativeconservative womenwomen,, nnoo ononee appearedappeared ttoo bbee takintakingg heherr oror ththee EaglEaglee ForuForumm seriouslyseriously asas a contendercontender foforr powepowerr iinn ththee stateJ5state.75

72 72 PauPaull RoilyRolly,, intervieintervieww bbyy authorauthor,, Jan.Jan. 3030,, 20092009,, SalSaltt LakLakee CityCity,, UtahUtah;; DavDavee JonesJones,, intervieintervieww bbyy author,author, JanJan.. 16,16, 20092009,, SaltSalt LakLakee City,City, UtahUtah;; AngelyAngelynn NN.. HutchinsonHutchinson,, "Program"Program DeveloperDeveloperss SaySay AIDAIDSS CurriculuCurriculumm WoulWouldd bbee Sensitive,"Sensitive," Deseret News, ApriAprill 16,16, 1988;1988; TwilTwilaa VaVann LeerLeer,, "Families"Families AlerAlertt ProtesProtestt PromptsPrompts TraineTrainerr foforr AIDAIDSS PrograProgramm ttoo Quit,"Quit," Deseret News, NovNov.. 23,23,1988 1988..

73 73 JaJayy EvensenEvensen,, "Utah"Utah IgnoreIgnoress HomemakersHomemakers,, GrouGroupp Says,"Says," Deseret News, OctOct.. 2,2,1989 1989.. 7744 LoiLoiss MM. . Collins,Collins, "10,000"10,000 HelHelpp MakMakee ChaiChainn iinn SupportSupport ooff Child-CarChild-Caree Bill,Bill,"" Deseret News, JuneJune 16,16, 1990.1990. 7755 RoilyRolly,, interview.interview. GAYLEGAYLE RUZICKA:RUZICKA: POWEPOWERR ANANDD INFLUENCEINFLUENCE IINN STATESTATE POLITICSPOLITICS

DorotheDorotheaa Masur'Masur'ss personapersonall problemproblemss ledled ttoo heherr replacemenreplacementt iinn 1990.1990. IInn

September,September, shshee wawass accusedaccused ofof stealingstealing makeumakeupp anandd earringsearrings fromfrom a storestore aatt HilHilll AiAirr

ForceForce BaseBase.. ThThee scandascandall destroyeddestroyed heherr reputatioreputationn anandd career.career. BurdenedBurdened witwithh herher husband'husband'ss healthealthh problemproblemss andand familyfamily finances,finances, anandd nonoww ladenladen witwithh babadd press,press,

Masur'sMasur's influenceinfluence iinn ththee approachingapproaching wintewinterr legislativlegislativee sessionsession wawass gonegone.. WitWithh twotwo phonphonee calls,calls, ononee releasinreleasingg MasuMasurr anandd anotheanotherr appointingappointing ththee neneww presidentpresident,, GayleGayle

RuzickaRuzicka,, PhylliPhylliss SchlaflySchlafly madmadee a leadershileadershipp changchangee thathatt woulwouldd havhavee a majomajorr impactimpact onon Utah'Utah'ss politicapoliticall scene.7scene.766

GayleGayle RuzickaRuzicka hahadd beebeenn witwithh ththee EaglEaglee ForuForumm frofromm ththee beginningbeginning.. AAnn activactivee

Mormon,Mormon, ththee church'schurch's stancestance oonn ththee ERERAA servedserved aass a catalyscatalystt forfor heherr involvemeninvolvementt asas a youngyoung mothermother duringduring thethe ratificationratification struggle.struggle. TheThe materialsmaterials SchlaflySchlafly distributeddistributed affirmedaffirmed Ruzicka'Ruzicka'ss conservativeconservative politicapoliticall beliefsbeliefs;; Schlafly'sSchlafly's expositioexpositionn againstagainst

RepublicanRepublican Party'Party'ss politicpoliticss asas usualusual,, A Choice Not an Echo, wawass particularlparticularlyy resonant.resonant.

ThThee organization'organization'ss strategystrategy ofof writinwritingg lettersletters ttoo governmengovernmentt officialsofficials provideprovidedd a convenientconvenient tootooll foforr politicapoliticall engagementengagement thatthat ththee busbusyy housewifhousewifee employeemployedd fromfrom homehome.. GaylGaylee RuzickaRuzicka becambecamee anan eageeagerr subscribersubscriber ttoo The Phyllis Schlafly Report.Report.

WhileWhile livinlivingg inin ArizonaArizona,, RuzickRuzickaa servedserved onon ththee EaglEaglee ForuForumm statestate boarboardd anandd grewgrew

7766 "Ex-Legislator"Ex-Legislator ChargedCharged WitWithh Shoplifting,"Shoplifting," Deseret News, SeptSept.. 26,199026, 1990;; "Ex-Ogden"Ex-Ogden LegislatoLegislatorr FaceFacess ChargChargee iinn HAFHAFBB Shoplifting,"Shoplifting," The Salt Lake Tribune, Sept.Sept. 2828,, 1990,1990, B15B15.. JonesJones,, interviewinterview;; RoilyRolly,, interviewinterview;; PetersonPeterson,, interviewinterview;; DorotheDorotheaa MasurMasur,, telephontelephonee interviewinterview,, AugAug. . 2121,, 20082008;; Ruzicka,Ruzicka, interviewinterview.. 29 increasinglincreasinglyy committedcommitted toto homeschoolinghomeschooling.. MovingMoving toto UtaUtahh inin 1989,1989, RuzickRuzickaa immediatelimmediatelyy soughtsought outout ththee EagleEagle Forum.Forum. SheShe becamebecame a vice-presidenvice-presidentt andand MasuMasurr welcomewelcomedd heherr ideasideas aboutabout expandingexpanding thethe organization.organization.7777

- RuzickaRuzicka quicklyquickly becamebecame immersedimmersed inin thethe legislativelegislative routineroutiness thathatt MasurMasur hadhad established.established. NeNeww legislatorlegislator DaveDave JonesJones wawass oonn thethe receivinreceivingg endend ofof thethe EaglEaglee

Forum'sForum's efforteffortss duringduring hihiss firstfirst sessionsession inin ththee UtahUtah Senate.Senate. TheThe SaltSalt LakeLake Democrat'sDemocrat's defeatdefeat ofof incumbenincumbentt candidatcandidatee G.G. LaMonLaMontt RichardsRichards,, a prominentprominent MormonMormon,, hahadd beenbeen hailedhailed asas a significantsignificant upseupsett inin ththee 19881988 race.raceJ878 AfterAfter filingfiling a bilbilll duringduring ththee 19891989 legislativelegislative sessionsession supportingsupporting childchild carecare inin publipublicc schools,schools, DorotheDorotheaa Masur,Masur, GayleGayle

Ruzicka,Ruzicka, andand JoyJoy BeechBeech approachedapproached JonesJones inin a hallwahallwayy atat ththee CapitolCapitol BuildingBuilding.. AAss thetheyy walkewalkedd witwithh him,him, "they"they wantedwanted toto knowknow specificallyspecifically whowho hahadd puputt mmee upup toto runningrunning thithiss bill."bill." WheWhenn JonesJones responderespondedd thathatt hhee hadhad sponsoredsponsored thethe billbill onon hihiss ownown volition,volition, "they"they said,said, 'Well,'Well, we'rwe'ree prettypretty suresure thithiss isis anan NENEAA [National[National EducatioEducationn

AssociationAssociation]] plotplot ttoo taketake overover ourour schoolsschools andand we'rewe're hopinhopingg you'ryou'ree notnot leadingleading thethe chargecharge onon that.'that.'"" AfterAfter JoneJoness explainedexplained thatthat hehe wawass notnot parpartt ofof a conspiracy,conspiracy, "they"they offered,offered, a standingstanding offer,offer, toto instructinstruct mmee iinn correctcorrect principleprincipless anyany timetime I waswas willinwillingg toto sitsit down."down."7979 JoneJoness politelpolitelyy declined.declined.

AAss a vice-presidenvice-presidentt andand thenthen asas newlnewlyy appointedappointed presidentpresident,, RuzickRuzickaa expandedexpanded ththee organization'sorganization's reacreachh witwithh newnew locallocal chapters.chapters. ToTo establishestablish thesethese chapters,chapters, RuzickRuzickaa andand heherr husbanhusbandd touredtoured thethe statstatee ttoo speakspeak toto studystudy groupsgroups andand civicivicc organizations.organizations. AtAt a 19891989 presentationpresentation atat ththee SandySandy LibraryLibrary,, Ruzicka'Ruzicka'ss

7777 RuzickaRuzicka,, interview.interview. 7788 JerryJerry SpanglerSpangler andand JoyceJoyce E.E. Cutler,Cutler, "Utah"Utah GOGOPP StillStill ClaimsClaims VictoryVictory DespiteDespite LossLoss ofof OneOne HouseHouse Seat;Seat; DemoDemoss DreamDreamss ofof MajorMajor GainsGains FaiFaill toto Materialize,Materialize,"" DeseretDeseret News,News, Nov.Nov . 9,9,1988 1988.. 7799 Jones,Jones, interview.interview. 3030 perspectivesperspectives onon educationeducation,, abortionabortion,, andand homosexualithomosexualityy appealedappealed ttoo KarenKaren Clark,Clark, a younyoungg housewifhousewifee frofromm SouthSouth JordanJordan.. ClarkClark wawass invitedinvited ttoo ththee EaglEaglee Forum'sForum's monthlmonthlyy boarboardd meetinmeetingg andand wawass appointeappointedd a chapterchapter presidentpresident.. AAtt ththee timetime,, herher chaptechapterr extendeextendedd fromfrom weswestt SaltSalt LakLakee anandd southsouth toto suburbasuburbann BluffdaleBluffdale,, a distancedistance ooff twenty-fivetwenty-five milesmiles.. ToTo ensureensure thatthat sheshe coulcouldd bbee witwithh heherr family,family, ClarkClark helheldd monthlymonthly chapterchapter meetingmeetingss iinn heherr homehome.. AdvertisinAdvertisingg ththee meetingmeetingss bbyy lettersletters andand worwordd ooff mouthmouth,, threethree ttoo thirtthirtyy womewomenn camecame ttoo Clark'sClark's homhomee ttoo studstudyy ththee Phyllis Schlaj7ySchlafly

Report andand discussdiscuss currentcurrent events.events. AAss chapterchapterss increasedincreased throughouthroughoutt ththee state,state, mormoree womewomenn becambecamee involved.8o80

ParPartt ofof ththee appealappeal ofof thethe EaglEaglee ForuForumm inin ththee earlyearly 1990s1990s wawass rooterootedd iinn thethe housewifhousewifee experiencexperiencee iinn UtahUtah.. ThThee statstatee wawass "family"family friendlyfriendly"" anandd ththee traditionaltraditional familfamilyy ofof a husbanhusbandd anandd wifwifee anandd childrechildrenn wawass normativenormative.. LargeLarge familiefamiliess werewere commoncommon,, witwithh extendedextended familiefamiliess offerinofferingg a cruciacruciall economieconomicc anandd socialsocial network.network.

FamilyFamily andand churcchurchh mergemergedd iinn ththee neighborhooneighborhoodd religioureligiouss congregationscongregations ofof thethe

MormonMormonss ("wards").("wards"). ChildChild andand familfamilyy focusedfocused communitiecommunitiess prioritizeprioritizedd creatingcreating healthhealthyy andand safsafee environments.environments. ConcernsConcerns abouaboutt poopoorr schools,schools, drugsdrugs,, pre-maritalpre-marital sexualitysexuality,, anandd homosexualithomosexualityy motivatemotivatedd politicapoliticall participationparticipation.. Utah'Utah'ss housewives,housewives, aass neighborsneighbors,, sisters,sisters, mothers,mothers, anandd daughtersdaughters,, founfoundd ththee meanmeanss ttoo extenextendd thethe domesticdomestic spheresphere intointo ththee publipublicc areareaa ttoo keekeepp theitheirr marriagesmarriages,, familiefamiliess andand

81 communitiescommunities secure.secure. 81

8800 KareKarenn Clark,Clark, intervieintervieww witwithh authorauthor,, JulJulyy 7,7, 20082008,, SoutSouthh JordanJordan,, UtahUtah.. 8811 EE.. MarMarkk BezzantBezzant andand BrucBrucee AA.. ChadwickChadwick,, "Education,""Education," iinn Utah in the 1990s:19905: A DemographicDemographic Perspective, eded.. TT.. HeatonHeaton,, TT.. HirschiHirschl anandd BB.. ChadwicChadwickk (Salt(Salt LakeLake City:City: SignatureSignature BooksBooks,, 1996),1996), 129;129; PaPamm PerlichPerlich,, "Populatio"Populationn GrowthGrowth,, 1970-95,"1970-95," iinn Utah in the 19905:1990s: A Demographic Perspective, eded.. TT.. HeatonHeaton,, TT.. HirschHirschil anandd B.B. ChadwickChadwick (Sal(Saltt LakLakee CityCity:: SignatureSignature BooksBooks,, 1996),4;1996),4; ClarkClark,, interview;interview; LisaLisa KinKingg HirschlHirschI., "Health"Health anandd Mortality,Mortality,"" iinn Utah in the 19905:1990s: A Demographic Perspective, ed.ed. T.T. HeatonHeaton,, TT.. 31

UnderstandinUnderstandingg ththee concernconcernss ofof housewivehousewivess andand familiarfamiliar withwith ththee sociasociall networknetworkss thathatt existeexistedd iinn MormoMormonn wardswards.. RuzickRuzickaa sawsaw thethemm asas opportunitieopportunitiess toto spreadspread newsnews abouaboutt politicapoliticall issueissuess anandd mobilizmobilizee interesteinterestedd citizens.citizens. RuzickRuzickaa createdcreated a telephonetelephone treetree toto disseminatedisseminate informationinformation quickly.quickly. InformationInformation sharedshared throughthrough ththee phonephone tretreee originatedoriginated witwithh ththee issueissuess vice-presidenvice-presidentt whwhoo studiedstudied policpolicyy informatioinformationn anandd passepassedd itit ttoo RuzickaRuzicka foforr reviewreview.. RuzickRuzickaa evaluatedevaluated ththee information,information, decidedecidedd onon policiepoliciess ttoo pursuepursue,, anandd drafteddrafted memosmemos.. IInn mattermatterss ooff legislativlegislativee importanceimportance,, thethe secretarsecretaryy faxefaxedd Ruzicka'sRuzicka's drafdraftt ttoo chapterchapter presidentspresidents.. ChapteChapterr presidentpresidentss thethenn initiateinitiatedd ththee "five"five callcall fivfivee calcalll fivefive"" system.system. FiveFive peoplpeoplee telephonedtelephoned fivefive peoplpeoplee whwhoo callecalledd fivfivee mormoree peoplepeople.. TheThe phonphonee tretreee generategeneratedd thousandthousandss ooff callscalls inin a mattematterr ooff hourshours,, ofteoftenn targetetargetedd oonn a particulaparticularr issuissuee oror a particularparticular legislator.8282 ThThee phonphonee treetree rapidlyrapidly becambecamee aann effectiveeffective meanmeanss forfor participantparticipantss toto mobilizmobilizee frofromm theitheirr homehomess witwithh a minimaminimall contributiocontributionn ooftime.f time.

ThThee phonphonee tree'tree'ss efficacefficacyy stemmestemmedd fromfrom ititss flexibility.flexibility. IItt allowedallowed participantsparticipants ttoo bbee involvedinvolved withouwithoutt beinbeingg membersmembers;; iitt controllecontrolledd disagreementdisagreement withiwithinn thethe organizationorganization.. RuzickRuzickaa notednoted,, "Sometimes"Sometimes you'lyou'lll agreagreee onon somethingsomething anandd sometimessometimes you'lyou'lll disagree.disagree. WWee setset ththee telephontelephonee tretreee uupp inin wawayy thathatt iiff wwee startedstarted callscalls outout toto peoplpeoplee andand wwee hihitt somebodysomebody thathatt sayssays,, 'You'You knowknow what,what, II don'tdon't feelfeel thatthat way'way ' oror 'I'I

don'tdon't agreagreee witwithh yoyouu onon thithiss one'one' wwee woulwouldd havhavee somebodsomebodyy elseelse wwee couldcould movmovee toto

nexnextt andand jusjustt saysay 'Ok,'Ok, I understandunderstand'' andand movmovee on."83on."83 ThThee systemsystem compensatedcompensated forfor

HirschHirschIl andand B.B. ChadwickChadwick (Salt(Salt LakLakee CityCity:: SignatureSignature BooksBooks,, 1996),1996), 41,41, 57;57; ThomasThomas AA.. HirschlHirschI,, "Migration"Migration anandd Change:Change: PopulatioPopulationn andand Workforce,Workforce,"" iinn Utah in the 1990s: A Demographic Perspective,Perspective, ed.ed. T.T. HeatonHeaton,, T.T. HirschHirschIl andand BB.. ChadwicChadwickk (Salt(Salt LakeLake City:City: SignatureSignature Books,Books, 1996),1996), 63.63 . 8282 RuzickaRuzicka,, interview.interview. 8383 IbidIbid.. 3232 thethe widewide rangrangee ofof issueissuess oonn ththee agendaagenda ofof ththee EaglEaglee ForumForum,, effectivelyeffectively engaginengagingg participantparticipantss bbyy issue.issue. ThosThosee onon ththee phonphonee tretreee whwhoo foundfound aann issuissuee saliensalientt coulcouldd contactcontact friendsfriends anandd familfamilyy membermemberss beyonbeyondd ththee phonphonee treetree.. ThThee formalformal naturnaturee ooff ththee phonphonee tretreee ensuredensured thathatt thethe integrityintegrity ofof ththee messagmessagee wawass nonott compromised,compromised, whilwhilee ththee informalinformal naturnaturee ooff existinexistingg sociasociall networknetworkss meanmeantt thathatt ththee messagemessage reachedreached peoplpeoplee iinn andand beyonbeyondd ththee organizationorganization.. TheThe phonphonee tretreee useusedd existinexistingg kinshikinshipp anandd neighborhooneighborhoodd networknetworkss ttoo guaranteeguarantee thathatt citizencitizenss quicklquicklyy obtainedobtained informatioinformationn anandd acted.acted.

GayleGayle RuzickRuzickaa intensifiedintensified thethe EaglEaglee Forum'Forum'ss legislativelegislative lobbyinglobbying presence.presence.

RuzickaRuzicka anandd otherother EagleEagle ForumForum leadersleaders attendedattended ththee forty-fivforty-fivee dadayy wintewinterr legislativlegislativee sessiosessionn consistentlyconsistently.. EstablishinEstablishingg lastinlastingg patternspatterns,, thetheyy wenwentt ttoo committeecommittee meetingsmeetings,, talkedtalked toto legislatorslegislators,, andand obtainedobtained informatioinformationn forfor disseminationdissemination oonn thethe phonphonee treetree.. IInn ththee earlyearly yearyearss ofof Ruzicka'Ruzicka'ss tenuretenure,, ththee legislativlegislativee contingencontingentt waswas small,small, withwith nnoo mormoree thathann tetenn peoplpeoplee identifyinidentifyingg themselvethemselvess aass EaglEaglee ForumForum participantparticipantss onon sign-insign-in sheetssheets atat committeecommittee meetingmeetingss duringduring ththee latlatee 1980s1980s andand earlyearly 1990s.1990s. ThoseThose attendinattendingg alsoalso belongebelongedd ttoo otheotherr organizations;organizations; CarolCarolee

McGlothlinMcGlothlin oftenoften associatedassociated herselherselff witwithh ththee UtaUtahh FederatioFederationn ooff RepublicaRepublicann WomenWomen,,

RaRaee HowarHowardd wawass directodirectorr ooff HealthHealth ForumForum,, anan antifluoridationantifluoridation group.group. ThThee EaglEaglee

ForuForumm boosteboostedd ititss credibilitcredibilityy througthroughh tietiess ttoo otheotherr conservativconservativee organizations.organizations.

ChildreChildrenn proveprovedd anan importanimportantt componencomponentt ooff Ruzicka'Ruzicka'ss legislativlegislativee strategy.strategy. IInn somesome regardregardss thithiss wawass aann inadvertentinadvertent extensionextension ofof heherr choicchoicee ttoo homhomee schooschooll herher largelarge family.family. ThaThatt RuzickaRuzicka woulwouldd appearappear aatt ththee legislaturlegislaturee witwithh uupp ttoo sixsix childrenchildren everyevery dadayy wawass a potenpotentt symbolisymbolicc representatiorepresentationn ooff ththee Forum'Forum'ss familyfamily focusedfocused 33 agendaagenda.. OtheOtherr homhomee schoolingschooling mothermotherss iinn ththee organizationorganization followedfollowed Ruzicka'Ruzicka'ss exampleexample;; oneone womawomann notenotedd thathatt ththee CapitolCapitol buildinbuildingg wawass a "second"second homehome"" ttoo heherr sisixx childrechildrenn becausbecausee shshee dididd nonott carcaree ttoo leavleavee thethemm witwithh a babysitter.babysitter.B484 NexNextt ttoo theirtheir namesnames,, childrenchildren identifieidentifiedd themselvethemselvess oonn committecommitteee attendanceattendance sheetssheets aass "Jr."Jr. EagleEagle

ForumForum"" oror "concerned"concerned child."child."BS85 BringinBringingg childrenchildren ttoo lobbylobby ththee legislature,legislature, eveneven asas quietquiet bystanderbystanderss workinworkingg oonn schoolworkschoolwork,, demonstratedemonstratedd ththee fusiofusionn ooff activismactivism withwith ththee genderegenderedd responsibilitieresponsibilitiess ooff mothemotherr andand teacher.teacher.

ThThee 19911991 legislativlegislativee sessiosessionn provideprovidedd aann opportunitopportunityy foforr RuzickRuzickaa toto demonstratedemonstrate ththee extenextentt ooff ththee changeschanges sheshe hahadd broughbroughtt ttoo ththee UtaUtahh EaglEaglee Forum.Forum.

SupremeSupreme CourtCourt decisiondecisionss hahadd uphelupheldd abortionabortion sincesince thethe Roe v. Wade decisiodecisionn iinn

1973.1973. ConfronteConfrontedd witwithh thithiss realityreality,, somesome statestatess rewrotrewrotee abortionabortion lawlawss ttoo conforconformm toto

Roe whilwhilee othersothers soughtsought ttoo restricrestrictt abortionabortion withiwithinn ththee parameterparameterss ooff ththee decisiondecision..

ThThee Court'Court'ss Webster v. Reproductive Services decisiondecision iinn 19891989 supportedsupported Missouri'Missouri'ss restrictionrestrictionss onon ththee ususee ooff publipublicc fundfundss ttoo suggessuggestt oorr perforperformm abortionabortionss anandd implieimpliedd ttoo conservativeconservativess thathatt abortionabortion coulcouldd bbee curbed.curbed.B686

ConservativeConservativess acrosacrosss ththee countrycountry lookedlooked ttoo statstatee restrictionrestrictionss anandd banbanss asas a wawayy ttoo forcforcee SupremSupremee CourCourtt testestt casescases.. USA Today reportereportedd thathatt thirty-eighthirty-eightt statestate legislaturelegislaturess entertainedentertained abortionabortion relaterelatedd legislatiolegislationn durinduringg theitheirr 19901990 sessionssessions.. IInn

UtahUtah,, a two-tieretwo-tieredd abortioabortionn babann calledcalled ththee AbortioAbortionn LimitationLimitation AcActt wawass proposed.proposed.

ThThee firstfirst tietierr ofof ththee babann permittepermittedd abortionabortion onlyonly iinn casecasess ofof raperape,, incestincest,, andand gravegrave birtbirthh defects,defects, andand ttoo preservpreservee ththee healthealthh ooff ththee mothermother.. ThThee secondsecond tiertier,, whicwhichh

8844 ClarkClark,, interview.interview. 8855 BoBoxx 22,, LegislatureLegislature,, Senate'sSenate's StandingStanding CommitteCommitteee MinutesMinutes,, UtaUtahh StatStatee ArchivesArchives,, SaltSalt LakeLake City,City, UT.UT. 8686 DaviDavidd MM.. O'Brien,O'Brien, Constitutional Law and Politics: Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, VolumeVolume Two,Two, SixthSixth EditioEditionn (Ne(Neww YorkYork:: W.WW.w.. NortoNortonn anandd CompanyCompany,, 2005)2005),, 1229-1334.1229-1334. 34 woulwouldd ggoo intointo effecteffect iiff ththee firsfirstt tietierr failedfailed a courcourtt testtest,, wawass identicaidenticall iinn intenintentt butbut offeredoffered slightlyslightly leslesss restrictivrestrictivee languaglanguagee relatinrelatingg ttoo ththee healthealthh ooff ththee mothemotherr andand fetalfetal deformities.deformities. Th Thee proposeproposedd lawlaw privilegeprivilegedd ththee protectioprotectionn oftheof the unborunbornn oveoverr thethe mother.8787

ThThee UtaUtahh EaglEaglee ForuForumm launchelaunchedd a vigorouvigorouss andand energeticenergetic campaigcampaignn iinn supporsupportt ofof ththee billbill.. "I"Itt wawass aann excitingexciting timetime,, iitt wawass a harhardd time,time,"" RuzickaRuzicka recalledrecalled.. ""II traveletraveledd thithiss statestate forfor publipublicc hearinghearingss alalll overover.. I livelivedd andand breathebreathedd it."it."8888 OverOver 175175 peoplpeoplee attendedattended ththee joinjointt meetinmeetingg ooff ththee SenateSenate andand HouseHouse HealthHealth StandingStanding

CommitteeCommittee,, includinincludingg tetenn identifieidentifiedd EagleEagle ForuForumm participantparticipantss andand fiftyfifty otherotherss whowho describedescribedd themselvethemselvess aass pro-life.8989

InIn a bolboldd movmovee oonn ththee dayday ooff ththee votevote,, ththee EaglEaglee ForumForum lefleftt "baby-related"baby-related trinketstrinkets"" onon ththee deskdeskss ooff statstatee representatives.representativesYo90 SomeSome representativerepresentativess receivedreceived smallsmall boxeboxess witwithh tinytiny,, pinpinkk babbabyy figuresfigures insidinsidee witwithh a notnotee thathatt said,said, "It's"It's mmyy turturnn oonn

EarthEarth.. ProtecProtectt mmee untiuntill birth.birth."" OtherOtherss werweree givegivenn rattlerattless labelelabeledd "Baby's"Baby's BesBestt friend,"friend," witwithh a carcardd thathatt saidsaid,, "Al"Alll LifLifee iiss PreciouPreciouss - PleasPleasee VotVotee ttoo SaveSave ththee Baby.Baby.""

TheThe giftsgifts undoubtedlundoubtedlyy increaseincreasedd tensiontensionss oveoverr ththee billbill.. TheThe bilbilll passepassedd witwithh littlelittle dissentdissent,, iinn spitespite ooff ititss million-dollamillion-dollarr legalegall defensdefensee pricpricee tagtag.. The New York TimesTimes callecalledd itit "the"the toughestoughestt anti-abortioanti-abortionn measurmeasuree inin ththee 5500 states."states."9191 AfteAfterr passagepassage,, thethe

87 87 SteveSteve MarshallMarshall,, "Battl"Battlee taketakess shape;shape; StatStatee billbillss taktakee varievariedd approaches,approaches,"" USA Today, FebFeb 20,20, 1990,1990, A6A6..

88 88 GaylGaylee RuzickaRuzicka,, (speech(speech,, UtaUtahh EaglEaglee ForuForumm conferenceconference,, Sandy,Sandy, UTUT,, JanJan.. 17,17, 2009).2009). 8899 "Minute"Minutess ooff SpecialSpecial JoinJointt Meeting:Meeting: SenateSenate anandd HousHousee HealtHealthh StandinStandingg Committees,Committees,"" JanJan.. 21,21, 1991,1991, "Healt"Healthh 1991"1991" folderfolder,, BoBoxx 2,2, LegislatureLegislature,, Senate'Senate'ss StandingStanding CommitteeCommittee MinutesMinutes,, UtaUtahh StateState ArchivesArchives,, SalSaltt LakLakee CityCity,, UT.UT. 90 90 JohJohnn KeaheyKeahey,, "Despit"Despitee WarningsWarnings,, SenatSenatee OKOKss AbortioAbortionn Bill,Bill,"" The Salt Lake Tribune, Jan.Jan. 2424,, 1991,1991, AI.Al. 91 91 TamaTamarr LewinLewin,, "Strict"Strict Anti-AbortioAnti-Abortionn LaLaww SignedSigned iinn Utah,Utah,"" The New York Times, JanJan.. 26,26,1991 1991.. 3535

EagleEagle ForuForumm waswas a tirelesstireless defenderdefender ofof ththee billbill,, whicwhichh facefacedd litigationlitigation throughouthroughoutt thethe

1990s.1990s.

TheThe organization'sorganization's intensityintensity drewdrew attentionattention aass ththee EagleEagle ForumForum gregreww iinn effectivenesseffectiveness.. IInn 1993,1993, ththee SaltSalt LakeLake CountCountyy schooschooll boarboardd wawass surprisedsurprised whenwhen

ForuForumm participantparticipantss investigatedinvestigated a proposeproposedd curriculumcurriculum prograprogramm andand thethenn appearedappeared aatt a schoolschool boarboardd meetinmeetingg ttoo challengechallenge ththee proposalproposal.. ThThee EagleEagle ForuForumm interpretedinterpreted thethe initiativinitiativee ttoo builbuildd criticalcritical thinkinthinkingg skillsskills aass a ploployy ttoo encouragencouragee childrechildrenn toto questionquestion parentalparental authority.authority. AAnn articlearticle inin The Salt Lake Tribune characterizecharacterizedd thethe womewomenn asas hystericalhysterical,, emphasizingemphasizing thathatt ththee groupgroup ofof twenttwentyy womewomenn "came"came andand shouteshoutedd andand yelledyelled"" inin opposition.9292

19941994 waswas a particularlparticularlyy successfulsuccessful yeayearr forfor ththee EaglEaglee ForumForum.. DeeplDeeplyy committedcommitted ttoo parentparentss rights—thrights-thee beliebelieff thathatt schoolschoolss areare totooo liberaliberall andand shouldshould bebe moremore accountablaccountablee ttoo parents—thparents-thee EagleEagle ForuForumm joinejoinedd forceforcess witwithh attorneattorneyy MatMattt

HiltonHilton ttoo producproducee a billbill preventinpreventingg non-educationanon-educationall testintestingg andand surveysurveyss ooff studentsstudents thathatt revealerevealedd personapersonall anandd familyfamily informationinformation withouwithoutt parentalparental permissionpermission.. InIn whatwhat

RuzickaRuzicka describeddescribed asas ththee "most"most spiritualspiritual experienceexperience [she'd][she'd] eveeverr hahadd aatt thethe

LegislatureLegislature witwithh a piecpiecee ofof legislation,"legislation," RuzickRuzickaa madmadee repeaterepeatedd visitvisitss ttoo thethe

Governor'sGovernor's officeoffice withwith bilbilll sponsorsponsor SenatorSenator HowardHoward StephensonStephenson ttoo petitiopetitionn forfor thethe bill'bill'ss inclusioinclusionn onon ththee legislativlegislativee agendaagenda.. "ItII criedcried,, I beggedbegged,, I pleaded,"pleaded," sheshe recountedrecounted.. "God"God wantewantedd thathatt bilbilll passepassedd becausbecausee iitt wawass foforr ththee children."93children."93 ThThee bilbilll wawass introduceintroducedd atat 11:30pm11:30pm onon ththee lastlast nighnightt ooff ththee sessionsession anandd passepassedd asas ththee UtaUtahh

9292 SamuelSamuel AA.. AutmanAutman,, "Political"Political WatchdoWatchdogg GroupGroupss KeepinKeepingg aann EagleEagle EyEyee oonn UtaUtahh Education,"Education," The SaltSalt Lake Tribune, JulJulyy 19,1993,19,1993, DlD1.. 9933 GaylGaylee RuzickaRuzicka (speech(speech,, UtaUtahh EagleEagle ForuForumm conferenceconference,, SandySandy,, UTUT,, Jan.Jan. 17,17, 2009).2009). 36

FamilyFamily EducatioEducationn RightsRights andand PrivacyPrivacy ActAct jusjustt beforbeforee ititss midnighmidnightt conclusionconclusion.. WhilWhilee

RuzickRuzickaa hailedhailed itsits passagpassagee asas "miraculous,""miraculous," heherr persistenpersisten'tt lobbyinlobbyingg certainlycertainly helped.9494 ThThee prespresss dismissedismissedd ththee lawlaw aass "innocuous""innocuous" untiluntil teacherteacherss complainedcomplained thathatt incidentaincidentall revelationrevelationss inin classrooclassroomm discussiodiscussionn anandd chilchildd abusabusee reportingreporting violateviolatedd ththee legislation.9595 IInn spitespite ofof itsits latelaterr amendmentamendment,, ththee EaglEaglee ForuForumm anandd itsits supporterssupporters continuedcontinued toto invokeinvoke termtermss likelike "divine"divine interventionintervention"" whewhenn discussingdiscussing thethe successsuccess ofof ththee measure.measure.9696

TToo sustainsustain itsits legislativelegislative influenceinfluence,, ththee EaglEaglee ForuForumm begabegann aann aggressiveaggressive campaigcampaignn ttoo ensurensuree thathatt membermemberss ooff ththee statstatee legislaturelegislature werweree sufficientlysufficiently conservative.conservative. InIn Bountiful'sBountiful's DistricDistrictt 2020,, a suburbasuburbann areareaa iinn DaviDaviss CountyCounty,,

RepresentativeRepresentative NancNancyy LyoLyonn wawass a casualtycasualty ooff thithiss purgepurge.. Lyon,Lyon, directodirectorr ofof a non-non­ profiprofitt educatioeducationn organizatioorganizationn anandd moderatemoderate RepublicanRepublican,, wowonn thethe seaseatt iinn 19881988 andand hadhad easilyeasily beebeenn reelectereelectedd inin 19901990 andand 1992.97199 2.97 WitWithh a recorrecordd supportinsupportingg educationeducation andand followingfollowing ththee LDLDSS Church'Church'ss stancestance onon abortion-onlyabortion—only iinn circumstancecircumstancess ofof rape,rape, incesincestt oror jeopardizinjeopardizingg ththee healthealthh ooff ththee mother—Lyomother-Lyonn feltfelt thatthat heherr reelectioreelectionn waswas assured.assured. LyonLyon drewdrew criticismcriticism fromfrom HousHousee conservativesconservatives whewhenn sheshe opposedopposed a billbill allowingallowing prayeprayerr inin governmengovernmentt meetingmeetingss iinn 1993.1993. HeHerr supporsupportt ooff a 19941994 HousHousee debatedebate onon a lawlaw thathatt woulwouldd alloalloww MedicaiMedicaidd recipientrecipientss ttoo receivreceivee abortionabortionss withwith publipublicc moneymoneyss garneredgarnered furthefurtherr displeasure.9898 ThougThoughh LyonLyon herselherselff diddid nonott supportsupport

9494 RuzickaRuzicka,, speech.speech. 9595 TwilaTwila VaVann LeerLeer,, "House"House BilBilll thathatt ProhibitProhibitss PryinPryingg QuestionQuestionss hahass UtaUtahh EducatorEducatorss RunninRunningg Scared,Scared,"" Deseret News, NovNov.. 18,18,1994 1994;; "Encouraging"Encouraging Extremism,"Extremism," The Salt Lake Tribune, DeDecc 15,15,1994 1994,, A24.A24. 96 96 CorneliCorneliaa deBruin,deBruin, "Eagle"Eagle ForuForumm PraisePraisedd foforr StickingSticking ttoo ititss Beliefs,Beliefs,"" The Salt Lake Tribune, JaJann 1515,, 1995,1995, B2.B2. 9797 "2"2 HousHousee SeatsSeats areare oonn Ballot,Ballot, BotBothh araree GOP,"GOP," Deseret News, JunJunee 21,21,1994 1994.. 98 98 BoBobb BernicBernickk Jr.,Jr., "2"2 Pro-LifPro-Lifee GroupsGroups AttacAttackk LyonLyon,, BacBackk RivaRivall iinn DaviDaviss HousHousee Race,Race,"" Deseret News,News, JunJunee 27,27,199 19944 37 ththee abortionabortion billbill,, anandd iinn spitspitee ooff ititss failurefailure,, LyoLyonn becamebecame a targetargett ooff EaglEaglee ForumForum operatives.operatives. SurprisedSurprised whewhenn TeTedd Bradford,Bradford, a formeformerr juveniljuvenilee courcourtt judgjudgee emergeemergedd asas heherr challenger,challenger, LyonLyon soonsoon foundfound ououtt thathatt ththee EagleEagle ForumForum hahadd recruiterecruitedd him.him.99" TheThe

EaglEaglee ForuForumm hahadd proveprovenn thathatt iitt wawass ablablee ttoo extendextend ititss agendagendaa beyonbeyondd ththee phonphonee treetree ttoo ththee balloballott boxbox..

ActinActingg asas a privatprivatee citizencitizen anandd nonott asas anan EaglEaglee ForuForumm presidentpresident,, GayleGayle

RuzickaRuzicka,, a residenresidentt ofof UtaUtahh County,County, publiclpubliclyy endorsedendorsed BradfordBradford.. RightRight ttoo LifLifee ooff

UtahUtah,, a longtimelongtime EaglEaglee ForuForumm allyally,, anandd ththee RepublicaRepublicann CoalitioCoalitionn foforr LifeLife,, a grougroupp thatthat

RuzickRuzickaa hahadd presidepresidedd overover iinn 1991,1991, distributedistributedd fliersfliers throughouthroughoutt BountifulBountiful attackingattacking

Lyon'sLyon's abortioabortionn recordrecord.. LyoLyonn loslostt thethe racracee bbyy twtwoo hundrehundredd sixty-onesixty-one votes.100100 "The"Theyy reallreallyy misrepresentemisrepresentedd whawhatt I stoodstood forfor,, whawhatt mmyy positiopositionn onon abortionabortion waswas.. AnAndd thethe thingthing waswas,, GaylGaylee RuzickRuzickaa hahadd nonott onceonce challengedchallenged mmee oonn anyany ooff itit...... sheshe jusjustt wentwent behinbehindd ththee scenesscenes andand recruiterecruitedd somebodysomebody sheshe knekneww shshee coulcouldd controlcontrol,, anandd sheshe did,"did,"

LyonLyon recalled.recalled. "It"It wawass devastating."10l101 Bradford'Bradford'ss successsuccess wawass short-lived;short-lived; withoutwithout anan EagleEagle ForuForumm endorsementendorsement inin 1996,1996, hhee loslostt toto a mormoree moderatmoderatee candidate.candidate. AAss a politicapoliticall watchdogwatchdog,, thethe EagleEagle ForumForum nonott onlyonly lobbiedlobbied legislatorslegislators bubutt workeworkedd toto securesecure a legislativlegislativee base.base.102102

LyoLyonn wawass nonott ththee onlyonly incumbenincumbentt ttoo suffesufferr ththee wratwrathh ooff ththee EaglEaglee ForuForumm iinn ththee 19941994 electionelection.. InIn ththee DistricDistrictt 2211 RepublicaRepublicann primarprimaryy racerace,, alsoalso inin DaviDaviss CountyCounty,,

EagleEagle ForuForumm participanparticipantt LorLorii RobertRobertss challengedchallenged eight-yeareight-year incumbentincumbent DavDavee SteeleSteele..

99 99 NancNancyy Lyon,Lyon, intervieintervieww witwithh author,author, JanJan.. 16,16, 2009,2009, SaltSalt LakeLake City,City, UT.UT. 100100 BoBobb BernicBernickk Jr.,Jr., "Uta"Utahh PrimaryPrimary ElectionsElections ReflecReflectt CloutClout ooff Special-InterestSpecial-Interest Groups,Groups,"" Deseret News,News, JulJulyy 1,1,1994 1994.. 101101 Lyon,Lyon, interview.interview. 102102 LoisLois MM.. Collins,Collins, "GOP"GOP PrimarPrimaryy AmiablAmiablee anandd Hard-Fought,"Hard-Fought," Deseret News, JunJunee 10,10,1996 1996.. 3838

ThThee Deseret News reportedreported thathatt althoughalthough SteeleSteele raiseraisedd fivefive timetimess aass mucmuchh monemoneyy asas

. Roberts,Roberts, hhee facedfaced unexpecteunexpectedd andand heavheavyy canvassingcanvassing effortsefforts bbyy RobertsRoberts'' EaglEaglee ForumForum associatesassociates.. IInn ththee end,end, SteeleSteele wonwon,, bubutt concedeconcededd thathatt hhee hahadd nnoo choicchoicee bubutt toto appeaseappease ththee EagleEagle Forum.Forum. "I"I learnelearnedd thathatt I havhavee ttoo listelistenn ttoo theitheirr concernsconcerns,, bbee openopen ttoo them."103them."103

IInn ththee fallfall ofof 1995,1995, gagayy rightrightss becambecamee a consumingconsuming issuissuee iinn UtaUtahh politicpoliticss whenwhen a GayGay/Straigh jStraightt AllianceAlliance clubclub waswas formedformed atat EastEast HighHigh SchoolSchool inin SaltSalt LakeLake City.City.

InfuriatedInfuriated aatt whatwhat itit perceiveperceivedd aass ththee validatiovalidationn ofof ththee "gay"gay rightrightss agendaagenda"" iinn thethe classroom,classroom, thethe EaglEaglee ForumForum collectecollectedd 6,006,0000 signaturesignaturess inin jusjustt fivfivee daysdays.. ThThee SalSaltt

LakeLake CitCityy SchoolSchool DistricDistrictt respondedresponded witwithh a sweepinsweepingg babann oonn alalll non-academinon-academicc clubclubss inin itsits schools.schools. LegislatorLegislatorss passepassedd a lalaww preventinpreventingg teacherteacherss frofromm promotinpromotingg illegaillegall activitiesactivities.. RuzickRuzickaa appeareappearedd atat ththee epicenteepicenterr ooff ththee crusadecrusade,, tellintellingg The New York

Times, "We"We areare goingoingg ttoo winwin thithiss battlbattlee --- andand UtaUtahh wilwilll againagain bbee iinn ththee forefrontforefront......

HomosexualsHomosexuals can'tcan't reproduce,reproduce, soso thetheyy recruitrecruit.. AnAndd thetheyy areare nonott goinggoing ttoo ususee UtaUtahh highighh schoolschool anandd juniojuniorr highighh schoolschool campusecampusess toto recruit."recruit."104104 ShShee employedemployed thethe rhetoricrhetoric ooff parentsparents'' rightsrights aass sheshe spokspokee againsagainstt gagayy clubsclubs anandd teachinteachingg aboutabout homosexualityhomosexuality iinn schools,schools, differentiatindifferentiatingg betweebetweenn respecrespectt anandd whatwhat shshee classifieclassifiedd asas immoralityimmorality.. "I"I expecexpectt publipublicc schoolsschools ttoo upholupholdd mmyy valuesvalues.. YoYouu can'tcan't.. YoYouu don'tdon't.. YoYouu shouldn'tshouldn't teacteachh thathatt homosexualithomosexualityy iiss aann acceptableacceptable lifestyle."105lifestyle."105 FoForr RuzickaRuzicka,, therethere

103103 BoBobb BernickBernick Jr.Jr.,, "Races"Races ShowShow SpecialSpecial InteresInterestt Clout,"Clout," Deseret News, AugusAugustt 6,6,1994 1994.. 104104 JameJamess Brooke,Brooke, "To"To BBee YoungYoung,, GaGayy andand GoingGoing ttoo HigHighh SchoolSchool iinn Utah,Utah,"" The New York Times, FebFeb.. 28,28, 1996,1996, B8B8.. 105105 KatherinKatherinee KaposKapos,, "Gay"Gay AgendAgendaa InIn SchoolsSchools IsIs DebatedDebated;; PanelPanel:: It'It'ss EitheEitherr AbouAboutt RespecRespectt oror Recruitment,Recruitment,"" The Salt Lake Tribune, OcOctt 10,10,1996 1996,, BlB1.. 3939 wawass nnoo compromisecompromise whewhenn itit camcamee toto sexualitysexuality anandd publicpublic educationeducation andand sheshe vigilantlvigilantlyy soughsoughtt ttoo prespresss thithiss stance.stance.106106

SomeSome observersobservers questionedquestioned howhow lonlongg ththee EagleEagle ForuForumm coulcouldd sustaisustainn itsits offensive,offensive, incorrectlincorrectlyy believinbelievingg thatthat ththee RepublicaRepublicann PartPartyy wawass ththee solesole sourcsourcee ofof itsits powepowerr andand influence.influence. RuzickaRuzicka wawass chastisechastisedd afterafter sheshe leledd a factionfaction ofof UtaUtahh delegatesdelegates aatt ththee 19961996 GOPGOP NationaNationall ConventionConvention inin makinmakingg a showshow ooff supportsupport forfor thethe nominationominationn ooff PaPatt BuchanaBuchanann overover BoBobb Dole.107107 InIn 1998,1998, RuzickRuzickaa wawass denieddenied a

HighlanHighlandd precincprecinctt delegatedelegate positiopositionn ttoo ththee statestate RepublicaRepublicann conventionconvention.. The SaltSalt

Lake Tribune wawass quicquickk ttoo presumpresumee thathatt heherr positiopositionn asas aann alternatalternatee meantmeant sheshe hadhad

108 nnoo voicvoicee oonn thethe conventionconvention floor. lOB HoweverHowever,, regardlesregardlesss ofof hohoww tiretiredd moderatesmoderates becambecamee ofof RuzickaRuzicka,, thetheyy lackelackedd ththee grassrootsgrassroots resourceresourcess thatthat EaglEaglee ForuForumm claimedclaimed..

RuzickRuzickaa wawass powerfupowerfull becausbecausee shshee couldcould mobilizmobilizee largelarge numbernumberss ooff activistactivistss whowho alsoalso exercisedexercised influencinfluencee iinn theitheirr communities.communities. ThThee EagleEagle ForuForumm shapeshapedd thethe

RepublicaRepublicann Party'Party'ss imageimage andand agendagendaa witwithh billbillss againsagainstt nudnudee dancingdancing anandd no-faultno-fault divorcesdivorces.. MemberMemberss andand supportersupporterss werweree partpartyy cadre.cadre. PartPartyy leadershipleadership wawass forcedforced ttoo reckoreckonn witwithh anan uncompromisinuncompromisingg anandd formidableformidable allallyy whwhoo wawass nonott givegivenn toto compromisecompromise..

106106 JennifeJenniferr SkordasSkordas,, "Eas"Eastt HighHigh StudentsStudents MaMayy StartStart GayGay Club,Club,"" The Salt Lake Tribune, DeDecc 2222,, 1995,1995, BlB1;; GweGwenn Florio,Florio, "I"Inn UtahUtah,, SchooSchooll ClubClubss BanneBannedd ttoo StopStop GayGay Meeting,Meeting,"" The Philadelphia Inquirer, FebFeb.. 2323,, 1996,1996, AlA1;; KatherinKatherinee Kapos,Kapos, "Stat"Statee SchooSchooll BoarBoardd SeeksSeeks StopStop ttoo ControversialControversial Clubs,Clubs,"" The Salt LakeLake Tribune, JanJan.. 12,12, 1996,1996, 02;D2; TonTonyy Semerad,Semerad, "Senate"Senate OKOKss BilBilll AimeAimedd aatt TeacherTeacherss MeasurMeasuree ProhibitsProhibits SchoolSchool WorkerWorkerss FroFromm PromotinPromotingg IllegaIllegall Acts,Acts,"" The Salt Lake Tribune, FeFebb 24,199624, 1996,, ElE1.. 107107 PauPaull RoilyRolly,, "Far"Far RighRightt WinWingg ooff Utah'Utah'ss GOGOPP IrritateIrritatess StatStatee PartPartyy LeadersLeaders Again,Again,"" The Salt Lake Tribune, FeFebb 2020,2000., 2000. A3.A3. 108 lOB JudyJudy FahysFahys andand DaDann HarrieHarrie,, "Health"Health ooff RepublicanRepublican Party'Party'ss RightRight WinWingg MaMayy BeBe iinn JeopardyJeopardy;; IIss Ruzicka'Ruzicka'ss ousterouster a signsign thathatt Utah'Utah'ss GOGOPP iiss leaninleaningg mormoree towartowardd ththee center?"center?" The Salt Lake Tribune,Tribune, AprApr.. 13,13,1998 1998,, BlB1.. 4040

InIn anan efforteffort toto sustainsustain growthgrowth andand leadership,leadership, thethe ForumForum recruitedrecruited teenagersteenagers asas activeactive participantsparticipants.. InIn 2003,2003, ththee EagleEagle Forum'sForum's nationalnational or"ganizationorganization partneredpartnered witwithh thethe St.St. LouisLouis TeenTeen EaglesEagles andand createdcreated a "Teen"Teen Eagle"Eagle" prograprogramm toto provideprovide activitiesactivities foforr youtyouthh inin statestate ForumForum chapters.chapters. Utah'Utah'ss programprogram sponsorssponsors studystudy groupsgroups anandd traintrainss teenagerteenagerss forfor legislativelegislative internships.internships. TeenTeen EagleEagle internsinterns attendattend legislativlegislativee

meetingsmeetings andand workwork asas messengersmessengers duringduring ththee session.session. TheyThey areare groomedgroomed toto maintaimaintainn a propeproperr appearanceappearance andand demeanor.demeanor. InternsInterns plaplayay a vitalvital rolrolee inin recruitingrecruiting ththee nexnextt generationgeneration ofof conservativeconservative activists.activists. OneOne TeenTeen EagleEagle eveneven convincedconvinced herher politicallpoliticallyy activeactive mothemotherr ttoo joijoinn EagleEagle Forum.109109

AlthougAlthoughh thethe UtaUtahh EagleEagle ForumForum hashas nonott formallyformally endorsedendorsed candidatescandidates forfor election,election, itit hashas useusedd ththee phonphonee treetree,, ititss periodicperiodic newsletternewsletter,, andand emailemail notificationsnotifications toto spreadspread politicalpolitical information.information. ConservativeConservative candidatescandidates havhavee curriedcurried thethe Forum'sForum's support,support, convincedconvinced thathatt itsits resourceresourcess areare integralintegral toto fightingfighting challengers.challengers. InIn hishis

20020088 rurunn forfor Congress,Congress, JasonJason ChaffetzChaffetz soughtsought toto unseatunseat incumbentincumbent RepresentativeRepresentative

ChrisChris Cannon.Cannon. HavingHaving maintainedmaintained a positivepositive relationshiprelationship withwith thethe EagleEagle ForumForum whilewhile workingworking inin GovernorGovernor JohnJohn HuntsmanHuntsman Jr'sJr's office,office, ChaffetzChaffetz understoounderstoodd thethe importanceimportance ofof anan alliancealliance withwith EagleEagle Forum.Forum. HeHe tooktook GayleGayle RuzickRuzickaa toto lunchlunch andand toldtold heherr ofof hishis plansplans toto run.run. "1"I wentwent forwardforward andand I keptkept checkingchecking inin withwith her,"her,"

ChaffetzChaffetz toltoldd EagleEagle ForumForum conferenceconference attendeesattendees ofof hishis effortsefforts ttoo earnearn Ruzicka'Ruzicka'ss confidence.l1O110 AlthougAlthoughh RepresentativeRepresentative CannonCannon scoredscored a 96-point96-point ratinratingg fromfrom thethe

109109 "The'"pne jeeTeenn EagleEagle Story,"Story," St.St. LouisLouis TeeTeenn Eagles,Eagles, http://stlteeneagles.wordpress.com/about/http://stlteeneagles.wordpress.com/about/ (accessed(accessed Dec.Dec. 2020,, 2008);2008); "Who"Who WeWe Are,"Are," UtaUtahh TeenTeen Eagles,Eagles, http://www.utahteeneagles.com/who­http://www.utahteeneagles.com/who- we-arwe-aree (accessed(accessed DecDec.. 20,20, 2008)2008);; DalanDalanee England,England, interviewinterview withwith author,author, JulyJuly 9,2008,9, 2008, Bountiful,Bountiful, UT.UT. 110110 JasonJason Chaffetz,Chaffetz, "Washington's"Washington's LiberalLiberal Agenda,"Agenda," (speech,(speech, UtaUtahh EaglEaglee ForuForumm conference,conference, SandySandy,, UtahUtah,, JanuarJanuaryy 17,17, 2009).2009). 41

AmericaAmericann ConservativConservativee UnionUnion,, hhee wawass totooo moderatmoderatee forfor ththee Forum.111111 WitWithh strongstrong grassrootsgrassroots supportsupport,, ChaffetzChaffetz wowonn ththee RepublicaRepublicann primarprimaryy anandd ththee CongressionalCongressional racerace.. OfOf Chaffetz'Chaffetz'ss campaigncampaign,, RuzickRuzickaa recalledrecalled:: "it"it wawass somethinsomethingg dondonee correctly."correctly." 112112

ChaffetzChaffetz wawass nonott ththee onlonlyy legislatorlegislator iinn 20020088 whwhoo reliereliedd onon ththee EagleEagle Forum'sForum's

grassrootgrassrootss strength.strength. ChrisChris ButtarsButtars,, a RepublicaRepublicann statstatee senatorsenator fromfrom WesWestt Jordan,Jordan,

hahadd beebeenn calledcalled "about"about aass populapopularr aass anthraxanthrax"" followinfollowingg allegationallegationss ooff racism.113113 AA

closclosee friendfriend anandd longtimelongtime allyally ofof Ruzicka'sRuzicka's,, ButtarButtarss occupiedoccupied aann importanimportantt spotspot onon

ththee SenateSenate RuleRuless committee,committee, whicwhichh controlcontrolss whicwhichh legislationlegislation reachesreaches senatesenate committeescommittees forfor debatedebate.. BecausBecausee ththee RuleRuless committecommitteee meetmeetss iinn closedclosed session,session,

ButtarButtarss wawass a valuablvaluablee assetasset ttoo ththee EagleEagle ForumForum.. HHee alsoalso servedserved asas chairchair ofof thethe

SenateSenate HealtHealthh andand HumaHumann ServicesServices CommitteeCommittee andand ththee SenateSenate JudiciarJudiciaryy Committee,Committee,

importantimportant committeecommitteess thathatt revierevieww proposeproposedd legislatiolegislationn onon issueissuess suchsuch asas abortionabortion

andand gagayy rights.rights.

WitWithh mucmuchh atat stake,stake, RuzickRuzickaa remembererememberedd spendingspending "lots"lots anandd lotlotss ofof time"time" workinworkingg foforr Buttar'sButtar's victorvictoryy aatt ththee SaltSalt LakeLake CountCountyy RepublicaRepublicann convention;convention; Vice-Vice-

PresidentPresident KarenKaren ClarkClark alsalsoo workeworkedd harhardd oonn ththee campaign.114114 ButtarButtarss carriecarriedd sixtysixty

percenpercentt ooff ththee delegatesdelegates inin spitspitee ooff a survesurveyy indicatinindicatingg thathatt sixty-sevensixty-seven percenpercentt ooff hishis

districdistrictt thoughthoughtt hhee shouldshould nonott bbee reelected.115115 ButtarButtarss wawass awareaware ofof hihiss debt:debt:

"Without"Without thithiss groupgroup,, withouwithoutt ththee leadershileadershipp ofof ththee EagleEagle ForumForum,, I would'vwould'vee lostlost......

111111 ThThee AmericaAmericann ConservativeConservative UnionUnion,, "200"Z0077 VoteVotess bbyy StatStatee Delegation,Delegation,"" TheThe AmericaAmericann ConservativeConservative Union, http://www.acuratings.Org/2007allhtm#UThttp://www.acuratings.org/2007all.htm#UT., (accessed Feb. 4,2009).4, 2009). 112 Bob Bernick, Jr., "What happened to Chris Cannon, anyway?" Deseret News, June 27, 2008;200B; SheenaSheena McFarland, "Utah going forfor Chaffetz, Matheson, Bishop," The Salt Lake Tribune, Nov. 4, 2008;200B; GayleGayle Ruzicka, (speech, Utah Eagle Forum conference, Sandy, UtahUtah, Jan. 17,2009).17,2009]. 113113 Lee Benson, "Dark, ugly session over forfor Buttars," Deseret News, March 7,2008,7, 200B, Bl.Bl. 114114 Ruzicka, interview; Clark, interview.interview. 115115 Bob Bernick Jr. and Leigh Dethman, "Buttars gets nod fromfrom S.L. County GOP," Deseret News, May 4, 2008,200B,A3. A3. 42

You'vYou'vee rescuedrescued meme a milliomillionn times."116times."116 EngineerinEngineeringg electionelectionss continuescontinues toto bbee anan importanimportantt componencomponentt ofof ththee EagleEagle Forum'Forum'ss activisactivistt strategystrategy aass iitt seekseekss ttoo supportsupport legislatorlegislatorss whwhoo wilwilll advanceadvance itsits agenda.agenda.

WitWithh ththee EaglEaglee ForumForum,, GayleGayle RuzickaRuzicka hashas becombecomee aann establishedestablished membememberr ooff

Utah'sUtah's conservativeconservative eliteelite.. SheShe relinquisherelinquishedd heherr shrillshrill anandd aggressiveaggressive tactictacticss ofof thethe earlyearly 1990s1990s andand focusefocusedd oonn developingdeveloping ththee organization'organization'ss futurfuturee leadership.leadership.

FactionalisFactionalismm isis avoidedavoided aatt conferenceconference bbyy allowinallowingg participantparticipantss ttoo listenlisten ttoo speakersspeakers bubutt nonott ttoo participatparticipatee iinn individualindividual discussiondiscussionss througthroughh panels.panels.111177 JusJustt aass ththee phonephone tretreee spreadsspreads a unifiedunified messagemessage,, EaglEaglee ForuForumm conferencesconferences providprovidee a gatheringatheringg spacespace foforr participantparticipantss whilwhilee guaranteeingguaranteeing littlelittle deviatiodeviationn fromfrom ththee organization'sorganization's focusedfocused agendaagenda.. ThatThat ththee statestate chapterchapter doedoess nonott offeroffer individuaindividuall membershipmembershipss furtherfurther emphasizeemphasizess thethe movement'movement'ss collectivcollectivee voicevoice.. ThThee EaglEaglee ForuForumm hahass cultivatecultivatedd anan imageimage ofof consistencyconsistency,, unityunity,, andand successuccesss iinn statstatee politicspolitics.. WhetheWhetherr througthroughh thethe phonphonee treetree,, iinn legislativelegislative session,session, oorr aatt ththee balloballott boxbox,, Ruzicka'Ruzicka'ss organizatioorganizationn hashas proveprovenn itsits abilitabilityy toto influencinfluencee publipublicc policypolicy..

116116 ChriChriss ButtarsButtars,, "Common"Common SenseSense Initiative"Initiative" (speech(speech,, UtaUtahh EaglEaglee ForuForumm conferenceconference,, Sandy,Sandy, UTUT,, JanJan.. 17,2009).17,2009). 117117 RuzickaRuzicka,, interview.interview. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

PhyllisPhyllis SchlaflySchlafly astutelyastutely recognizerecognizedd thethe potentiapotentiall foforr conservativeconservative politicpoliticss iinn

UtahUtah.. SheShe alsoalso wiselwiselyy soughtsought alliancealliancess witwithh membermemberss ooff thethe LDLDSS Church.Church. AAss a result,result,

STOP-ERASTOP-ERA playeplayedd a cruciacruciall rolrolee iinn mobilizinmobilizingg conservativconservativee womewomenn inin UtahUtah..

DorotheDorotheaa Masur'Masur'ss beliebelieff thathatt activismactivism couldcould bbee empoweringempowering ttoo conservativeconservative housewivehousewivess sustainedsustained STOP-ERASTOP-ERA duringduring ititss transformatiotransformationn intintoo ththee UtaUtahh EaglEaglee

Forum.Forum. GayleGayle RuzickRuzickaa movedmoved a stestepp closercloser ttoo influenceinfluence bbyy mobilizinmobilizingg MormoMormonn womenwomen.. ThisThis armyarmy ooff womewomenn sharesharedd a commocommonn commitmencommitmentt ttoo moralitmoralityy andand anan abundancabundancee ooff crucialcrucial resourcesresources:: timtimee andand energy.energy. EmployinEmployingg ththee threathreatt ooff thethe formidablformidablee phonphonee tree,tree, numerounumerouss chapterschapters anandd aann ableable legionlegion ooff legislativlegislativee lobbyistslobbyists,, GaylGaylee RuzickRuzickaa letlet thosthosee iinn powepowerr knoknoww thathatt thetheyy hahadd littllittlee choicchoicee bubutt toto listelistenn toto ththee vocavocall minority.minority.

RuzickaRuzicka gainedgained influencinfluencee inin ththee RepublicaRepublicann PartPartyy becausbecausee sheshe challengechallengedd politicianspoliticians witwithh a larglargee anandd activactivee grougroupp ofof citizencitizenss whwhoo attendeattendedd caucusescaucuses,, favoredfavored conservativeconservative candidates,candidates, spokspokee aatt legislativelegislative meetingsmeetings,, anandd petitionepetitionedd leadersleaders vigorouslyvigorously.. Consequently,Consequently, politicianpoliticianss feltfelt ththee gazegaze ofof ththee EaglEaglee ForuForumm whewhenn issuesissues ooff abortion,abortion, homosexualityhomosexuality,, anandd parentaparentall rightrightss emergeemergedd inin ththee annuaannuall UtaUtahh statestate legislature.legislature. AAss aggressivaggressivee guardianguardianss ooff traditionatraditionall valuesvalues,, ththee EaglEaglee ForumForum consistentlyconsistently anandd successfullsuccessfullyy persuadepersuadedd conservativconservativee citizencitizenss toto acactt andand forcedforced conservativconservativee legislatorlegislatorss ttoo papayy heed.heed. 4444

ThThee actionactionss ooff thesthesee conservativeconservative femalefemale activistsactivists iinn anan alreadyalready conservativeconservative

. politicapoliticall climatclimatee suggestsuggest thathatt sincesince ththee 1980s,1980s, right-winright-wingg women'women'ss visiovisionn ooff

citizenshicitizenshipp oonn ththee righrightt hahass expandedexpanded.. BeforeBefore,, conservativconservativee womewomenn mobilizemobilizedd iinn

neighborhoodsneighborhoods iinn favofavorr ooff candidatescandidates oror inin oppositiooppositionn ttoo immediateimmediate threatsthreats.. SuchSuch

womewomenn werweree amateuramateur activistactivistss whoswhosee powepowerr iinn politicpoliticss wawass temporartemporaryy anandd limited.limited.

ThThee EaglEaglee ForuForumm pioneerepioneeredd a watchdowatchdogg rolrolee foforr conservativeconservative womenwomen.. TheyThey standstand

eveeverr vigilanvigilantt ttoo thwarthwartt neneww dangerdangerss andand enlargenlargee ththee legislativlegislativee boundarieboundariess ooff

conservatismconservatism.. TheTheyy labolaborr ttoo safeguarsafeguardd ththee seatsseats ooff theitheirr supporters.supporters. ThesThesee taskstasks

requirrequiree continuingcontinuing commitmencommitmentt anandd womewomenn areare keykey.. SaidSaid Ruzicka:Ruzicka: "If"If there'sthere's

somethinsomethingg that'that'ss nearnear andand deardear ttoo youyou,, yoyouu shouldshould picpickk uupp youyourr phonephone andand callcall youryour

legislatorlegislator.. BuButt everybodyeverybody can'can'tt findfind ououtt what'what'ss goingoingg onon.. We'rWe'ree atat thethe legislaturelegislature,, wewe

knoknoww what'what'ss goingoingg on,on, we'rwe'ree watchdogwatchdogss foforr thathatt andand wwee putput ththee informationinformation out."l1Bout."118

ThrougThroughh thithiss simplsimplee strategy,strategy, ththee UtaUtahh EaglEaglee ForuForumm harnesseharnessedd ththee powepowerr ooff a

conservativconservativee basbasee ttoo becombecomee a powerfupowerfull factorfactor iinn ththee makinmakingg ofof publipublicc policypolicy.. GayleGayle

RuzickRuzickaa iiss nonoww regarderegardedd aass a formidablformidablee figurefigure iinn statestate politicpoliticss anandd ththee UtaUtahh EaglEaglee

ForuForumm enjoyenjoyss a prominencprominencee unequaledunequaled bbyy EaglEaglee ForuForumm chapterschapters elsewhere.elsewhere.119119

ThisThis efficacyefficacy iiss bounboundd uupp inin ththee EaglEaglee Forum'Forum'ss appealappeal toto womenwomen.. AlthougAlthoughh

memenn havhavee becombecomee involveinvolvedd iinn recenrecentt yearsyears,, womewomenn continucontinuee toto lealeadd thethe

organizationorganization anandd disseminatedisseminate ititss messagemessage.. OOnn mattermatterss ofof sexualitysexuality anandd education,education,

ththee womewomenn ofof ththee UtaUtahh EaglEaglee ForuForumm havehave,, aass ssoo manmanyy activistsactivists beforbeforee themthem,, spokenspoken

outout nonott jusjustt aass conservatives,conservatives, MormonsMormons,, oorr Catholics,Catholics, bubutt asas mothermotherss andand

housewiveshousewives.. ThThee ForuForumm hahass convincedconvinced womewomenn whoswhosee livelivess focusfocus onon ththee privateprivate

118118 RuzickaRuzicka,, interview.interview. 119119 PhylliPhylliss SchlaflySchlafly,, intervieintervieww witwithh authorauthor,, JulJulyy 2323,, 2008,2008, St.St. LouisLouis,, MO.MO. 4545

spheresphere toto engageengage publipublicc issuesissues.. AAss scholarsscholars studystudy women'women'ss visiovisionn ofof citizenshipcitizenship,, iitt isis

. vitavitall toto understanunderstandd thathatt ththee messagmessagee ofof empowermentempowerment hahass appeaappeall beyondbeyond thethe

traditionalltraditionallyy understoounderstoodd parameterparameterss ooff feministfeminist activismactivism..

HistoriansHistorians anandd commentatorcommentatorss havhavee latellatelyy becombecomee concerneconcernedd withwith thethe

questionquestion ofof whethewhetherr oror nonott conservatisconservatismm isis deaddead oror dying.dying. ThThee UtaUtahh EaglEaglee ForuForumm iiss

evidenceevidence ofof ititss grassrootsgrassroots healthhealth.. TheThe EaglEaglee Forum'Forum'ss successesuccessess suggestsuggest thatthat

evolutionevolution sustainssustains conservativeconservative powerpower.. MosMostt groupsgroups foundedfounded ttoo fighfightt ththee ERERAA lostlost

relevancrelevancee aass soonsoon aass ththee battlbattlee wawass over;over; otheotherr conservativeconservative organizationsorganizations havehave

strugglestruggledd toto maintaimaintainn salience.salience. FoForr nearlnearlyy fourfour decades,decades, ththee UtaUtahh EaglEaglee ForumForum hashas

expandeexpandedd ititss agendaagenda ttoo includincludee a broabroadd rangrangee ofof issueissuess thathatt embodyembody ththee breadthbreadth ooff

conservativconservativee thoughtthought.. FocusingFocusing oonn state'sstate's rightsrights,, gugunn controlcontrol,, pro-lifepro-life,, parentalparental

rightsrights,, moralitmoralityy andand strictstrict constitutionalism,constitutionalism, ththee EaglEaglee ForuForumm offersoffers somethingsomething forfor

everyoneeveryone.. IInn UtahUtah,, conservatismconservatism isis alivalivee anandd welwelll becausbecausee ththee EaglEaglee ForumForum

continuecontinuess ttoo convinceconvince citizenscitizens thathatt itit isis relevanrelevantt withouwithoutt makinmakingg concessionsconcessions.. SELECTESELECTEDD BIBLIOGRAPHBIBLIOGRAPHYY

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