DOCSLIB.ORG

Sialotranscriptome Sequencing and Analysis of Anopheles Sinensis And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

1 Author running head: Y. J. Fang et al. 2 Title running head: Sialotranscriptome of An. sinensis 3 Correspondence: Bin Chen, Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology 4 College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University 5 University Town, Chongqing 401331, China. Tel: +86 23 65918391 (office), 13638385631 6 (mobile); fax: +86 23 65910315; email: [email protected], [email protected] 7 *These authors contributed equally for the work. 8 9 ORIGINAL ARTICLE 10 Sialotranscriptome sequencing and analysis of Anopheles sinensis and 11 comparison with Psorophora albipes sialotranscriptome (Diptera: Culicidae) 12 13 Ya-Jie Fang*, Zhen-Tian Yan and Bin Chen* 14 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, 15 College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China. This is an Accepted Article that has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication in the Insect Science but has yet to undergo copy-editing and proof correction. Please cite this article as doi: 10.1111/1744-7917.12431. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. 16 17 18 Abstract Most of adult female mosquitoes secrete saliva to facilitate blood sucking, 19 digestion and nutrition, and mosquito-borne disease prevention. The knowledge of 20 classification and characteristics of sialotranscriptome genes are still quite limited. Anopheles 21 sinensis is a major malaria vector in China and Southeast countries. In the study, the An. 22 sinensis sialotranscriptome was sequenced using Illumina sequencing technique with a total of 23 10 907 unigenes to be obtained and annotated in biological function and pathway, and 10 470 24 unigenes were mapped to An. sinensis reference genome with 70.46% genes having 25 90%–100% genome mapping through bioinformatics analysis. These mapped genes were 26 classified into four categories: housekeeping (6632 genes), secreted (1177), protein-coding 27 genes with function-unknown (2646) and transposable element (15). The housekeeping genes 28 were divided into 27 classes, and the secreted genes were divided into 11 classes and 96 29 families. The classification, characteristics and evolution of these classes/families of secreted 30 genes were further described and discussed. The comparison of the 1177 secreted genes in An. 31 sinensis in Anophelinae subfamily with 811 in Psorophora albipes in Culicinae subfamily 32 show that 6 Classes/subclasses have the gene number more than twice and 2 classes (Uniquely 33 found in anophelines, and Orphan proteins of unique standing) are unique in the former 34 compared with the later, whereas 4 Classes/subclasses are much expanded and the Uniquely 35 found in Aedes class is unique in the later. The An. sinensis sialotranscriptome sequence data is 36 the most complete in mosquitoes to date, and the analyses provide a comprehensive 37 information frame for further research of mosquito sialotranscriptome. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. 38 Key words Anopheles sinensis; comparative analysis; gene classification; 39 Psorophora albipes; sialotranscriptome 40 41 Introduction 42 Anopheles sinensis is a major malaria vector in China and in eastern and southeastern Asia, 43 with wide distribution from Afghanistan, China (northern China and Taiwan), Japan, Korea, 44 northeast India, and southward to western Indonesia (Sinka et al., 2011). It also transmits the 45 filarial nematodes (Zhang et al., 1994). The adult female mosquitoes need blood feeding to 46 obtain nutrition for egg‟s maturation. Salivary gland is an important organ of mosquitoes to 47 facilitate: (1) blood feeding and digestion, (2) sugar, protein and lipid digestion, (3) reducing of 48 the parasite infection and transmission (Das et al., 2010). When mosquito sucks blood, the 49 salivary gland releases mixture, containing anti-hemostatic, blood platelet aggregation 50 inhibitor and vasodilator to obtain blood, and meanwhile, it also releases the defensin and 51 lysozyme to minimize parasite infection. The mosquito salivary glands are paired and located 52 at the anterior portion of the thorax. There are three lobes each gland, two lateral lobes and one 53 median lobe (Siriyasatien et al., 2005a). The lateral can be divided into proximal region and 54 distal region. The proximal region mainly secretes enzymes related to sugar feeding, while the 55 distal region and the median lobe secrete the compounds associated with blood-sucking, which 56 may be specific for female mosquitoes. 57 The research on transcriptome and protein of mosquito salivary gland are essential to 58 understand the mechanism of blood sucking, digestion and nutrition, and the prevention of 59 mosquito-borne diseases. Up to date, 11 species of mosquito transcriptomes of salivary glands This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. 60 (sialotranscriptome) have sequenced and analyzed, including Anopheles gambiae 61 (Francischetti et al., 2002), Aedes aegypti (Francischetti et al., 2002; Ribeiro et al., 2007), An. 62 stephensi (Valenzuela et al., 2003), An. darlingi (Calvo et al., 2004; Calvo et al., 2009b), Culex 63 pipiens quinquefasciatus (Ribeiro et al., 2004), Ae. albopictus (Arca et al., 2007), An. funestus 64 (Calvo et al., 2007), Toxorhynchites amboinensis (Calvo et al., 2008), Cx. tarsalis (Calvo et 65 al., 2010a), Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Calvo et al., 2010b), and Psorophora albipes (Chagas et 66 al., 2013). Comparative analyses of sialotranscriptomes in relation to blood feeding in An. 67 gambiae and in response to sugar feeding in An. stephensi have also been reported (Das et al., 68 2010; Dixit et al., 2009). However, all of these species of sialotranscriptomes, except for 69 Psorophora albipes, were sequenced based on first generation of sequencing techniques, thus 70 the transcripts sequenced were quite limited with only 281–1273 contigs. Due to partial 71 sequencing, the classifications of these species of sialotranscriptome were still preliminary. 72 The sialotranscriptome of Ps. albipes has been well sequenced based on the second generation 73 of sequencing techniques, and assembled into 43 466 contigs; however, only 3247 CDs were 74 classified (Chagas et al., 2013). Ribeiro et al. (2010) (Ribeiro et al., 2010) summarized and 75 reviewed the sialotranscriptomes of Nematocera in Diptera, in which 10 species of mosquitoes 76 were inclusive. The proteomics researches of salivary gland have mainly concentrated on the 77 comparison before and after mosquito blood sucking or Plasmodium infection (Siriyasatien et 78 al., 2005b; Cotama et al., 2013). A small amount of salivary proteins have been preliminarily 79 investigated: the blood feeding related proteins such as vasodilator (Ribeiro, 1992), apyrase 80 (Champagne et al., 1995) and anophelin (Francischetti et al., 1999), and the immunity related 81 proteins such as aedesin with antimicrobial activity (Godreuil et al., 2014), inhibitor of 82 cysteine proteases associated with Plasmodium infection (Boysen & Matuschewski, 2013). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. 83 Generally, the knowledge of classification, characteristics, evolution, and function of salivary 84 gland genes are still limited. 85 Although the genome and general transcriptome in An. sinensis have been reported (Zhou 86 et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2014), the sialotranscriptome of An. sinensis is still unknown. In the 87 study, we sequenced and annotated the sialotranscriptome of An. sinensis based on next 88 generation of sequencing technique, classified the unigenes of the sialotranscriptome into 89 various categories, and compared the sialotranscriptome with Ps. albipes sialotranscriptome. 90 The An. sinensis sialotranscriptome sequence data is most complete so far, and the analyses 91 provide a comprehensive information frame for further research of the mosquito 92 sialotranscriptome. 93 94 Materials and methods 95 Insect samples, salivary gland dissection and RNA extraction 96 The laboratory colony of An. sinensis was reared in the Institute of Entomology and 97 Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, China in a 12 : 12h light cycle and at 26 ± 98 1°C with 75% ± 5% relative humidity. The colony was established five years ago based on a 99 single pregnant female adult originally collected from Wuxi, Jiangsu, and confirmed to be An. 100 sinensis by genome sequencing in our institute. Female adult mosquitoes were fed with 10% 101 glucose solution and collected at the age of 3–5 days post emergence for salivary gland 102 dissection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. 103 The collected mosquitoes were frozen in a freezer to be knocked down, and then placed in a 104 Petri dish that was kept cold on ice. Salivary glands were dissected in a microplate-well with a 105 drop of sterilized 1× Phosphate Buffer Saline (1×PBS) solution using fine-tipped forceps. The 106 thorax was fixed with a pair of forceps, and the head was pull apart with another pair of forceps. 107 The salivary glands located at the anterior portion of the thorax were exposed in the process of 108 pulling-apart, peeled off with removing connected tissues, and cleaned with the 1×PBS buffer. 109 A total of 180 salivary glands were collected and dipped into 1 mL Trizol solution (Ambion, 110 USA) for RNA preparation. 111 Total RNA was separately extracted using TRIzol Reagent (Ambion, USA) following the 112 manufacturer‟s protocol. To eliminate genomic DNA, the RNA samples were treated with 113 RNase-Free DNase I
Recommended publications
  • 1 It's All Geek to Me: Translating Names Of

    1 It's All Geek to Me: Translating Names Of

    IT’S ALL GEEK TO ME: TRANSLATING NAMES OF INSECTARIUM ARTHROPODS Prof. J. Phineas Michaelson, O.M.P. U.S. Biological and Geological Survey of the Territories Central Post Office, Denver City, Colorado Territory [or Year 2016 c/o Kallima Consultants, Inc., PO Box 33084, Northglenn, CO 80233-0084] ABSTRACT Kids today! Why don’t they know the basics of Greek and Latin? Either they don’t pay attention in class, or in many cases schools just don’t teach these classic languages of science anymore. For those who are Latin and Greek-challenged, noted (fictional) Victorian entomologist and explorer, Prof. J. Phineas Michaelson, will present English translations of the scientific names that have been given to some of the popular common arthropods available for public exhibits. This paper will explore how species get their names, as well as a brief look at some of the naturalists that named them. INTRODUCTION Our education system just isn’t what it used to be. Classic languages such as Latin and Greek are no longer a part of standard curriculum. Unfortunately, this puts modern students of science at somewhat of a disadvantage compared to our predecessors when it comes to scientific names. In the insectarium world, Latin and Greek names are used for the arthropods that we display, but for most young entomologists, these words are just a challenge to pronounce and lack meaning. Working with arthropods, we all know that Entomology is the study of these animals. Sounding similar but totally different, Etymology is the study of the origin of words, and the history of word meaning.
  • Data-Driven Identification of Potential Zika Virus Vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad a Dallas1,3, Barbara a Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8

    Data-Driven Identification of Potential Zika Virus Vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad a Dallas1,3, Barbara a Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8

    RESEARCH ARTICLE Data-driven identification of potential Zika virus vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad A Dallas1,3, Barbara A Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8 1Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 2Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 3Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, Davis, United States; 4Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, United States; 5Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 6Center for Tropical Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 7Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 8River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States Abstract Zika is an emerging virus whose rapid spread is of great public health concern. Knowledge about transmission remains incomplete, especially concerning potential transmission in geographic areas in which it has not yet been introduced. To identify unknown vectors of Zika, we developed a data-driven model linking vector species and the Zika virus via vector-virus trait combinations that confer a propensity toward associations in an ecological network connecting flaviviruses and their mosquito vectors. Our model predicts that thirty-five species may be able to transmit the virus, seven of which are found in the continental United States, including Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens. We suggest that empirical studies prioritize these species to confirm predictions of vector competence, enabling the correct identification of populations at risk for transmission within the United States. *For correspondence: mvevans@ DOI: 10.7554/eLife.22053.001 uga.edu Competing interests: The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
  • Application of the Mermithid Nematode, Romanomermis

    Application of the Mermithid Nematode, Romanomermis

    THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA Application of the Mermithid Nematode, Romanomermis culicivorax Ross and Smith, 1976, for Mosquito Control in Manitoba and Taxonomic Investigations in the Genus Romanomermis Coman, 1961 by Terry Don Galloway A·THESIS SUBMITTED IN THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRENiENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTlflENT OF ENTOI\�OLOGY WINNIPEG, MANITOBA 1977 Applicati.on of the Mermi.thid Nematode, Romanomermis culicivorax Ross and Smith, 1976, for Mosquito Control in Manitoba and Taxonomic Investigations in the Genus Romanomermis Coman, 1961 by Terry Don Galloway A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Stuuics of the University or Manitoba in partial fulfillmcnl of the requirements or l he degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY © 1977 Permission has been granll'd lo lhc LIBRARY OF TIIE UNIVER­ SITY OF MAN ITO BA lo lend or sell copies of this dissertation, lo lhc NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to mil:mfilrn this dissertation and lo lend or sell copies or the film, and UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS to publish :111 abstr:tct of this dissert:1lion. The author reserves other public.ition rights, and· neither lht' dissertation nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otl11:r­ wise reproduced without lhc author's written p,mnission. ii ABSTRACT Successful invasion by the mermithid Romanomermis culicivorax declined linearly from 93.6 to 1.5% in Culex tarsalis and from 73,1 to 1.6% in Aedes dorsalis larvae ° exposed in the laboratory at 18, 16, 14, 12 and 10 C for 48 hours, Larvae of C. tarsalis were more susceptible than ° those of A.
  • A Mosquito Psorophora Ciliata (Fabricius) (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae)1 Ephraim V

    A Mosquito Psorophora Ciliata (Fabricius) (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae)1 Ephraim V

    EENY-540 A Mosquito Psorophora ciliata (Fabricius) (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae)1 Ephraim V. Ragasa and Phillip E. Kaufman2 Introduction For additional information on mosquitoes, see http://edis. ifas.ufl.edu/IN652. Psorophora ciliata (Fabricius) is a large mosquito (Cutwa and O’Meara 2005) that has developed an outsized reputa- tion because of its relatively intimidating heft and persistent Synonymy biting behavior (Gladney and Turner 1969), including Psorophora ciliata (Fabricius 1794) anecdotal historical accounts of its legendary aggressiveness Culex ciliata Fabricius (1794) (Wallis and Whitman 1971) and ‘frightening appearance’ Culex conterrens Walker (1856) (King et al. 1960). The ‘gallinipper’ or ‘shaggy-legged Culex molestus Weidemann (1820) gallinipper’ was used as a common name for Psorophora Culex rubidus Robineau-Desvoidy (1827) ciliata in various published reports (Ross 1947; King et al. Psorophora boscii Robineau-Desvoidy (1827) 1960; Breeland et al. 1961; Goddard et al. 2009). The term Psorophora ctites Dyar (1918) was mentioned much earlier by Flanery (1897) describing (From ITIS 2011) the mosquito as ‘the little zebra-legged thing—the shyest, slyest, meanest, and most venomous of them all’ [sic] but Distribution did not specify what species it was. The word gallinipper Psorophora ciliata usually is associated with other flood- originated as a vernacular term in the southeastern region water mosquitoes, including many species from the Aedes of the United States referring to ‘a large mosquito or other genera (Breeland et al. 1961), and has a wide distribution insect that has a painful bite or sting’ and has appeared in the New World. Floodwater mosquitoes often lay in folk tales, traditional minstrel songs, and a blues their eggs in low-lying areas with damp soil and grassy song referencing a large mosquito with a ‘fearsome bite’ overgrowth.
  • The Pennsylvania State University the Graduate School College Of

    The Pennsylvania State University the Graduate School College Of

    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Agricultural Sciences SPECIES-SPECIFICITY OF THREE COMMONLY USED AND TWO NOVEL MOSQUITO FIELD-SAMPLING DEVICES A Thesis in Entomology by Loyal Philip Hall © 2012 Loyal Philip Hall Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science May 2012 ii The thesis of Loyal Philip Hall was reviewed and approved* by the following: Gary Felton Professor and Department Head of Entomology Thomas Baker Distinguished Professor of Entomology Thesis Advisor James Marden Professor of Biology Michael Saunders Professor of Entomology Matthew Thomas Professor of Entomology *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. iii Abstract Effective sampling is a stepping-stone to efficient use of resources, targeted control efforts, and success in nuisance or vector mosquito management. Effective sampling to identify locations where disease-vectoring mosquitoes are present and to monitor population levels allows control measures to be targeted towards medically important mosquitoes, and can reduce the environmental and financial costs associated with widespread, indiscriminate pesticide application while also preventing the failure to initiate control in an area due to a perception that there are few important mosquitoes present. A comparative study between the CDC light trap, ABC light trap, Reiter-Cummings gravid trap, and two traps developed by the author was conducted to test for species-specificity of each trap type. It was found that while no trap was superior over-all, certain species of mosquitoes are more likely to be detected and their populations monitored by some types of traps compared to others and the novel traps were shown to often be as effective in sampling certain important target species of mosquito as the tested commercial mosquito traps.
  • Downloaded from the National Center for Cide Resistance Mechanisms

    Downloaded from the National Center for Cide Resistance Mechanisms

    Zhou et al. Parasites & Vectors (2018) 11:32 DOI 10.1186/s13071-017-2584-8 RESEARCH Open Access ASGDB: a specialised genomic resource for interpreting Anopheles sinensis insecticide resistance Dan Zhou, Yang Xu, Cheng Zhang, Meng-Xue Hu, Yun Huang, Yan Sun, Lei Ma, Bo Shen* and Chang-Liang Zhu Abstract Background: Anopheles sinensis is an important malaria vector in Southeast Asia. The widespread emergence of insecticide resistance in this mosquito species poses a serious threat to the efficacy of malaria control measures, particularly in China. Recently, the whole-genome sequencing and de novo assembly of An. sinensis (China strain) has been finished. A series of insecticide-resistant studies in An. sinensis have also been reported. There is a growing need to integrate these valuable data to provide a comprehensive database for further studies on insecticide-resistant management of An. sinensis. Results: A bioinformatics database named An. sinensis genome database (ASGDB) was built. In addition to being a searchable database of published An. sinensis genome sequences and annotation, ASGDB provides in-depth analytical platforms for further understanding of the genomic and genetic data, including visualization of genomic data, orthologous relationship analysis, GO analysis, pathway analysis, expression analysis and resistance-related gene analysis. Moreover, ASGDB provides a panoramic view of insecticide resistance studies in An. sinensis in China. In total, 551 insecticide-resistant phenotypic and genotypic reports on An. sinensis distributed in Chinese malaria- endemic areas since the mid-1980s have been collected, manually edited in the same format and integrated into OpenLayers map-based interface, which allows the international community to assess and exploit the high volume of scattered data much easier.
  • Potentialities for Accidental Establishment of Exotic Mosquitoes in Hawaii1

    Potentialities for Accidental Establishment of Exotic Mosquitoes in Hawaii1

    Vol. XVII, No. 3, August, 1961 403 Potentialities for Accidental Establishment of Exotic Mosquitoes in Hawaii1 C. R. Joyce PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE QUARANTINE STATION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE HONOLULU, HAWAII Public health workers frequently become concerned over the possibility of the introduction of exotic anophelines or other mosquito disease vectors into Hawaii. It is well known that many species of insects have been dispersed by various means of transportation and have become established along world trade routes. Hawaii is very fortunate in having so few species of disease-carrying or pest mosquitoes. Actually only three species are found here, exclusive of the two purposely introduced Toxorhynchites. Mosquitoes still get aboard aircraft and surface vessels, however, and some have been transported to new areas where they have become established (Hughes and Porter, 1956). Mosquitoes were unknown in Hawaii until early in the 19th century (Hardy, I960). The night biting mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, is believed to have arrived by sailing vessels between 1826 and 1830, breeding in water casks aboard the vessels. Van Dine (1904) indicated that mosquitoes were introduced into the port of Lahaina, Maui, in 1826 by the "Wellington." The early sailing vessels are known to have been commonly plagued with mosquitoes breeding in their water supply, in wooden tanks, barrels, lifeboats, and other fresh water con tainers aboard the vessels, The two day biting mosquitoes, Aedes ae^pti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) arrived somewhat later, presumably on sailing vessels. Aedes aegypti probably came from the east and Aedes albopictus came from the western Pacific.
  • WHO VBC 80.766 Eng.Pdf (‎1.320

    WHO VBC 80.766 Eng.Pdf (‎1.320

    5E:e Ai::>b ./ /fj S€f>ARAT£ t=".::.c..·l:::.c--Q WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ~ WHO/VBC/80.766 VBC/BCDS/80.09 ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE ENGLISH ONLY DATA SHEET ON THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT(l) INDEXED Romanomermis culicivorax (Ross and Smith 1976) Romanomermis culicivorax is an obligatory endoparasitic nematode, the parasitic larvae of which develop inside larval mosquitos. It has little genus and species specificity within the Culicidae faplily. A total of 87 species (including Anopheles stephensi, An. albimanus, An. gambiae and many other vector species) have been exposed to it either in the laboratory or in the field and were infected. R. culicivorax has been extensively studied for the past 10 years. It can be easily mass produced, is safe to mammals and other non-target organisms, and its environmental limitations are well documented. This parasite is effective when used in water habita~s with the following characteritstics: fresh and non polluted, semi-permanent or permanent, temperature rarely exceeding 40°C, and little water movement. Several natural predators among the aquatic organisms likely to dwell in mosquito pools have been shown to prey on R. culicivorax; but the size, amounts of open water, pH, vegetation densities and host densitie; are not significant factors in the successful use of this biological control agent. This nematode should now be operationally evaluated against vectors during large scale field trials in endemic areas. 1. Identification and Synonymy Nematoda: Mermithidae Romanomermis culicivorax (Ross and Smith, 1976), is a segregate of a complex known previously as Reesimermis nielseni (Tsai and Grundmann, 1969).
  • RDL Mutations Predict Multiple Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles Sinensis in Guangxi, China Chan Yang1,2, Zushi Huang1, Mei Li1, Xiangyang Feng3 and Xinghui Qiu1*

    RDL Mutations Predict Multiple Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles Sinensis in Guangxi, China Chan Yang1,2, Zushi Huang1, Mei Li1, Xiangyang Feng3 and Xinghui Qiu1*

    Yang et al. Malar J (2017) 16:482 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-2133-0 Malaria Journal RESEARCH Open Access RDL mutations predict multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles sinensis in Guangxi, China Chan Yang1,2, Zushi Huang1, Mei Li1, Xiangyang Feng3 and Xinghui Qiu1* Abstract Background: Anopheles sinensis is a major vector of malaria in China. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel, encoded by the RDL (Resistant to dieldrin) gene, is the important target for insecticides of widely varied structures. The use of various insecticides in agriculture and vector control has inevitably led to the develop- ment of insecticide resistance, which may reduce the control efectiveness. Therefore, it is important to investigate the presence and distribution frequency of the resistance related mutation(s) in An. sinensis RDL to predict resistance to both the withdrawn cyclodienes (e.g. dieldrin) and currently used insecticides, such as fpronil. Methods: Two hundred and forty adults of An. sinensis collected from nine locations across Guangxi Zhuang Autono- mous Region were used. Two fragments of An. sinensis RDL (AsRDL) gene, covering the putative insecticide resistance related sites, were sequenced respectively. The haplotypes of each individual were reconstructed by the PHASE2.1 software, and confrmed by clone sequencing. The phylogenetic tree was built using maximum-likelihood and Bayes- ian inference methods. Genealogical relations among diferent haplotypes were also analysed using Network 5.0. Results: The coding region of AsRDL gene was 1674 bp long, encoding a protein of 557 amino acids. AsRDL had 98.0% amino acid identity to that from Anopheles funestus, and shared common structural features of Cys-loop ligand- gated ion channels.
  • Psorophora Columbiae (Dyar & Knab) (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae)1 Christopher S

    Psorophora Columbiae (Dyar & Knab) (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae)1 Christopher S

    EENY-735 Dark Rice Field Mosquito (suggested common name) Psorophora columbiae (Dyar & Knab) (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae)1 Christopher S. Bibbs, Derrick Mathias, and Nathan Burkett-Cadena2 Introduction Psorophora columbiae is a member of the broader Psorphora confinnis species complex (a group of closely-related spe- cies) that occurs across much of North and South America. This mosquito is associated with sun-exposed ephemeral water sources such as pooled water in agricultural lands and disturbed or grassy landscapes. The ubiquity of these habitats among agrarian and peridomestic landscapes contribute to explosive abundance of Psorophora columbiae following periods of high precipitation. Psorophora colum- biae is both a common nuisance mosquito and significant livestock pest. Common names of Psorophora columbiae vary by Figure 1. Psorophora columbiae (Dyar & Knab) adult female. region. In rice-growing regions of Arkansas, Florida, and Credits: Nathan Burkett-Cadena, UF/IFAS Louisiana Psorophora columbiae is known as the dark rice field mosquito because of its overall dark coloration and Synonymy proliferation in flooded rice fields. In the Atlantic Seaboard Janthinosoma columbiae Dyar & Knab (1906) region Psorophora columbiae is colloquially referred to as the glades mosquito or the Florida glades mosquito (King Janthinosoma floridense Dyar & Knab (1906) et al. 1960) due to its association with grasslands (glades) in otherwise forested areas. Janthinosoma texanum Dyar & Knab (1906) From the Integrated Taxonomic Information System and International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1. This document is EENY-735, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date August 2019. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
  • Mosquito Surveillance in the Demilitarized Zone, Republic of Korea, During an Outbreak of Plasmodium Vivax Malaria in 1996 and 19971

    Mosquito Surveillance in the Demilitarized Zone, Republic of Korea, During an Outbreak of Plasmodium Vivax Malaria in 1996 and 19971

    Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 16(2):lOO-l 13,2000 Copyright O 2000 by the American Mosquito Control Association, Inc. MOSQUITO SURVEILLANCE IN THE DEMILITARIZED ZONE, REPUBLIC OF KOREA, DURING AN OUTBREAK OF PLASMODIUM VIVAX MALARIA IN 1996 AND 19971 DANIEL STRICKMAN,, MARY E. MILLER,3 HELTNG-CHUL KIM INo KWAN-WOO LEE 5th Medical Detachment, 18th Medical Command, Yongsan Garrison, Seoul, Republic of Korea (APO AP 96205-0020) ABSTRACT, Since 1993, more than 2,0OO cases of vivax malaria have occurred in the Republic of Korea in an epidemic that ended nearly 20 malaria-free years. Most malaria has occurred in the northwestern part of the country, mainly affecting Korean military personnel. As a part of an operational surveillance effort, we sampled mosquitoes in and near the Demilitarized Zone (Paju County, Kyonggi Province) during the last 2 wk of July in 1996 and from May 15 to September 10 in 1997. The 1st year, landing collections were done at 5 different sites; the 2nd year, carbon-dioxide-baited light traps at 5 sites, larval collections in 10 adjacent fields, and landing collections at 1 site in the Demilitanzed Zone were performed weekly. Of 17 species collected, Anopheles sinensis was consistently the most abundant mosquito, comprising 79-96Vo of mosquitoes. The diel pattern of biting by An. sinensis varied by location and season, with the majority of individuals biting late at night during warm weather (>20"C) and early at night during cool weather. In contrast, Aedes vexans nipponii (the 2nd most abundant species) bit in the greatest numbers at the same time all season, from 2000 to 2300 h.
  • Unprecedented Genomic Diversity of RNA Viruses In

    Unprecedented Genomic Diversity of RNA Viruses In

    RESEARCH ARTICLE elifesciences.org Unprecedented genomic diversity of RNA viruses in arthropods reveals the ancestry of negative-sense RNA viruses Ci-Xiu Li1,2†, Mang Shi1,2,3†, Jun-Hua Tian4†, Xian-Dan Lin5†, Yan-Jun Kang1,2†, Liang-Jun Chen1,2, Xin-Cheng Qin1,2, Jianguo Xu1,2, Edward C Holmes1,3, Yong-Zhen Zhang1,2* 1State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; 2Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China; 3Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; 4Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China; 5Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, China Abstract Although arthropods are important viral vectors, the biodiversity of arthropod viruses, as well as the role that arthropods have played in viral origins and evolution, is unclear. Through RNA sequencing of 70 arthropod species we discovered 112 novel viruses that appear to be ancestral to much of the documented genetic diversity of negative-sense RNA viruses, a number of which are also present as endogenous genomic copies. With this greatly enriched diversity we revealed that arthropods contain viruses that fall basal to major virus groups, including the vertebrate-specific *For correspondence: arenaviruses, filoviruses, hantaviruses, influenza viruses, lyssaviruses, and paramyxoviruses. We [email protected] similarly documented a remarkable diversity of genome structures in arthropod viruses, including †These authors contributed a putative circular form, that sheds new light on the evolution of genome organization.