Broggi_Serifos_condensed_HERPETOZOA.qxd 01.08.2011 09:54 Seite 1

HErPEToZoA 24 (1/2): 13 - 22 13 Wien, 30. Juli 2011

The semi-aquatic herpetofauna of (, ) including conservation aspects (Amphibia: reptilia)

Die semiaquatische Herpetofauna von Serifos (Kykladen, griechenland) aus Naturschutz-Sicht (Amphibia: reptilia)

MArio F. B roggi

KUrZFASSUNg Nach gegenwärtiger Kenntnis umfaßt die Herpetofauna von Serifos zwölf Arten. Die insel ist wasserreich, die Verbreitung der vier dort vorkommenden semi-aquatischen Arten wurde untersucht. Die Populationen von Bufo viridis , Pelophylax kurtmuelleri und Mauremys rivulata sind als vital anzusprechen, hingegen konnte Natrix tes - sellata nicht mehr nachgewiesen werden. Es werden einige Aspekte des Naturschutzes im Hinblick auf diese Arten behandelt. Auf Serifos verschlechtern zwei infrastrukturprojekte die Situation der semiaquatischen Herpetofauna zusammen mit Schadeinflüssen durch Tourismus und Landnutzung. Weiters wird auf Austrocknungstendenzen in der Ägäis verwiesen, die für die insel-Herpetofaunen inskünftig Probleme verursachen werden. ABSTrACT According to current knowledge, the herpetofauna of Serifos comprises twelve species. The island is abun - dant with water. The distribution of the four semi-aquatic species to be found there was investigated. The popu - lations of Bufo viridis , Pelophylax kurtmuelleri and Mauremys rivulata can be considered vital, whereas Natrix tes - sellata (known from earlier reports) was no longer found. The author presents aspects of conservation with refer - ence to these species. Two infrastructural projects on Serifos negatively influenced the island’s semi-aquatic her - petofauna, along with adverse effects caused by tourism and modified land use. reference is also made to the gen - eral aridification tendencies to be observed in the Aegean, which will become a problem for the island herpetofau - na in the future. KEYWorDS Amphibia, reptilia Bufo viridis , Pelophylax kurtmuelleri , Mauremys rivulata , Natrix tessellata ; Serifos, Cyclades, greece, semi-aquatic herpetofauna, ecology, nature conservation, climate change

iNTroDUCTioN AND FUNDAMENTALS

Many islands of the Aegean suffer and inaccessible, with a rocky relief. A long from aridification for various reasons, in par - mountain massif of granite and gneiss ticular wetland drainage as well as surface extends across the island, reaching its high - and ground water withdrawal for the hotel est point at 582 meters above sea-level in a industry and agricultural purposes ( Broggi peak named Troulos. on the western side, 2006a, 2006b, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010). The the land descends more steeply to the sea author, who is engaged in the conservation of than on the eastern side, where a monad - the islands’ natural habitats and watchfully nock located halfway down the slope is dot - observes the fate of the water-associated avi- ted with the snow-white cubic houses of the and herpetofauna, visited the island of Serifos attractive Chora, which offers panoramic from April 11-20, 2010. views of the wide Livadi Bay. Tourism is The island.- Serifos is an Aegean centered on the port of Livadi, which is still island of the northwestern Cyclades, inhab - a quiet place except in August. The island ited by about one thousand locals, 73 km 2 in has retained its original character, especial - size and almost circular in shape (9 km wide ly in the north, where the landscape is dom - and 10 km long). its aspect is barren, wild inated by idyllic farming villages and ter - Broggi_Serifos_condensed_HERPETOZOA.qxd 01.08.2011 09:54 Seite 2

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raced fields. From the time of the ancient few decimeters below the surface of the greeks onwards and especially in the 19 th flood plain. century and up to the end of the Second For their “inventory of the wetlands of World War, iron ore and copper were mined the ”, C ATSADorAKiS & in the west of the island, as numerous PArAgAMiAN (2007, p. 41) mapped four remains testify. locations on Serifos: two gorges in the Like many islands of the Cyclades, north, a small formerly marshy plain to the Serifos is largely treeless, and a pronounced north of Livadi, which is now the site of a rural exodus has left it partly covered with big retention dam and reservoir, and the phrygana. LiVANioU -T iNiAKoU et al. (2003) only larger wetland area with a small lagoon published a study on Serifos’ “floristic on Tsilizaki Bay near Livadi. dynamics in correlation with the type of History of the herpetofaunal substrate and human activities” According- exploration. - For Serifos, BEDriAgA ly, some 680 vascular plants have been (1881) mentioned (according to his nomen - recorded on Serifos, 22 of which are consid - clature) the occurrence of Rana esculenta , ered endemic to greece; this paper offers an Bufo variabilis , Clemmys caspica, Lacerta overview of the of the island. viridis , Lacerta muralis erhardii and Za me - There is also a gPS-compatible map of nis gemonensis . in his study of the herpe - Serifos (Anavasi map no. 10.25; 1:25 000), tology and area geography, BirD (1935) which shows minor footpaths and mule reported from Serifos all the species later tracks, as well as springs and watercourses. mentioned by WErNEr (1938), except Bufo Many of the paths on the island have red viridis. He considered Serifos as a natural and white markings with numbers HAUgLi continuation of the Attica Peninsula via the (1997-2009). islands of Zea () and , and The water supply.- Serifos is noticed herpetofaunal similarities among the located in the Attic-Cycladic zone with its islands of this island chain. in his standard main substrate of crystalline gneiss. At 600 work on the amphibians and reptiles of mm, annual precipitation is one of the high - greece, WErNEr (1938) listed two amphib - est in the Cyclades. in this constellation, the ian and seven reptile species for Serifos, island has many springs and also running namely (in the spelling of his day): Bufo water in the numerous hollows and gorges. viridis , Rana ridibunda , Clemmys caspica Such sites often support oleander trees, rivulata , Gymnodactylus kotschyi , Lacerta which can be seen in the aerial photographs ehrhardi , Lacerta strigata major , Ablepha - available on google Earth ®. There are also rus kitaibelii , Coluber jugularis caspius and numerous man-made water retention struc - Natrix tessellata . BUCHHoLZ (1955) added tures in the form of cisterns and open col - Telescopus fallax , CLArK (1968) Elaphe sit - lection tanks. Especially in the north of the ula and CATTANEo (1989) Hemidactylus tur - island, there is a surprising number of deep cicus , the latter, however, being not included gorges with running water. The fertile plain in the map by VALAKoS et al. (2008). That around Livadi is highly abundant with makes a total of twelve herpetofauna species water; in spring, the groundwater is just a recorded from this relatively small island.

rESULTS AND DiSCUSSioN

The herpetofauna in general 1831) . The author’s own excursion, from 11-20 April 2010, confirmed all the species David BUTTLE (Norwich, UK, in litt.) mentioned except Zamenis situla (L iNNAE- kindly made his notes from two excursions US , 1758) and N. tessellata . With fifteen to Serifos (2-6 November 1995 and 11-14 sightings, Dolich ophis caspius (g MELiN , May 1997) available to the author, in which 1789) was a frequently observed snake spe- he confirms the above list of species with cies. Telescopus fallax was found as a road - the exception of Natrix tessellata LAUrENTi , kill above the Chora on 12 April 2010. 1768 and Telescopus fallax (F LEiSCHMANN , Frequent sightings were made of Ablepha - Broggi_Serifos_condensed_HERPETOZOA.qxd 01.08.2011 09:54 Seite 3

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rus kitaibelii (B iBroN & B orY , 1833) , while nating from biotopes along water courses, in Hemidactylus turcicus (LiNNAEUS , 1758) the quagmires of otherwise dry stream beds, was found only once in the chapel of Agia and in and around wells and cisterns (Figs. Anastasia in the north. Numerous speci - 1, 2). The green frog thus has a widespread mens of Cyrtopodion kot schyi (S TEiNDACH- presence on the island. All locations of NEr , 1870) were seen, too, especially in the frogs observed or heard were plotted on a many stone walls. in some places Lacerta map (Fig. 3) as a record of the dispersal trilineata BEDriAgA , 1886 was also found in found. and around such walls. As there was little At the time of the ancient greeks, traffic on the island at that time of the year, Serifos’ green frogs were said to have been the Balkan green Lizard was sometimes to famous for not croaking ( PAFiLiS 2010), and be seen warming up in the morning on tar - the term “Seriphian frog” was formerly used mac. Pod arcis erhardii (B EDriAgA , 1882) to denote a person who refused to speak. Be was also a frequent and widespread sighting that as it may, the green frogs living in 2010 on the island. made plenty of noise. Mauremys rivulata (VALEN Ci - The semi-aquatic herpetofauna ENNES , 1833) - Balkan Terrapin.- CATTANEo (1989) said the Balkan Terrapin The semi-aquatic herpetofauna com - is “not rare” on Serifos and described wide, prises two amphibian species, the green stepped streams with impounded water as Toad and the greek Marsh Frog, and two typical biotopes. in response to a personal reptile species, the Balkan Terrapin and the enquiry made on 8 June 2010, CATTANEo (in Dice Snake. litt.) specified two sites, one on a stream Bufo viridis L AUrENTi , 1768 - passing through Livadi and the other on the green Toad.- in his most recent her - Potamia stream below the village of Po ta- petological work, CATTANEo (1989) speaks mia in the north of the island. The follow - of a “vital population” on Serifos. During ing additional finds were made by the his visit to the island from 9-22 May 1985 author: he observed adult and larval green Toads in * Steno reservoir north of Livadi (Fig. wet gorges and in brackish water. During 4), in the upstream pondage area, with sev - our visit, we found B. viridis to be wide - eral sturdy specimens seen basking in the spread throughout the island. it was a par - sun. ticularly regular sighting on the flood plain * Kalamos stream in the north, which near Livadi, where we heard them near the flows into the sea at Sikamia Bay. The low - sea by Aviomonas on 16 April 2010 and in est section of the stream had seeped away in the following nights, and where we also the alluvial material, but where the bedrock observed a “frog rain”, i.e., a huge number emerges we found a number of large puddles of freshly metamorphosed juveniles. The where there were terrapins, including several tadpoles were regularly found in wet gorges juveniles measuring approx. 3.5 cm in cara - in the north of the island and also in other pax length. residual waters in ditches and artificial * The terrapin site in the Kalamos water sites. The green Toad cannot be con - stream extends beyond the village of gha- sidered to be at risk on Serifos at the present lani, where it continues in the lateral branch time. of the Potamia as far as the track by the Pelophylax kurtmuelleri (gAY - chapel of Agios Polikarpos at almost 200 m DA , 1940) - greek Marsh Frog.- The above sea-level. greek Marsh Frog is also rightly stated by * Terrapins were also found in the little CATTANEo (1989) to have a “vital popula - parallel valley to the east, which originates tion” on Serifos. During our visit to the below the village of Panaghia, in the area of island, it was observed at altitudes from sea- the old watermills near Kato Dhipotamata at level to 360 m near Agios Pandaleimon, the approx. 140 m above sea-level (Fig. 5). highest point of occurrence in the island’s The wet gorge habitats of these north - interior. Hardly a valley was explored in ern populations are mostly difficult to ac - which its croaking was not to be heard, ema - cess and often protected by beds of Arun do Broggi_Serifos_condensed_HERPETOZOA.qxd 01.08.2011 09:54 Seite 4

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Fig. 1: greek Marsh Frogs at a well near Sikamia in the catchment of Lakos brook , Serifos . Photo: Mario F. Broggi . Abb. 1: Balkan-Wasserfrösche in offenem Brunnen nahe Sikamia im Einzugsgebiet des Lakos-Baches , Serifos .

Fig. 2: Wet gorges with puddles above the reservoir of Steno , Serifos, where greek Marsh Frogs and green Toads spawn. Photo: Mario F. Broggi . Abb. 2: Wasserläufe mit kleinen Wasserflächen oberhalb des Steno-reservoirs , Serifos , worin der Balkan-Wasserfrosch und die Wechselkröte laichen. Broggi_Serifos_condensed_HERPETOZOA.qxd 01.08.2011 09:54 Seite 5

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Fig. 3: Locations on the island of Serifos where the greek Marsh Frog Pelophylax kurtmuelleri (gAYDA , 1940) was observed by the author. Basemap: google maps. Abb. 3: Fundorte auf der insel Serifos, an denen der Autor den Balkan-Wasserfrosch Pelophylax kurtmuelleri (gAYDA , 1940) beobachtete. Kartengrundlage: google Maps.

Fig. 4: A few years ago, a reservoir was created north of Livadi, Serifos. The system has never been functional. Photo: Mario F. Broggi . Abb. 4: Bau eines Wasserrückhaltebeckens oberhalb der Bucht von Livadi , Serifos , allerdings ohne Funktion. Broggi_Serifos_condensed_HERPETOZOA.qxd 01.08.2011 09:54 Seite 6

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donax . But the stream continuum in cludes failed. BUTTLE (in litt.) wrote that if the numerous sunny water-filled puddles, species is still present on the island at all, it where the terrapins feel at home. The terra - must be very rare and extremely localized. pin population seems to be stable in the our intensive investigations through - north of the island and includes all age out the island were also in vain. The streams groups. in the south of the island, only one in the north of the island, with their abun - location was found, namely the reservoir dant sources of nutrition, have the charac - above Livadi (Fig. 4). No specimens were teristics of potential habitats, and the author detected, on the other hand, at the site men - spent hours searching there. tioned by CATTANEo (1989) on the stream At the time of our visit to Serifos, the that flows through Livadi and down into the stream in Livadi mentioned by CATTANEo sea. And no terrapins were seen in Tsilizaki was dry, but the groundwater level of the Lagoon, which would theoretically consti - sparsely inhabited grassland in and around tute a suitable biotope. Nor were any of the Livadi was high, with water standing in sev - typical linear tracks discovered in the eral ditches and hollows. The many flower - lagoon’s carpet of algae, which are a sign of ing specimens of Orchis laxiflora in marshy their presence. meadows were also an indicator of the wet Natrix tessellata L AUrENTi , state of the land. 1768 - Dice Snake.- The Dice snake it must be considered questionable was first reported on Serifos by WErNEr whether the Dice Snake is still present on (1933), who found it “not infrequently in Serifos today. if it is, it is most likely to be the coastal marshes”. in the light of this found in the village of Livadi with its loose information, BirD (1935) searched for the accumulation of buildings. Dice Snake on Serifos but failed to find it. The second reference to Dice Snake sight - observations relevant for ings is to be found in BUCHHoLZ (1955), conservation who said he “caught them all in a stream near the coast where they were hunting the Endangered wetlands.- The larvae of Rana ridibunda ”. And he contin - “coastal marshes” mentioned by WErNEr ued: “i consider tessellata to be common on (1933) no longer exist on Serifos. Similarly, Serifos.” According to BUCHHoLZ , N. t esse - CATTANEo (1989) spoke of the brackish lata does not grow to a large size on Serifos. water on the island where Bufo viridis is to His biggest was 69 cm long, and the three be found, but such a description now only smaller specimens 41-44 cm. His visit to applies to the wetland and small lagoon on the island lasted from 31 May to 2 June Tsilizaki Bay west of Livadi (Fig. 6). This 1953. His observations on the location site can still be considered a “coastal seem to be consistent with the later descrip - marsh”. only a few decades ago, there were tion in CATTANEo (1989). very few buildings on Livadi Bay. Parts of CATTANEo (1989) visited Serifos from the hinterland there are still marshy almost 9-22 May 1985. He collected five speci - down to the sea. As mentioned above, mens and said the species “was feeding on water-filled ditches and pools were seen Bufo viridis and Rana ridibunda ”. His here in April 2010, and two streams flow biggest catch was 83.5 cm long. in response into the bay. Wetlands are under threat in to my enquiry concerning the location of the general on the Aegean islands, all the more find, CATTANEo (in litt.) spoke of a stream so as they naturally occupy only a small that flows from Nochta, the big valley area. Moreover, the hygrophilous popula - southwest of Chora, towards Livadi (same tions living there are usually small and iso - site as for the Balkan Terrapin according to lated. These sites are being destroyed in the CATTANEo ). CATTANEo (1989) is the last interests of tourism (cf. on , Broggi person to have reported the Dice Snake on 2006); the water resources are utilized for Serifos. agricultural purposes so that the wetlands David BUTTLE visited Serifos in 1995 dry out (cf. on Lipsi, Broggi 2008); the and 1997. According to his mail sent on 14 springs are usually tapped (e.g. ithaki, May 2010, his efforts to find the Dice Snake Broggi 2009), and the water supply and Broggi_Serifos_condensed_HERPETOZOA.qxd 01.08.2011 09:54 Seite 7

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storage systems once built for agricultural for the birds – cannot survive in this open purposes (cisterns, wells) are increasingly sewer. being covered up or losing their function Natura 2000 area.- Serifos har - with the discontinuation of agricultural bors Natura 2000 area no. gr 4220009, activity or their replacement with ground - covering 4531 ha of land. The site includes water pumps (cf. , Broggi 2006b). the southern half of the island with the four Environmental degradation.- bays Kalo Ampeli, Koytala, Maliadhiko and The authors of earlier herpetological papers Dyo gialloudia. it begins at coast level and pointed out that regional projects can be rises up to the highest point on the island highly detrimental to the environment and (Troulos 582 m). The official text on the the landscape on greek islands. This site lists 24 springs and 14 km of water - applies to the frequently observed problem ways. its main characteristics are described of oversized new roads (cf. photographs in as a combination of geomorphological and Broggi 2008 for Lipsi) and other infrastruc - hydrogeological phenomena offering a var - tur measures. This verdict can be under - ied habitat structure. it is these morpholog - lined for Serifos with the following exam - ical structures, with the addition of the ples. ancient monuments and abandoned mines, reservoir at Steno above Livadi (Fig. that constitute the outstanding value of the 4). A few years ago, a reservoir covering an site ( HELLENiC MiNiS TrY For THE ENViroN- area of approx. 4-5 ha was created north of MENT without year ). The boundary of the Livadi with two dams on the south and west area may have been selected for geomor - sides built with EU funds. The 2007 phological reasons or because of the mari- Anavasi map still shows a wetland in the time portion of the site with its Posidonia area, although the high dam on the south side grass communities. With regard to the gen - is already to be found on the map. The reser - eral fauna, however, it might have been voir on the small plateau of Steno interrupts more appropriate to focus on the northern the stream there. At the time of our visit to part of the island, where the wet areas sup - the island, the reservoir was full. However, port much greater diversity. Although listed it is said that the system has never been put in Annex ii of EU Directive 92/43/EEC, to its intended use because there was no Mauremys rivulata is unlikely to be present money to install the pumps needed to dis - on the Natura 2000 site, although – as dis - tribute the water. cussed above – it is to be found in other ineffective waste water treatment parts of the island. This applies to other plant. To the west of Livadi, on a stretch of important species mentioned in the annex, level ground, stands a group of buildings too, like N. tessellata . reference is also behind a fence: a waste water treatment made to an “important bird area” (gr 150 plant. The incoming waste water pipes Serifos island) occupying 7400 ha. That, seem to be in place. Below the plant, large presumably, is the site of the severely de - amounts of foaming stinking water flow graded lagoon. towards Tsilizaki Bay (Fig. 7). it would regional planning management.- seem that the biological treatment stage at greek regional planning instruments do not least is not working. Before it reaches the successfully prevent land owners from un- bay, this nutrient-rich water flows into a controlled building for tourism purposes. wetland covering an area of about 8 ha, Lack of a land register and house builder which ends in a lagoon dammed by a barri - friendly regulations, along with a multitude er beach. in this heavily overloaded water of new access roads constructed, promote with its carpet of algae, migratory water this building activity. Even in the Natura birds were seen resting, whereas the her - 2000 area on Serifos, this kind of building petofauna was represented solely by the activity is to be found around Sotiras at Kalo greek Marsh Frog. This last remaining Ambeli, well away from any other housing. large wetland area on Serifos can be as- The tourist facilities present in Maliadhiko sumed to be of great importance for migra - Bay demonstrate clearly that Natura 2000 tory birds. it must also be assumed, howev - status does not offer protection from substan - er, that fish – as a potential source of food tial degradation of the countryside. Broggi_Serifos_condensed_HERPETOZOA.qxd 01.08.2011 09:54 Seite 8

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The influence of climate change eastern Medi terranean indicate a reduction with resulting aridification tenden - in precipitation accompanied by an increase cies.- in addition to the direct impacts of in summer temperatures ( SArriS et al. anthropogenic activity, increasing aridifica - 2007). Further evidence is available in the tion must be expected in the eastern form of dendrochronological investigations Mediterranean in general in the wake of cli - of Pinus halepensis (SArriS et al. 2007), mate change. over the last twenty years, which show that conditions for growth for the author noted a continual reduction in this species of pine deteriorated in the sec - total surface water. For example, running ond half of the 20th century. Aridification is water was no longer to be seen in April on also becoming increasingly problematic for Lipsi in 2007, ithaki in 2008 and the semi-aquatic herpetofauna in what are in 2009 ( Broggi 2008, 2009, 2010), and on already small threatened refuge units. The the little Dodeca nese island of Lipsi water future of the semi-aquatic herpetofauna of had to be shipped to the island in April the Aegean islands is uncertain; the extinc - already. This observation is confirmed by a tion of species on the various islands is to be recent investigation. Data analyzed for the feared.

ACKNoWLEDgEMENTS

i am grateful to the colleagues who joined me most helpful in researching the literature. Dimitrios on my excursions, namely Peter gooP , günter CHriSToDoULAKiS of Patras University contributed nat - STADLEr , Wilfried KAUFMANN and Christian BUrri , for ural scientific and especially botanical data. The her - their observations and information. it was our 36 th petologists Alfredo CATTANEo (rome, i) and David island excursion together. Alois KEMPF of Zürich and BUTTLE (Norwich,UK) provided valuable information Christine MATTEr of WSL Birmensdorf (ZH) were on Serifos.

Fig. 5. Balkan Terrapin nearby the old watermill of Kato Dhipotamata, in the vicinity of the village of Panaghia. Photo: Peter gooP . Abb. 5: Bachschildkröten nahe der alten Wassermühle von Kato Dhipotamata in der Nähe der ortschaft Panaghia. Broggi_Serifos_condensed_HERPETOZOA.qxd 01.08.2011 09:54 Seite 9

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Fig. 6: Wetland and nutrient-rich lagoon in the Tsilizaki Bay, Serifos. Photo: Mario F. Broggi . Abb. 6: Feuchtgebiet mit überdüngter Lagune in der Tsilizakibucht , Serifos .

Fig. 7: Below the plant, uncleaned, foaming water flows towards Tsilizaki Bay, Serifos . Photo: Mario F. Broggi . Abb. 7: Ungereinigtes, schäumendes Wasser aus der Kläranlage fließt in die Tsilizakibucht , Serifos . Broggi_Serifos_condensed_HERPETOZOA.qxd 01.08.2011 09:54 Seite 10

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DATE oF SUBMiSSioN: February 9, 2011 Corresponding editor: Heinz grillitsch

AUTHor: Mario F. Broggi , im Bretscha 22, FL-9494 Schaan, Fürstentum Liechtenstein < mario.broggi@ adon.li >