LAFARGE CEMENT UK LTD
PROPOSED EXTENSION TO CAULDON LIMESTONE QUARRY STAFFORDSHIRE
LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
ISSUE DATE: 01.07.11
David Jarvis Associates Ltd 1 Tennyson Street Swindon Wiltshire SN1 5DT Tel: 01793 612173 Fax: 01793 613625 Email: [email protected] July 2011 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Cauldon Limestone Quarry
CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION
2. METHODOLOGY
3. BASELINE SURVEY
4. PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AND MITIGATING MEASURES
5. PREDICTED LANDSCAPE IMPACTS
6. PREDICTED VISUAL IMPACTS
7. SUMMARY
8. CONCLUSION
FIGURES:
1. Location Plan 2. Landscape Context 3. Local Landscape Character Areas (Schedule) 4. Local Landscape Features 5. Landscape Elements 6. Local Landscape Value 7. Representative Viewpoints Location Plan 8. Representative Viewpoint – Viewpoint 5, Common Lane/ ‘Sabrina Way’ 9. Representative Viewpoint – Viewpoint 13, Footpath Reference 21 10. Representative Viewpoint – Viewpoint 39, Footpath Reference 24, near Sycamore Cottage 11. Representative Viewpoint – Viewpoint 48, Footpath Reference 17, Lamber Low
APPENDICES:
1. Assessment Methodology and Glossary of Terms. 2. Extract, Peak District National Park Authority - ‘Peak District Landscape Character Assessment’ 2009. 3. ZTV and ZVS Studies. 4. Photographic Field Survey Record. 5. Plans of Proposed Quarry Development: Phasing Plan Restoration Plan
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Name and Qualifications
1.1.1 This report has been prepared by Kevin Argent DipLA CMLI David Jarvis Associates Limited (DJA), a town planning and landscape consultancy.
1.2 Scope
1.2.1 The assessment concerns the predicted landscape and visual affects of a proposed extension to Cauldon Works Limestone Quarry, Waterhouse, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire.
1.2.2 The site location is shown on Figure 1.
2. METHODOLOGY
The baseline work has been prepared in accordance with published guidance1 and includes:
• Research to determine landscape character including patterns and scale of landform, landcover, landuse and built development.
• Consideration of landscape value, including statutory and non statutory designations and special interest.
• Field survey to assess the effects of development on visual amenity, define the approximate extents of visibility, identify visual receptors and define representative viewpoints.
• Consideration of the likely scale, nature, magnitude and duration of effects.
A description of the methodology and a glossary of terms are provided at Appendix 1.
2.1 Limitations
2.1.1 Field survey was carried out during July–August 2010 and excludes a record of the scene during winter.
3. BASELINE SURVEY
3.1 General
3.1.1 This section describes the prevailing landscape character of the application site and its setting.
3.1.2 The assessment of these elements provides the baseline against which potential effects of development can be assessed. Once this exercise has been performed, the sensitivity
1Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment and the Landscape Institute - ‘Guidance for the Assessment of Landscape and Visual Impacts’ Second Edition 2002.
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of the landscape to change is assessed. This is done by consideration of the landscape receptors.
3.2 Published Landscape Character
3.2.1 The site is located to the south east of the Staffordshire village of Cauldon, approximately 9.5km north west of the centre of Ashbourne, Derbyshire in the vicinity of National Grid Reference SK 087485.
3.2.2 The landscape context for the site is shown on Figure 2. Landscape character assessment has been carried out at a national and district level by the Countryside Agency2 (now Natural England) and the Peak District National Park Authority3.
3.2.3 The extension site falls within:
• National Character Area 52 - ‘White Peak’. • District Character Type ‘Limestone Hills and Slopes’.
3.2.4 The national descriptions provide only a very broad framework for the more recent and detailed district level studies. Consequently the latter are referenced for the purposes of this assessment.
3.2.5 Within the district character assessment the National Park and its surrounding area has been subdivided into unique character types. These character type descriptions are the most recent, detailed and relevant record of the landscape context.
3.2.6 A copy of the character type description is provided at Appendix 2. A summary description is provided below:
’Limestone Hills and Slopes’:
• High, undulating, in places steeply sloping topography.
• Frequently rock outcrops on steeper ground.
• Rich wildlife habitats including large patches of limestone grassland and limestone heath on the highest ground.
• A regular pattern of medium to large walled fields.
• Occasional groups and belts of trees.
• Prehistoric monuments, often on hilltops.
• Relict lead mining remains.
• Wide open views to distant skylines.
2The Countryside Agency - ‘Countryside Character – Volume 4: East Midlands’ 1999. 3Peak District National Park Authority - ‘Peak District Landscape Character Assessment’ 2009.
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3.2.7 Published assessment identifies the character type as an elevated, remote pastoral landscape comprising predominantly areas of improved grassland, rough grazing land with smaller concentrations of unimproved pastures and localised hay meadows. Field boundaries are largely defined by limestone walls which create a regular rectilinear field pattern. The fairly exposed, and in places treeless landscape allows open views to distant skylines. Quarrying has been a feature from the 17th century onwards, with certain areas heavily influenced by large scale quarries. The study notes that these industrial features are very important aspects of the wider White Peak landscape character.
3.2.8 Guidelines for the character type focus on conserving the remote nature of the landscape by retaining the historic field pattern and surviving areas of natural landscape as well as strengthening the diversity of existing agricultural land. The guidelines promote the creation of semi-natural landscapes characteristic to the area to help screen and integrate intrusive development such as mineral workings more successfully with the surrounding countryside.
3.2.9 The adjoining Peak District character types of ‘Limestone Plateau Pastures’, ‘Limestone Dales’, ‘Limestone Village Farmlands’, ’Upland Pastures’ and ‘Upper Valley Pastures’ are affected by the wider quarry operations and have contextual relevance to the broader river valley setting.
3.2.10 The key characteristics of these character type descriptions are described below:
‘Limestone Plateau Pastures’
• A rolling upland plateau.
• Pastoral farmland enclosed by limestone walls.
• A regular pattern of small to medium sized rectangular fields.
• Localised field dewponds and farm limekilns.
• Discrete tree groups and belts of trees.
• Isolated stone farmsteads and field barns.
• Medieval granges surrounded by older fields.
• Relict lead mining and quarry remains.
• Prehistoric monuments, often on hilltops.
• Open views to surrounding higher ground.
3.2.11 The District character assessment describes a planned upland pastoral landscape. The regular pattern of rectangular fields bounded by limestone walls is a prominent element in this landscape, creating a strong sense of scale and visual unity. For the most part, the Limestone Plateau Pastures have a fairly open character where tree cover is largely restricted to discrete tree groups, associated with isolated stone barns and farmsteads.
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‘Limestone Dales’
• Steep sided limestone dales.
• Craggy outcrops, cliffs and scree slopes.
• Extensive patches of limestone grassland.
• Interlocking blocks of ancient semi-natural woodland, secondary woodland and scrub.
• Largely unsettled, apart from occasional small mill settlements.
• Historic mineral working (quarrying, lead mining).
3.2.12 The ‘Limestone Dales’ is characterised by steeply sloping valley sides cut deep into the underlying limestone bedrock. Extensive areas of unimproved limestone grassland and semi-natural woodlands dominated by ash and hazel are key features of the dales. Levels of enclosure vary. The study notes that in some smaller dales there is an intimate, secluded landscape where views are tightly controlled by landform and tree cover, in others the dales are wide and open.
‘Limestone Village Farmlands’
• A gently undulating plateau.
• Pastoral farmland enclosed by drystone walls made from limestone.
• A repeating pattern of narrow strips of field originating from medieval open fields.
• Scattered boundary trees and tree groups around buildings.
• Discrete limestone villages and clusters of stone dwellings.
• Relict mine shafts and associated lead mining remains.
• Localised field dewponds.
3.2.13 The study notes a small-scale settled agricultural landscape characterised by nucleated limestone villages connected by a network of narrow rural lanes, set within a repeating pattern of narrow strip fields bounded by drystone walls. Tree cover is largely restricted to small groups of trees and a scattering of trees along boundaries around village margins, often creating quite intimate rural scenes. Elsewhere the landscape is described as more open, but even more distant views are typically framed by surrounding hills, or rising ground.
‘Upland Pastures’
• Undulating slopes with gentler summits and incised cloughs.
• Dispersed gritstone farmsteads and loose clusters of dwellings, with stone slates or clay tile roofs.
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• Permanent pasture enclosed by gritstone walls and some thorn hedgerows.
• Scattered trees along cloughs and around farmsteads.
• Fields of rushy pasture and occasional patches of bracken, bilberry and heather.
• Narrow winding lanes which are sunken on slopes.
• Various shaped small to medium fields.
3.2.14 The assessment identifies the character type as an upland pastoral landscape with a traditional dispersed pattern of gritstone farmsteads and localised village settlements. Areas of permanent pasture are enclosed by drystone walls and some hedgerows. Tree cover is fairly limited in this landscape. Trees are grouped around settlements for shelter. There are also scattered trees along some field boundaries and watercourses which filter views in places. Higher land is particularly open and un-wooded. This is described as a very peaceful rural landscape with open views to surrounding higher ground.
‘Upper Valley Pastures’
• Undulating lower valley slopes with incised stream valleys.
• Scattered trees along hedgerows around settlements and alders along incised streams.
• A settled landscape with dispersed gritstone farmsteads and loose clusters of dwellings, with stone slates or clay tile roofs.
• Permanent pasture enclosed by a mixture of drystone walls and hedgerows.
• Patches of rushy pasture.
• Narrow winding lanes.
3.2.15 The upper valley pastures are described as a low lying pastoral valley landscape with scattered trees along hedgerows, around settlements and following streams. Fields of permanent pasture are divided by hedgerows consisting of hawthorn, blackthorn and occasional drystone walls. This is a settled landscape with dispersed gritstone farmsteads connected by narrow sinuous lanes. Small clusters of farms and cottages are often found at crossing points of the many streams and rivers. Views along the valley and to surrounding hills are filtered through scattered trees.
3.3 Local Character Assessment
General
3.3.1 A field survey was carried out during July and August 2010 by this practice in order to:
• Record change in the landscape in the intervening period since the district character assessment was published. • Provide a more detailed description of local character to supplement published assessment.
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• Provide a baseline against which the effects of continued development could be assessed. • Inform the landscape mitigation proposals.
3.3.2 The area chosen for local study is shown on Figure 2. It extends over an area of approximately 16.9 square kilometres and defines the maximum extents of the current and predicted significant changes in landscape character and visual amenity caused by the proposed development.
3.3.3 The study area forms part of an upland river valley that is defined by the steep limestone hills of the Peak District to the north and a series of undulating limestone slopes and hills to the south and east.
3.3.4 The level 3 character assessment carried out by this practice identified 14 local character areas. The local character areas are shown on Figure 2. A description of each character area is provided at Figure 3.
3.3.5 The existing quarry lies within a local tract of rural limestone upland and consists of an operational area cut into the rising landform of Rue Hill. A series of linear plantations lie to the north and south of the working quarry. These plantations are often locally prominent especially when emphasising a skyline or contrasting in colour against exposed quarry faces.
3.3.6 The eastern boundary of the quarry is defined further by linear plantation and areas of grassland and scrub associated with the steep sided slopes of a dry narrow valley which extends from the foot of Milk Hill along the eastern boundary to the existing quarry rim linking with the north western flanks of a small hill which reaches approximately 310m AOD.
3.3.7 The western extents of the quarry are separated from the neighbouring Caldonlow quarry complex by a narrow peninsular of land associated with the former slopes of Rue Hill. The tract of land is characterised by areas of rough pasture with occasional tree and scrub cover on areas of disturbed ground resulting from historic mineral operations. The remnant landform is visually prominent within elevated views with the upper benches of the Caldonlow complex forming the immediate skyline within views from the east of the study area.
3.3.8 The taller structures of the Cauldon Cement Works are also visually prominent in views within the study area. The formal, fairly compact arrangements of structures are physically separate from the limestone quarry set amongst restored shale workings and pastoral farmlands.
3.3.9 To the north and east of the Cauldon Cement Works land rises steeply. The slopes are characterised by a patchwork of predominantly rectilinear pastoral fields enclosed by limestone walling. Fields sizes vary across the slopes reflecting the localised variations in landform. Tree cover is largely restricted to small groups of trees around village margins and a scattering of trees along field boundaries. Land continues to rise to the north of the study area to include the locally prominent hill summits of Lamber Low and Cart Low which often form the backdrop to foreground views from the south of the study area.
3.3.10 In contrast, the undulating lower valley slope associated with the River Hamps to the north west of the study area are characterised by fields of permanent pasture divided by hedgerows with scattered trees and occasional drystone walls which results in a more
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enclosed landscape with views across the adjoining landscape largely filtered by intervening vegetation.
3.3.11 Settlement is limited across the valley floor and confined to isolated dwellings and the village of Waterhouses, which occupies a bridging point over the River Hamps. The smaller villages of Cauldon and Waterfall occupy the rising valley slopes to the north and south of the river. The villages of Cauldon Lowe and Carlton occupy elevated positions to the south west and north east of the study area, approximately 0.8km and 2.2.km from the site respectively. A high proportion of the buildings in these settlements are built from local building materials preserving the small-scale rural character of each settlement.
3.3.12 The traditional village character and much of the remaining area of local rural landscape within the study area is also considered an attractive element providing a beneficial contribution to the broader scene.
3.3.13 Many of the roads within the study area are narrow and of rural quality and are not themselves visually or audibly significant in the general context of the landscape. Traffic using the A4523 and A452 (T) contribute traffic movement and noise to the land immediately adjoining the routes.
Table 1 provides a summary description of landscape condition.
Table 1 Landscape Condition
District Character Type and Local Character Area Condition ‘Limestone Hills and Slopes’ DCT ‘Cauldon Limestone Quarries’ LCA Poor ‘Rue Hill Quarry Pastures’ LCA Moderate ‘Cauldon Lowe Farmlands’ LCA Good ‘Dale Farmlands’ LCA Good ‘Limestone Plateau Pastures’ DCT ‘Calton Moor Farmlands’ LCA Good ‘Limestone Dales’ DCT ‘Hamps Valley’ LCA Good ‘Limestone Village Farmlands’ DCT ‘Calton Farmlands’ LCA Good ‘Waterhouse Farmlands’ LCA Good ‘Upland Pastures’ DCT ‘Cauldon Works’ LCA Poor ‘Cauldon Shale Workings’ LCA Poor ‘Cauldon Farmlands’ LCA Good ‘Broomyshaw Farmlands’ LCA Good ‘Waterfall Farmlands’ LCA Good ‘Upper Valley Pastures’ DCT ‘Hamps Valley Floor’ LCA Good
Landscape Features:
3.3.14 Visually prominent eye catching elements were identified during the field survey. These have been classified as attractors or detractors by DJA. The results are shown on Figure 4.
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Attractors:
3.3.15 Attractive features are associated with the distinctive slopes and hilltops which often form the local skyline and backdrop to foreground views from within the study area. The landform is occasionally made more prominent by tree groups and or small woodlands.
3.3.16 Much of the remaining area of local rural landscape is also considered an attractive element providing a beneficial contribution to the broader landscape.
Detractors:
3.3.17 Detracting features seen to be in conflict with the broader landscape setting for reasons of scale, form, colour, noise and or association are associated with vehicular traffic, quarrying and built development.
3.3.18 The busy A52 (T) and the A523 contribute both traffic movement and noise to the land immediate adjoining the routes.
3.3.19 The taller structures of Cauldon Cement Works are visible over much of the study area and beyond.
3.3.20 The upper benches and restored tips associated with Caldonlow Quarry form the immediate skyline and are particularly prominent within views from the north and east of the study area. The distinctively reddish sections of exposed upper quarry faces at Cauldon Quarry are also identified as locally detracting features, largely due to the contrast in colour to the surrounding landscape. Very occasional operational noises associated with existing operations were audible in close proximity to the quarry.
Elements
3.3.21 Landscape elements directly affected by development relate to the extension site shown on Figure 5. The site covers approximately 13.62 hectares of rural limestone upland adjoining the existing eastern quarry boundary.
3.3.22 Land within the extension site comprises approximately 10.03ha of permanent pasture, 0.79ha of woodland and approximately 2.80ha of unimproved calcareous and neutral grassland associated with the upper slopes of a steep drysided valley. A mature plantation lies at the southern eastern boundary linking with a drystone wall coincident with the diverted route of footpath 150. Other woodland occurs nearby including a small plantation which adjoins part of the northern boundary of the extension site. The pastoral land within the site contains a number of drystone walls and individual mature trees.
Landscape Value
3.3.23 Landscape value relates to the value or importance society attaches to a landscape or view, which expresses national or local consensus and because of its quality, special qualities, cultural associations or ecological status. IEMA/LI guidance identifies a number of reasons why a landscape may be valued:
• landscape condition: how intact the landscape is (i.e. the extent to which an ancient landscape has been adversely affected by human activities) and the condition of its features and elements;
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• scenic quality: the term that is used to describe landscapes which appeal primarily to the visual senses;
• rarity: the presence of rare features and elements in the landscape, or the presence of a rare landscape character type;
• representativeness: the presence of representative character, features or elements which are valued by society (such as a particular local architectural style);
• conservation interests: the presence of features of particular wildlife, earth science or archaeological, historical and cultural interest can add to the value of a landscape as well as having value in their own right;
• wildness: the presence of wild (or relatively wild) character in the landscape which makes a particular contribution to sense of place;
• associations: with particular people, artists, writers, or other media, or events in history;
• tranquility: relates to low levels of built development, traffic, noise and artificial lighting.
3.3.24 Assessment of landscape value has been based on consideration of:
• landscape designation i.e. Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB); • nature conservation designation i.e. Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI); • published literature relating to local cultural heritage, recreation and tourism; • published landscape assessment; • local landscape assessment; • the inter-relationship of the above.
A summary of local landscape value is shown on Figure 6 and described below.
Landscape Designation
3.3.25 The rising valley slopes and limestone hills to the north of the study area form the southern limits of the Peak District National Park. These areas are associated with the most attractive landscapes in the country and are strong indicators of landscape value.
3.3.26 Land leading southwards from the National Park boundary to reach and include the existing quarry and the extension site is designated a Special Landscape Area (SLA). These areas are former county level designations now discontinued in favour of the landscape character approach. That said these areas warrant inclusion as strong indicators of landscape value.
Scenic Quality
3.3.27 Scenic quality varies throughout the study area. Views from the north and west of the study area and from elevated ground frequently include mineral and industrial related development. Scenic quality improves in close proximity to the River Hamps as views of the Cauldon Cement Works, limestone and shale quarries are reduced by combinations of intervening landform and vegetation.
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Tranquillity
3.3.28 The movement of road vehicles and associated noise generation permeates locally throughout the land immediately adjoining the busy A52 and A523. Operational noises associated with the existing quarries and Cauldon Works were noted as audible in close proximity to the sites. The remainder of the study area at the time of survey was observed as tranquil4 with birdsong comprising the main sources of sound.
Rarity Value
3.3.29 Rarity value is associated with cultural heritage and nature conservation related interest recognized by designation. The remainder of the study area appears to only contain landscape elements common to the region.
Cultural Heritage
3.3.30 The study area contains several prehistoric sites of national importance. The closest of which is a scheduled Bronze Age barrow located near the summit of Milk Hill approximately 1.2km to the north east of the site. Further prehistoric land uses occur on the rising slopes and hills summits of Lamber Low and Cart Low to the north of the study area and in the vicinity of Calton Moor approximately 2.1km to the east of the extension site.
3.3.31 The village of Calton and Waterfall are designated Conservation Areas which include individual and groups of listed buildings. Listed buildings that lie outside the Conservation Areas relate to two listed buildings at Shaw’s Farm, located close to the quarry access and a series of Grade II Listed buildings within the village of Cauldon, including the C18 stone church of St Mary And St Lawrence.
3.3.32 Remaining Grade II Listed Buildings within the study area relate to isolated farmhouses and dwellings strung along the route of the A523 and several buildings located in the village of Waterhouse approximately 1.5km to the north of the site.
Nature Conservation
3.3.33 The study area contains several statutory sites of nature conservational value. Rue Hill SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest) adjoins the south western extents of the existing quarry. The SSSI consists of several small parcels of calcareous grassland which have developed on disturbed ground resulting from former limestone workings. The site is noted for its characteristic and diverse flora, including a number of nationally uncommon plants.
3.3.34 The southern extents of the Caldon Dales SSSI extend into the proposed extension site. The SSSI comprises two valleys aligned approximately north west south east and south west north east. The steep sided dry valleys provide slopes of varied gradient aspect and soils which support a combination of unimproved, traditionally managed calcareous and neutral grassland.
3.3.35 Other Statutory sites of nature conservational interest within the study area relate to the Hamps and Manifold Valleys SSSI located approximately 1.1km to the north of the
4Tranquil areas are designated as unspoilt by the noise or sight of development or traffic by the Council for the Protection of Rural England, The Countryside Agency (Natural England) and the Countryside Council for Wales.
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working quarry. The SSSI contains extensive areas of ancient semi-natural woodlands, scrub communities and grasslands, the former provides a substantial screen to views towards the site. The valleys are described as supporting an assemblage of nationally rare and locally uncommon plants together with important invertebrate communities, most notably of ground beetles, butterflies and moths.
3.3.36 Brownend Quarry SSSI is located approximately 1.1km north of the site. The reserve is now a designated Geological Nature Reserve developed from a former limestone quarry. The site contains an interpretive trail and areas of emerging woodland and grassland which provide a screen to views towards the site.
3.3.37 Two further geological SSSI’s are located to the north and south of the village of Cauldon.
3.3.38 In addition to the statutory sites a number of non–statutory County level sites are present. In particular a series of Sites of Biological Interest (SBI) situated on the rising slopes of Milk Hill and the steep sided slopes of a dry valley to the north of Dale Farm which contain a mix of unimproved and semi improved grassland.
Leisure and Tourism
3.3.39 Leisure and tourism value within the study area is associated with the Peak District National Park, the local public rights of way network (PRoW) and range of leisure and recreational uses.
3.3.40 The use of the National Park for, or as a setting for leisure and recreational uses is evident in the locality by the extensive PRoW network, activity centre, two cycle hire centres and picnic facilities within the village of waterhouses.
3.3.41 The PRoW network is shown on Figure 6. The area has an extensive footpath and bridleway network including a long distance trail, the ‘Hamps Way’ which passes approximately 1.1km to the north of the site at its closest point. It is a long distance route (approximately 23km/14 miles) starting at Merryton Low, Derbyshire and finishing at Weag’s Bridge, near Grindon Derbyshire linking other public rights of way, areas of wildlife, landscape and historic interest.
3.3.42 Locally the route of the Hamps Way coincides with the ‘Manifold Way’, a 13.6 km cycle track that follows the route of the former Leek & Manifold Light Railway along the Hamps Valley from the former southern terminus at Waterhouses (now the Waterhouses cycle hire centre and picnic area), joining the Manifold Valley and on to a former northern terminus at Hulme End.
3.3.43 The ‘Sabrina Way’ Bridleway passes approximately 0.6km to the north east of the extension site at its closest point. The long distant route (approximately 327km) forms part of the National Bridle route network providing a link between the Ridgeway and the Pennine Bridleway.
3.3.44 Further leisure and tourism related interest relate to a local recreational facilities situated within the village of Waterhouses approximately 1.6km to the north of the extension site.
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Landscape Receptors
Generally
3.3.45 The degree by which a landscape is assessed to be sensitive is reflected in its ability to accommodate changes in character and value which would be caused by the development.
3.3.46 Landscape character and value are related but considered separately. This is done in order to distinguish between the ability of a landscape to accommodate a development in physical and cultural terms, as opposed to its effects on elements which are more subjective in nature. Thus, for example, a lowland landscape may be regarded as highly sensitive (because of attractive undulations, woodland cover and AONB status) but can often accommodate development more easily (and may therefore be less sensitive to a development) than an open or degraded landscape which is of low scenic quality. Sensitive landscape receptors are therefore identified in relation to landscape characteristics and landscape value.
Landscape Characteristics
3.3.47 The proposed extension site forms part of a moderately robust and cohesive tract of upland rural landscape. Intervisibility is good in the locality though occasionally interrupted by combinations of landform, woodland and plantations.
3.3.48 The more elevated open rural parts of the landscape within the study area are highly sensitive to development, particularly any type involving large-scale mineral workings. Such development however is already present, the visual extent of which currently extends into the adjoining landscape within the locality. Therefore considerations of sensitivity need to take this into account.
3.3.49 In this context the sensitivity of the surrounding area ranges from low to high according to the presence of enclosing elements (i.e. woodland and/or landform) that further increases the capacity of the landscape to accommodate change.
3.3.50 Based on the above an assessment of local landscape sensitivity to change of the type proposed has been made. This is summarised in Table 2 Below.
Table 2 Landscape Sensitivity to Change
District Character Type and Local Condition Sensitivity Character Area
‘Limestone Hills and Slopes’ DCT
‘Cauldon Limestone Quarries’ LCA Poor Negligible ‘Rue Hill Quarry Pastures’ LCA Moderate Medium ‘Cauldon Lowe Farmlands’ LCA Good Medium - Low ‘Dale Farmlands’ LCA Good High ‘Limestone Plateau Pastures’ DCT ‘Calton Moor Farmlands’ LCA Good High ‘Limestone Dales’ DCT ‘Hamps Valley’ LCA Good Medium - Low ‘Limestone Village Farmlands’ DCT ‘Calton Farmlands’ LCA Good High ‘Waterhouse Farmlands’ LCA Good High
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District Character Type and Local Condition Sensitivity Character Area
‘Upland Pastures’ DCT ‘Cauldon Works’ LCA Poor Negligible ‘Cauldon Shale Workings’ LCA Poor Low ‘Cauldon Farmlands’ LCA Good Medium - Low ‘Broomyshaw Farmlands’ LCA Good Medium - Low ‘Waterfall Farmlands’ LCA Good Medium ‘Upper Valley Pastures’ DCT ‘Hamps Valley Floor’ LCA Good Medium - Low
Landscape Value
3.3.51 For the purposes of assessing receptor sensitivity a judgement needs to be made on the relative value or importance to society of its various aspects or components. This is a complex task as the landscape is valuable to people in different ways hence only broad judgements can be made.
3.3.52 Identified sensitive receptors are listed in Table 2 together with an assessment of sensitivity criteria, level of sensitivity and summary justification for the judgement.
Table 3 Landscape Value – Receptor Sensitivity
Receptor Sensitivity Criteria Sensitivity Rationale
Landscape Designations Peak District National Indirect changes High National level designation Park affecting the special of landscape value character of the area Special Landscape Area Direct or Indirect High - County level designation (SLA) changes affecting the Medium of landscape value special character of the area. Cultural Heritage Designations Scheduled Ancient Direct or indirect High Nationally designated Monument changes affecting monument of historical (SAM) setting importance. Conservation Area Direct or indirect High Statutory designation of changes affecting areas of special setting. architectural or historic interest and value. Grade II Listed buildings Direct or indirect High- Statutory designation of changes affecting Medium special architectural or setting. historic value. Nature Conservation Designations Site of Special Scientific Direct or indirect High National Level Designation Interest (SSSI) changes affecting nature conservation value Nature Conservation Site Direct or indirect Medium Non-statutory county level changes affecting designation of ecological nature conservation importance. value.
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Sites of Biological Interest Direct or indirect Medium Non-statutory county level (SBI) changes affecting designation of ecological nature conservation importance. value. Recreation and Tourism ‘Hamps Way’ Direct or indirect High - Extensive public right of changes affecting Medium way valued at a county amenity value and/or and local level. scenic interest. ‘Manifold Way’ Direct or indirect High – Extensive public right of changes affecting Medium way valued at a county amenity value and/ or and local level. scenic interest. National Bridle route Direct or indirect High – Extensive public right of ‘Sabrina Way’ changes affecting Medium way valued at a national, amenity value and/ or county and local level. scenic interest.
Local Public Rights of Direct or indirect Medium Public rights of way valued Way (PRoW) Changes affecting at a local level. amenity value and or accessibility. Orchard Farm Changes affecting the Medium Scenic interest and setting Activity Centre amenity value. forms part of the enjoyment of the activity. Valued at a local level. Waterhouses cycle Changes affecting the Medium Scenic interest and setting centres and Picnic Area amenity value. forms part of the enjoyment of the activity. Valued at a local level. Waterhouses Recreation Changes affecting the Medium Leisure facilities valued at a Ground amenity value. local level.
Visual Receptors
General
3.3.53 In order to assess the impact the development may have on visual amenity, it is necessary to understand who will be subject to a change in visual circumstances and the extent to which those persons will be affected. The starting point is thus to establish the sensitivity of the viewing public to visual change.
3.3.54 LI/IEMA guidelines currently provide examples of broad categories of inherently high, medium and low sensitivity. The guidelines stress that these are only examples and that every project will require its own set of criteria and thresholds. The examples provided relate to high, medium and low sensitivity dependent upon the expectations of the viewer and broadly typified by occupiers of residential properties and users of public rights of way (high), people engaged in certain sporting and recreational activities (medium) and those occupied at their place of work (low).
3.3.55 The degree by which a visual receptor is judged to be sensitive however also depends on the actual quality of the existing view. Accordingly, when the sensitivity to the change actually being proposed is assessed, matters such as the context and extent of the
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existing view as well as the proximity of the receptor to the proposed development need to be considered.
3.3.56 An example could be provided by two identical residential properties. The occupier of property A could have open views across a National Park while B may overlook heavy industrial areas on the urban fringe. Whilst both parties could be regarded as inherently highly sensitive to visual change the actual situation would be that the occupier of property A would be regarded as highly sensitive to change relative to built development in the context of the view, whilst the party at property B as of medium or low sensitivity.
Zones of Theoretical visibility (ZTV) and Zones of Visual Significance (ZVS) studies
3.3.57 ZTV studies have been carried out to assess and compare the broad theoretical extents of visibility of existing working quarry and the proposed quarry development to identify potential receptor viewpoints. The methodology used and results of the study are provided at Appendix 3.
3.3.58 ZVT studies are based on a digital terrain model of the site and the surrounding area derived from Ordnance Survey data. Detailed digital models of the proposed development are inserted into the broader model and tested using LSS software to determine the approximate extents and levels of visibility.
3.3.59 The ZTV results for the proposed development were then assessed during field survey to better define the actual extents of significant visibility, based upon consideration of whether the development would likely draw the eye of the casual observer. The ZVS could then take into account the screening effects of vegetation and structures not included on the computer model, as well as the scale and nature of proposed development in the local context.
3.3.60 Two ZTV’s were produced for the existing quarry as of January 2010. The first study identifies the ZTV of the sections of a trial ‘roll-over’ slope which has recently been constructed at the final limit of working adjacent to Rue Hill and the interim quarry face restoration along the western boundary. The second study examined the visibility of the operational upper quarry faces of the existing quarry.
3.3.61 Two further ZTV’s were produced for the proposed upper rock faces and interim restoration and rollover slopes of the proposed quarry extension, a plan of which is provided at Appendix 3.
3.3.62 The theoretical visibility of the existing and proposed quarry face models provides a ‘worst than worst case’ basis for evaluation of the ZVS. It excludes the screening effects of any existing vegetation, buildings or structures. The ZTV of the proposed roll over slope and interim restoration faces extends over a wider area than those calculated for the proposed quarry faces. It is considered that the nature of the slopes however would render them less visually significant, comprising in the main grassed slopes.
3.3.63 ZVS studies indicate a substantially reduced zone of visibility reflecting the screening effect of intervening vegetation and structures and the effects of distance. The existing quarry is significantly visible within an area of approximately 3.56km², shown at Appendix 3. Predicted effects indicate that significant visibility of the proposed quarry extension in the long term would likely be restricted to an area of approximately 4.68km², shown at Appendix 3.
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3.3.64 Within the ZVS views towards the site from PRoW, roads and residential properties are often restricted by combinations of landform, woodland, trees, hedgerows and buildings.
Visual Receptors
3.3.65 Three categories of visual receptor have been identified within the predicted zone of visual influence for the quarry. These are:
A. Users of public rights of way. B. Residential areas (community) and occupiers of isolated residential properties. C. Users of local roads
3.3.66 People occupied at their place of work are considered to be least likely to be affected by development and have not been included.
3.3.67 Locations of sensitive receptor viewpoints are shown on Figure 7. These represent all of the receptor categories and at locations where it anticipated effects would be greatest. A photographic record of the broad extents of visibility viewpoints is provided at Appendix 4.
3.3.68 Receptor sensitivity is described in Table 4. The sensitivity of visual receptors varies significantly according to category and the context of the view as described above. In broad terms the sensitivity of many receptors is influenced by the presence of existing quarry development.
Table 4 Selected Representative Visual Receptors
Reference Receptor and Location Sensitivity
A. Users of Public Rights of Way VP 5, VP27 National Bridle route ‘Sabrina Way’ Medium - High VP 1 Footpath Reference 10 Medium - High VP 2 Footpath Reference 76 Medium – High VP 3 Footpath Reference 77 Medium - High VP 4 Footpath Reference 78 Medium - High VP 6 Footpath Reference 53 Medium - High VP 9 Footpath Reference 35 Medium - High VP 11 Footpath Reference 22 Medium - High VP13 Footpath Reference 21 Medium - High VP16 Footpath Reference 18 Medium VP 18 Footpath Reference 150 Medium VP 19 Footpath Reference 16/69 Medium - High VP 24 Footpath Reference 50 /51 Medium - High VP 25 Footpath Reference 49 Medium - High VP 38 Footpath Reference 24 Medium - High VP 48 Footpath Reference 17/4 Medium - High VP 50 Footpath Reference 2 Medium - High B. Residential Areas (community) and Occupiers of Individual Residential Properties VP 1 Farwall Farm Medium - High VP 4 Heath House Medium - High VP 19 Rue Hill Farm Medium - High VP 20 Weaver Cottages Medium - High VP 21 Dale Farm Medium - High VP 27 Milk Hill Cottage and nr properties Medium - High
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Reference Receptor and Location Sensitivity
VP 39 Sycamore cottage Medium - High VP 47 Hamps Hall Medium - High VP 50 Three Stones Farm Medium - High D. Users of Local Roads VP 1 Farwell Lane Medium - Low VP 5 Common Lane Medium - Low VP 7, VP 42 A523 Medium - Low VP 8, VP 10, VP15, VP 20 A52 Medium - Low VP 12 Back Lane Medium - Low VP 27 Unclassified Lane Milk Hill Medium - Low VP 38 Tatlowfold Lane Medium - Low VP 47 Rocester Lane Medium - Low VP 49 Whitefields Lane Medium - Low
4. PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES
4.1 Generally
4.1.1 A detail description of the proposed development is provided in the Environmental Statement (ES) and accompanying documentation. Key aspects relevant to the assessment of landscape and visual effects are described below. Alternative forms of development have been considered during the design process.
4.1.2 The proposals have been informed by environmental surveys and four working party meetings which explored various possible quarry extension concepts. The working party convened by Lafarge included representatives from all interested parties including: Staffordshire County Council, Natural England, the Environment Agency and Staffordshire Wildlife Trust.
4.2 Description
4.2.1 Proposed development concerns the 13.62ha extension of the existing consented quarry into an adjoining area of upland pasture.
4.2.2 The extension area would be worked progressively and in four separate phases. Proposed quarry development would progress in an anticlockwise direction, with development proceeding eastwards then northwards from the proposed south eastern limit of the quarry which was reached during 2009. The phased scheme of working aims to secure progressive restoration over externally visible areas before they are revealed by the working of the subsequent phase.
4.2.3 The total timescale for the operations would be in the order of approximately 28 years.
4.2.4 The key aspects of development relevant to the consideration of landscape and visual effects are as follows:
1. 13.62ha quarry extension into the ‘Dale Farmlands’ local character area.
2. The visible extents of working and restored quarry faces.
3. The visible extents of any ancillary quarry development e.g. HGV movements.
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4. Duration of the works.
5. Restoration of progressive “roll-over” slopes during working and interim restoration treatments to existing and proposed benches.
6. Effects of proposed development on Caldon Dales SSSI.
4.2.5 The practice has contributed to the development proposals and scheme mitigation, forming part of an iterative design process. The mitigation measures have been informed by published character assessment and local assessment carried out by DJA.
4.2.6 The Peak District National Park Authority has developed landscape guidelines5 for the locality which includes the site. Of particular relevance to the proposed development are the following:
4.2.7 “Modern mineral workings should be restored to maximise visual amenity, biodiversity, recreational, educational and heritage value. The aim should be to use the land to create semi-natural landscapes, which blend into the surrounding landscape.
4.2.8 There are opportunities to create extensive areas of unenclosed limestone grassland and heath, and to extend and link existing patches, particularly within the Limestone Hills & Slopes, by natural regeneration and creation.
4.2.9 There are localised opportunities to extend woodland cover, without affecting cultural heritage and biodiversity features and historic landscapes, within the Limestone Hills & Slopes. There are opportunities to extend woodland by natural regeneration and by planting, although a balance will need to be reached between woodland expansion and the retention of limestone grassland/heath and scrub.”
Mitigation Measures
4.2.10 A range of primary and secondary mitigation measures and enhancements have been incorporated into the scheme design. These relate to the progressive formation of rollover slopes, the continued interim restoration works to the western quarry benches and provision of advance planting.
4.2.11 The proposed interim restoration scheme has been designed to accord with the published strategy guidelines. In particular:
1. To integration of the proposed quarry development into the surrounding landscape. 2. Creation of additional limestone grassland habitat to benefit ecological enhancement and mitigate against potential loss of habitat. 3. Planting of new small mixed woodlands.
4.2.12 The proposed extension will extend the progressive restoration of roll-over slopes from the southern extents of the quarry. The benefit of this is twofold. Firstly to develop a more sympathetic landform and land cover within the quarry and a smoother transition between the quarry and the surrounding landscape. It is intended that some limited residual areas of quarry face would be incorporated into the restored slope profiles to add ecological and visual interest. The slopes will ultimately extend down from the
5 Peak District National Park Authority 'Peak District National Park Landscape Strategy and Action Plan 2009 - 2019' July 2009
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existing ground level to a level of approximately 260m AOD. The slopes would be restored to areas of limestone grassland to benefit nature conservation. It is proposed that following the formation of the slopes turfs and soils from the extents of the Caldon Dales SSSI affected by the development proposals will be translocated to them.
4.2.13 The western quarry faces are among the most visually significant components of the existing and proposed working. The removal of the faces is dependent on conjoined working between the separate Caldonlow and Cauldon quarries. It is understood that this is not expected to occur during the working life of the proposed development and consequently an interim restoration treatment has been devised. It is proposed that stripped overburden materials will continue to be deposited on the quarry benches in phases during the works and allowed to naturally vegetate. This would represent continuity with previous and ongoing interim restoration works on the northern section of these faces which has significantly reduced their visual presence.
Advance screen planting would be carried out along the eastern boundary coincident with the diverted route of footpath 150. The advance planting is intended primarily as a visual benefit in reducing the scale of quarry associated development to views from the south east and east of the extension site.
5. PREDICTED LANDSCAPE IMPACTS
5.1 General
5.1.1 Predicted landscape impacts have been based on the development criteria identified in Section 4 including the landscape mitigation measures described above. Effects are assessed in relation to the landscape characteristics and landscape value of the area described in Section 3.
5.2 Effects on landscape Characteristics
5.2.1 Effects on landscape character largely relate to the cumulative effect of extending mineral associated development into an adjoining area of rural landscape.
5.2.2 The extension site comprises approximately 4.3% of the Dale Farmlands local character area. Proposed development would effectively extend the Cauldon Limestone Quarries character area into this zone. There would be a permanent change in landform and loss of local landscape characteristics brought about by proposed development as the pastoral fields and areas of unimproved grassland are removed and replaced by an artificial interim landscape.
5.2.3 This is assessed as a low magnitude of effect which would take place in a landscape of high sensitivity to change. This is assessed as an adverse affect of moderate significance on the Dale Farmlands local character area.
5.2.4 Effects on near local character areas in the short term would range from slight to moderate significance according to their capacity to accommodate change, taking into consideration the degree of openness, proximity, and presence of the existing quarry development.
5.2.5 Table 5 summarises the predicted effects over the short to medium term during the operational phase of development.
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Table 5 Predicted Effects on Local Landscape Character
District Character Direct Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Nature of Type and Local or Effect Character Area Indirect (short to Effect medium term) ‘Limestone Hills and Slopes’ DCT
‘Cauldon Limestone Direct Negligible Negligible Not Significant - Quarries’ LCA ‘Rue Hill Quarry Indirect Medium Low Moderate - Adverse Pastures’ LCA Slight ‘Cauldon Lowe Indirect Medium – Negligible Not Significant - Farmlands’ LCA Low ‘Dale Farmlands’ LCA Direct High Low Moderate Adverse ‘Limestone Plateau Pastures’ DCT
‘Calton Moor Indirect High Very Low Moderate Adverse Farmlands’ LCA ‘Limestone Dales’ DCT
‘Hamps Valley’ LCA Indirect Medium – Very Low Slight Adverse Low ‘Limestone Village Farmlands’ DCT
‘Calton Farmlands’ LCA Indirect High Low Moderate Adverse ‘Waterhouse Farmlands’ Indirect High Low Moderate Adverse LCA ‘Upland Pastures’ DCT
‘Cauldon Works’ LCA Indirect Negligible Negligible Not Significant - ‘Cauldon Shale Indirect Low Negligible Not Significant - Workings’ LCA ‘Cauldon Farmlands’ Indirect Medium – Very Low Slight Adverse LCA Low ‘Broomyshaw Indirect Medium – Negligible Not Significant - Farmlands’ LCA Low ‘Waterfall Farmlands’ Indirect Medium Medium Moderate Adverse LCA Low ‘Upper Valley Pastures’ DCT
‘Hamps Valley Floor’ Indirect Medium – Low Slight Adverse LCA Low
5.2.6 The character of the extension site and wider quarry would continue to change in the medium to long term as proposed peripheral tree planting along the eastern boundary establishes sufficiently to filter views of development from the south east and east of the study area. This is a relatively slow process, however it is likely that a substantive effect would be achieved within 10 years of planting.
5.2.7 Long term the nature of the effect is considered to be slightly beneficial, as the vegetated rollover slopes and interim quarry face restoration would reduce the visual significance of the working quarry, thus reducing the overall presence of quarrying activity within the adjoining character areas.
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5.3 Landscape Features and Elements
5.3.1 The existing quarry contains exposed upper rock faces that are detracting local landscape features. In the short to medium term the slight increase in operational quarry faces would add to this effect when viewed in combination with the existing operations. This would signal its presence more, forming a temporary cumulative effect. As the working quarry develops however views of exposed upper rock faces will largely be replaced with grassed overburden batters. The overburden batters are likely to remain a detracting feature until the successful establishment of vegetation.
5.3.2 There would be a loss of characteristic landscape elements in relation to the areas of unimproved grassland and pastoral fields. During operations there would be a direct loss of approximately 10.03ha of pastoral farmland, 2.80ha of unimproved grassland and 1,819 linear metres of Drystone walling within the extension site.
5.3.3 The proposed interim restoration within the site would result in a net gain of 1.11ha of woodland and 6.06ha of grassland associated with the proposed rollover slopes.
5.3.4 Table 6 provides a basis for comparison between existing and proposed elements.
Table 6 Comparison between Existing and Proposed Elements
Element Existing Proposed Net Loss/Gain Loss Gain Grassland (ha) 2.80 8.86 6.06 Pastoral Farmland (ha) 10.03 10.03 Woodland (ha) 0.79 1.9 1.11 Drystone wall (Linear m) 1,819 1,819
5.4 Effects on Landscape Value
5.4.1 Effects on Landscape value relate to the receptors identified in Section 3 (Table 3).
Landscape Designation
5.4.2 The scenic interest and amenity value of the Peak District National Park is already indirectly affected by the presence of existing quarry operations within the study area. Consequently the significance and nature of effect would be much less than might otherwise be the case. As a result potential effects during operations are considered to be adverse and of moderate significance. Against this would be the long term beneficial effect of the proposed development through the establishment of a smoother transition between the quarry and surrounding landscape and a reduction in visible rock faces. The net effect long term is likely to be beneficial compared to the existing scene.
5.4.3 The special character and visual quality of the designated SLA would be directly affected. Analysis of predicted effects indicates that there would occur localised moderately adverse effects on the SLA as a result of the proposed extension relating to areas already affected by such development in close proximity. The long term effects are likely to be beneficial for the same reasons described above.
Tranquillity
5.4.4 It is considered that proposed development would not result in any significant change in the current levels of movements and overall noise. Therefore in the context of the
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permitted quarrying within the site there is unlikely to result any significant change in tranquillity.
Scenic Quality
5.4.5 Scenic quality within the study area would be affected during operations as the quarry extents increase whilst the extent of restoration works on prominent aspects of the existing quarry progress. Overall this would likely have a adverse effect of moderate significance until the interim restoration stage is achieved. By this time the effect would be beneficial.
Nature Conservation
5.4.6 There would be a temporary short to medium term adverse effect on designated nature conservational value as 17% of unimproved calcareous grassland within the southern most extents of the designated Caldon Dales SSSI is translocated to the proposed roll over slopes.
5.4.7 It is anticipated that over time areas of grassland will establish upon the rollover slopes increasing the extents of limestone grassland in accordance with published landscape guidelines. Furthermore it is considered that other areas of the proposed quarry interim restoration would provide niche sites for other species and habitats thereby maintaining or even increasing the long term value of the site and contributing to the biodiversity of the area.
5.4.8 Proposed development would have no significant effect on the integrity of the Rue Hill SSSI or the remaining SSSI designations within the Hamps Valley, nor would there occur any effects in relation to the non statutory SBI sites as evidenced in the submitted ecological report.
Cultural Heritage
5.4.9 There are no aspects of designated cultural heritage that would be significantly affected by proposed development. The settings of prehistoric Scheduled Ancient Monuments within the study area are already affected by the current quarry operations. It is considered that they would not be affected to any greater extent than by the works already present.
5.4.10 Field survey revealed that the designated conservation areas of Calton and Waterfall are visually separate from the site and would not be significantly affected. The proposed quarry extension would not affect the setting of listed buildings in the locality due to the presence of intervening structures, distance, landform and vegetation.
Leisure and Tourism
5.4.11 Field survey revealed there would be no significant views from the Hamps Way and Manifold Way as a result of a combined effect of intervening landform and vegetation.
Recreational facilities within the study area including the Orchard Farm Activity Centre, recreation ground and Cycle Hire Centres in Waterhouses are visually separate from the proposed development and would not be significantly affected.
5.4.12 Proposed development would directly and indirectly affect the scenic quality and amenity value aspects of local roads and public rights of way though accessibility would
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be maintained. The significance of the effect would vary according to location due to the levels of enclosing elements (i.e. woodland and/or landform) within the immediate locality. Descriptions of effects on visual amenity are provided in Section 6. Overall effects would be slightly adverse during operations but improve following interim restoration as the visual impact of the extension site and existing workings are reduced.
5.4.13 Table 7 summarises predicted effects on local landscape value.
Table 7 Predicted effects on Landscape Value
Receptor Direct Sensitivity Magnitude Significance Nature or Short to Long Indirect Medium Term Effect Term Landscape Designations Peak District Indirect High Low Moderate Adverse Beneficial National Park Special Direct High Low Moderate Adverse Beneficial Landscape Area (SLA) Cultural Heritage Designations Scheduled Indirect High Low Moderate Neutral Beneficial Ancient Monument (SAM) Conservation None High n/a n/a n/a n/a Area Listed buildings None High - n/a n/a n/a n/a Medium Nature Conservation Designations SSSI – Within Direct High Low Moderate Adverse Beneficial Extension Site (Caldon Dales) SSSI within None High n/a n/a n/a n/a Study Area Nature None Medium n/a n/a n/a n/a Conservation Site Sites of None Medium n/a n/a n/a n/a Biological Interest (SBI) Recreation and Tourism ‘Hamps Way’ None High - n/a n/a n/a n/a Medium Manifold Way None High - n/a n/a n/a n/a Medium ‘Sabrina Way’ Indirect High - Low Moderate Adverse Beneficial Bridleway Medium Local Public Direct/ Medium High to Very Substantial- Adverse to Neutral to Rights of Way Indirect Low Moderate to Neutral Beneficial PRoW Moderate according according slight to location to location Orchard Farm None Medium n/a n/a n/a n/a Activity Centre Waterhouses None Medium n/a n/a n/a n/a cycle centres and picnic area Waterhouses None Medium n/a n/a n/a n/a Recreation Ground
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6. PREDICTED VISUAL EFFECTS
6.1 General
6.1.1 Predicted visual impacts are described in relation to the sensitive receptors described in Section 3 (Table 4). Computer generated images of the proposed quarry development have been prepared from selected representative viewpoints to demonstrate predicted effects. It is important to note that the computer models illustrate a ‘worse than worst case’ view and do not include the surrounding built development context or vegetation. To assist better understanding of the potential visual effects in the context of existing development, computer generated photomontages have been prepared for the selected representative viewpoints. These are shown on Figures 8 to 11.
6.2 Effects on Visual Amenity
6.2.1 Within the ZVS described in Section 3 the significance of effect would vary widely according to location and timescale of development.
6.2.2 A detailed analysis of the likely predicted effects of development during operations, following Phase 4C restoration works and 10 years following the completion of Phase 4C on views in relation to the sensitive receptor locations is summarised below.
Table 8 Predicted effects on visual amenity during operations, following Phase 4C restoration and 10 years post Phase 4C restoration.
Reference Receptor and Location Range of Effect Magnitude Significance Nature A. Users of Public Rights of Way National Bridleroute ‘Sabrina Way’ VP 5 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Very Low Moderate -Slight Adverse Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial Beneficial Footpath reference 10 VP 1 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Very Low Moderate -Slight Neutral Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial Beneficial Footpath reference 76 VP 2 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Very Low Moderate -Slight Neutral Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial Beneficial Footpath reference 77 VP 3 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Very Low Moderate -Slight Neutral Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration. Medium Substantial Beneficial Footpath reference 78 VP 4 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Very Low Moderate -Slight Neutral Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial Beneficial Footpath reference 53 VP 6 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Very Low Moderate -Slight Neutral Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial Beneficial Footpath reference 35 VP 9 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Medium - Low Moderate Adverse Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium - Low Moderate Adverse Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration Medium - Low Moderate Neutral Footpath reference 22 VP 11 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Medium - Low Moderate Adverse Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium - Low Moderate Adverse
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Reference Receptor and Location Range of Effect Magnitude Significance Nature Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration Medium - Low Moderate Neutral Footpath reference 21 VP 13 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Medium - Low Moderate Adverse Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium - Low Moderate Adverse Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium - Low Moderate Neutral Footpath reference 18 VP 16 Effects during Phase 4A extraction High Substantial - Adverse Moderate Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Moderate Adverse Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium Moderate Beneficial Footpath reference 150 VP 18 Effects during Phase 4A extraction High Substantial - Adverse Moderate Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Moderate Adverse Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium Moderate Neutral Footpath reference 16/69 VP 19 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Medium -Low Moderate Adverse Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium -Low Moderate Neutral Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium -Low Moderate Neutral Footpath reference 5/51 VP 24 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Very Low Moderate -Slight Neutral Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium Substantial Beneficial Footpath reference 49 VP 25 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Very Low Moderate -Slight Adverse Effects following Phase 4C restoration Low Moderate Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Low Moderate Beneficial Footpath reference 25 VP 38 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Low Moderate Adverse Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium - Low Moderate Neutral Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium - Low Moderate Neutral Footpath reference 24/ 103 VP 39 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Low Moderate Adverse Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium - Low Moderate Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium - Low Moderate Beneficial Footpath reference 17/4 VP 48 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Medium - Low Moderate Neutral Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium Substantial Beneficial Footpath reference 2 VP 50 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Very Low Moderate -Slight Adverse Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium - Low Moderate Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium - Low Moderate Beneficial B. Residential Areas (community) and Occupiers of Individual Residential Properties Farwall Farm VP 1 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Very Low Moderate -Slight Neutral Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium Substantial Beneficial Heath House VP 4 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Very Low Moderate -Slight Neutral Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium Substantial Beneficial Rue Hill Farm VP 19 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Medium -Low Moderate Adverse Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium -Low Moderate Neutral Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium -Low Moderate Neutral Weaver Cottages VP 20 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Medium Substantial - Adverse Moderate Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial - Adverse Moderate Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Low Moderate Neutral Dale Farm
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Reference Receptor and Location Range of Effect Magnitude Significance Nature VP 21 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Medium Substantial - Adverse Moderate Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Substantial - Adverse Moderate Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Low Moderate Neutral Milk Hill Cottage and nr properties VP 27 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Very Low Moderate Slight Neutral Effects following Phase 4C restoration Very Low Moderate Slight Neutral Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Very Low Moderate Slight Neutral Sycamore cottage VP 39 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Low Moderate Adverse Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium - Low Moderate Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium - Low Moderate Beneficial Hamps Hall VP 47 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Low Moderate Neutral Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium -Low Moderate Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium -Low Moderate Beneficial Three Stones Farm VP 50 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Very Low Moderate -Slight Adverse Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium - Low Moderate Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium - Low Moderate Beneficial D. Users of Local Roads Farwell VP 1 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Very Low Slight Adverse Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Moderate Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium Moderate Beneficial Common Lane VP 5 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Very Low Slight Adverse Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Moderate Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium Moderate Beneficial A523 VP 7 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Medium - Low Moderate - Slight Beneficial Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Moderate Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium Moderate Beneficial A52 VP20 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Medium Moderate Adverse
Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Moderate Adverse Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Low Moderate - Slight Neutral Back Lane VP 12 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Low Moderate - Slight Adverse Effects following Phase 4C restoration Low Moderate - Slight Neutral Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Low Moderate - Slight Beneficial Unclassified Lane Milk Hill VP 27 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Very low Slight Neutral Effects following Phase 4C restoration Very low Slight Neutral Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Very low Slight Neutral Tatlowfold Lane VP 38 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Low Moderate - Slight Adverse Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium - Low Moderate - Slight Neutral Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium - Low Moderate - Slight Neutral Rocester Lane VP 47 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Low Moderate - Slight Neutral Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium - Low Moderate - Slight Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium - Low Moderate - Slight Beneficial Whitefields Lane VP 49 Effects during Phase 4A extraction Medium Moderate Beneficial Effects following Phase 4C restoration Medium Moderate Beneficial Effects 10 yrs Post Phase 4C restoration works. Medium Moderate Beneficial
6.2.3 Proposed development would by and large be seen in the context of similar uses associated with the existing operations and adjoining Caldonlow Quarry. It would therefore contribute to an existing effect rather than create a new one. Consequently
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the significance and nature of any significant adverse effects would be much less than might otherwise be the case.
6.2.4 The scale of potential effects would be further reduced by the proposed mitigation measures described in Section 4. Elevated views from residential properties, users of public rights of way and local roads to the north would be affected. The great majority of potential receptors would experience slight to moderate levels of effect during operations as the quarry extents increase along with the extents of restoration works on prominent aspects of the existing quarry.
6.2.5 It is only in much closer proximity that temporary substantial moderate levels of effect would likely occur, associated with isolated residential properties, users of Public Rights of Way and local roads in close proximity to the proposed extension site. This is to be expected at such close quarters.
6.2.6 Users of footpath 150 would be directly affected by the proposed quarry extension. The diverted route adjoining the site would become enclosed by advance woodland planting. The nature of effect would be adverse and of substantial moderate significance. The effects would be temporary and would mainly be related to existing mineral operations appearing in closer proximity to the route. Users of Footpath 21, 16 and 69 would be indirectly affected at a similar level during operations as areas of existing plantations and the associated landform are removed opening up views to the north which would include views of the Cauldon Cement Works. In the long term the significance of the proposed development would reduce as the areas of advance screen planting along the eastern boundary mature, further filtering views towards proposed development.
6.2.7 Near residential properties to the south east of the quarry extension would also be affected. Available oblique ground and first floor views of the tree plantations and associated landform from Weaver Cottages, Dale Farm and Rue Hill Farm would be partly removed and replaced by open views to the north, which would include views of the Cauldon Cement Works and views of quarry associated development at a closer proximity. The nature of effect would be temporary, adverse and of substantial moderate significance in relation to Weaver Cottages and Dale Farm and of moderate significance in relation to Rue Hill Farm. In the medium to long term areas of intervening advance planting will mature to filter views of development and form the backdrop to oblique views, albeit in closer proximity to the residential properties.
6.2.8 An elevated section of Back Lane and short section of the A52 (T) to the south east of the development would be indirectly affected. Views of the operations are likely to be fleeting in nature seen within the wider context of Caldonlow Quarry which forms the immediate skyline to views from the east. The nature of effect would be temporary, adverse and of moderate significance.
6.2.9 Longer term following the restoration of Phase 4C visual effects would also range from slight to substantial levels of significance but in all instances the nature of effect would change to neutral or beneficial, marking the positive long term contribution of proposed development in the broader landscape.
6.2.10 It is considered that the potential adverse effects associated with the extension site would be temporary and balanced by the long term beneficial effects associated with the proposed restoration.
July 2011 28 David Jarvis Associates Limited Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Cauldon Limestone Quarry
6.3 Artificial Lighting
6.3.1 There are no proposed artificial lighting elements associated with the proposed quarry extension.
7. SUMMARY
7.1.1 This assessment concerns predicted landscape and visual effects of proposed extension to Cauldon Works Limestone Quarry, Waterhouse, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire.
7.1.2 The extension site is located within the ‘Dale Farmlands’ Local Character Area. The area is typified by an undulating rural landscape with numerous small woodland belts, plantations and rectilinear pastoral fields enclosed by drystone walls.
7.1.3 Indivisibility within the locality is good though occasionally interrupted by landform, woodland blocks and plantations.
7.1.4 Sensitive landscape receptors identified include a designated National Park, SLA, nature conservation related interest, Scheduled Ancient Monuments, listed buildings, conservation areas, users of local PRoW and local leisure facilities where appreciation of scenic interest forms part of the activity.
7.1.5 Three categories of visual receptor have been identified; users of PRoW, residential areas and occupiers of residential properties and users of local roads.
7.1.6 Analysis of predicted effects on landscape character indicate that there would occur localised moderately adverse effects as a result of the proposed extension relating to areas already affected by such development in close proximity. Indirect adverse effects on adjoining local character would reduce following the establishment of the interim restoration landscape.
7.1.7 Development would result in the restoration of quarry-related detracting elements within the existing complex. Long term the nature of effect is considered to be beneficial, as the vegetated rollover slopes and interim quarry face restoration would reduce the visual significance of the working quarry, thus reducing the overall presence of quarrying activity within the adjoining character areas in comparison to the existing scene.
7.1.8 There would be a direct loss of contributory elements in the local landscape. That said the loss would not in itself represent a significant effect at a local scale. The proposals would result in an increase in woodland and limestone grassland to benefit nature conservation in accordance with the strategy and guidance of published assessments.
7.1.9 The scenic interest and amenity value of the Peak District National Park would continue to be indirectly affected as the quarry extents increase along with the extents of restoration. Potential effects during operations are considered to be adverse and of moderate significance. There would occur localised moderately adverse effects on the SLA as a result of the proposed extension within areas already affected by the existing operations. The net effect long term is likely to be beneficial compared to the existing scene.
7.1.10 There would be a temporary short to medium term adverse effect on designated nature conservational value as areas of unimproved calcareous grassland within the southern
July 2011 29 David Jarvis Associates Limited Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Cauldon Limestone Quarry
most extents of the designated Caldon Dales SSSI is translocated to the proposed roll over slopes.
7.1.11 It is anticipated that over time areas of grassland will establish upon the rollover slopes increasing the extents of limestone grassland in accordance with published landscape guidelines.
7.1.12 The setting designated cultural heritage sites within the study area would not be affected to any greater extent than by the works already consented, neither would there be any significant effects on levels of tranquillity or artificial lighting.
7.1.13 There would not be any significant effects on local leisure facilities as a result of proposed development. Amenity value, related to the visual effects of quarry development on the local public rights of way network would be affected, the significance of effect varying according to location.
7.1.14 Field survey and ZVS studies demonstrate the significant visual effects of the proposal development would extend over area of 4.68 square kilometres. Visual assessment indicates that the ZVS of proposed development would broadly correspond with that of existing mineral associated development adjoining the extension site in extents.
7.1.15 Near residential properties, PRoW adjoining the southern eastern boundary would be the most affected. Users of Back Lane and the A52 would also be affected as the route leads to and passes by the site. The nature of effect would be temporary, adverse and of substantial moderate significance.
7.1.16 Longer term following the restoration of Phase 4C visual effects would also range from slight to substantial levels of significance but in all instances the nature of effect would change to neutral or beneficial, marking the positive long term contribution of proposed development in the broader landscape.
8. CONCLUSIONS
8.1.1 Proposed development would cause moderate levels of adverse effects on local landscape characteristics, landscape value and visual amenity during the operational period. These potential effects have been reduced by mitigation and are considered to fall within an acceptable range.
8.1.2 Following interim restoration there would occur long-term beneficial effects in relation to visual amenity and nature conservation.
July 2011 30 David Jarvis Associates Limited
APPENDIX 1
Assessment Methodology and Glossary of Terms
Generally
Preparation of this assessment involved the following key stages:
• baseline survey; • identification of potential effects; • identification of sensitive landscape and visual receptors; • description and quantification of the changes to the baseline; • identification of mitigating measures; • preparation of a landscape strategy; • evaluation of the predicted effects; • carry out a local landscape character assessment; • assess the implications of further development at North East Sittingbourne on the landscape; • provide landscape advice for an illustrative concept plan for the development; • prepare a landscape and visual assessment of the concept plan.
Baseline Survey
Baseline surveys were carried out to record and analyse the existing landscape characteristics and the value of the landscape and visual resources in the vicinity of the proposed allocation sites. The research, classification and analysis process included:
• Desk and field based studies to identify the likely Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI), Sensitive Receptor Viewpoints and landscape character.
• Research to establish the landscape planning context, nature conservation interest and aspects of the cultural heritage.
• Analysis of landscape characteristics in order to understand how they are made up and experienced as well as ascertaining their relative value.
Identification of potential effects
Identification of potential effects has formed part of the design process.
The broad design parameters of the project were established at the time of commission in terms of the nature of the development. This provided sufficient information to identify the likely:
• scale and nature of changes to landscape characteristics and landscape value;
• changes affecting visual amenity.
Identification of sensitive landscape and visual receptors
Identification of the sensitivity of the landscape resource is based on its ability to accommodate changes in character and value which would be caused by the development.
Landscape character and value are separately identified. This is done in order to distinguish between the ability of a landscape to physically accommodate a development in terms of
landform, landcover and landuse, as opposed to its effects on valued aspects of the landscape which are more subjective in nature.
Identification of sensitive visual receptors is based on the proximity, context, expectations and occupation or activity of the receptor. Consideration is also given to the importance of the view.
Degrees of sensitivity are identified as appropriate for all categories of landscape and visual receptors to enable a systematic and consistent evaluation of the levels of predicted effects once assessed against their magnitude.
Description and quantification of the changes to the baseline
Predicted changes to the baseline take into account existing trends for change as well as those anticipated as a result of the development.
Change in landscape characteristics, including elements of landform, landcover and landuse as well as significant features are described and broadly quantified. The effect of these changes on aspects of landscape value are also described in terms of scenic quality, designated landscape, heritage interests, tranquillity, sense of place, rarity or uniqueness and nature conservation interests.
Predicted changes to the visual baseline are described for each sensitive receptor type and location. Consideration is given to change during construction, at completion and in the years following completion restoration. Computer generated imaging assists the description.
Evaluation of Predicted Effects
Predicted landscape and visual effects are assessed in terms of their scale, duration, magnitude, level and nature on identified sensitive receptors.
Methods used for evaluation follow published guidance and include a combination of objective and subjective judgements.
To aid consistency and allow easier inspection and review of results checklists, tables and matrices have been employed. These include the use of matrices for the determination of significance thresholds, whereby the predicted magnitude of an effect is assessed against the sensitivity of a given receptor. This provides an indication of the level or significance of an effect (see table below).
The nature of an effect, whether adverse or beneficial, is a subjective consideration based on professional judgement and identified separately.
Identification of Mitigating Measures
Mitigation measures have been considered in relation to:
• primary measures which form part of the iterative design process; and
• secondary measures designed to address any residual adverse effects of the development.
Table: Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
SIGNIFICANCE THRESHOLD VH VS VS SB SB SM SM M NS H VS SB SB SM SM M M NS MH SB SB SM SM M M MS NS M SB SM SM M M MS MS NS ML SM SM M M MS MS S NS L SM M M MS MS S S NS MAGNITUDE VL M M MS MS S S SI NS N NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS VH H MH M ML L VL N SENSITIVITY
Significance Thresholds
KEY: VS – Very Substantial SB – Substantial SM – Substantial-Moderate M – Moderate MS – Moderate-Slight S – Slight SI – Slight-Imperceptible I – Imperceptible NS – Not Significant
Magnitude/Sensitivity
KEY: VH- Very High H – High MH – Medium-High M- Medium ML- Medium-Low L - Low VL – Very Low N- Negligible
Note: The above matrix is only used as a guide and never used to replace professional judgement, particularly in instances when assessing the nature of an effect (i.e. adverse, neutral or beneficial). Its purpose is solely to ensure consistency of approach and results.
Glossary of Terms (Derived from current IEMA/LI Guidelines with additional glossary)
Analysis (landscape) The process of breaking the landscape into its component parts to understand how it is made up.
AONB Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
ASLV Area of Special Landscape Value
Assessment (Landscape) An umbrella term for description, classification and analysis of landscape.
Baseline Record and analysis of existing landscape and visual conditions.
Biodiversity The concept of variety in all species of plants and animals through which nature finds its balance.
Classification A process of sorting the landscape into different types using selected criteria but without attaching relative values to different sorts of landscape.
Compensation The measures taken to offset or compensate for residual adverse effects which cannot be mitigated or for which mitigation cannot entirely eliminate adverse effects.
Constraints Map Map showing the location of important resources and receptors that may form constraints to development.
Countryside The rural environment and its associated communities (includes the coast).
Cumulative effects The summation of effects that result from changes caused by a development in conjunction with other past, present or reasonably foreseeable actions.
Diversity Where a variety of qualities or characteristics occurs.
Do nothing situation Continued change/evolution of landscape or of the environment in the absence of the proposed development.
Element A component part of the landscape, e.g. roads, hedges and woods.
Enhancement Landscape improvement through restoration, reconstruction or creation.
Environment Our physical surroundings including air, water and land.
Environmental Appraisal A generic term for the evaluation of the environmental implications of proposals.
Environmental fit The relationship of a development to identified environmental opportunities and constraints in its setting. Environmental Impact Assessment The evaluation of the effects of particular development proposals on the environment of particular development proposals.
Field Pattern The pattern of hedges and walls that define fields in farmed landscapes.
Geographical information System Computerised database of geographical information.
Heritage Historic or cultural associations.
Indirect Impacts Impacts on the environment, which are not a direct result of the development but are often produced away from it or as a result of a complex pathway. Sometimes referred to as secondary impacts.
Iterative (design process) A design approach which enables the site planning and detailed design of the development project to be informed by and respond to the ongoing Environmental Impact Assessment.
Land Use The primary use of the land, including both rural and urban activities.
Landcover Combinations of land use and vegetation, that cover the land surface.
Landform Combinations of slope and elevation, that produce the shape and form of the land.
Landscape Human perception of the land conditioned by knowledge and identity with a place.
Landscape Capacity The degree to which a particular landscape character type or area is able to accommodate change without unacceptable adverse effects on its character. Capacity is likely to vary according to the type and nature of change being proposed.
Landscape Character The distinct and recognisable pattern of elements that occurs consistently in a particular type of landscape, and how this is perceived by people. It reflects particular combinations of geology, landform, soils, vegetation, land use and human settlement. It creates the particular sense of place of different areas of the landscape.
Landscape Characteristics Landscape Characteristics refer to the combinations of landscape elements and features which make a particular contribution to the character of an area including experiential characteristics such as tranquillity and wilderness.
Landscape Character Type A landscape type will have broadly similar patterns of geology, landform, soils, vegetation, land use, settlement and field pattern discernible in maps and field survey records.
Landscape Effects Change in the elements, characteristics, character and qualities of the landscape as a result of development. These effects can be positive or negative.
Landscape evaluation The process of attaching value (non-monetary) to a particular landscape, usually by the application of previously agreed criteria, including consultation and third party documents, for a particular purpose (e.g. designation or in the context of the assessment).
Landscape Factor A circumstance or influence contributing to the impression of a landscape (e.g. scale, enclosure, elevation).
Landscape feature A prominent eye-catching element, e.g. wooded hill top and church spire.
Landscape Quality (or condition) Is based on judgements about the physical state of the landscape, and about its intactness, from visual, functional, and ecological perspectives. It also reflects the state of repair of individual features and elements which make up the character in any one place.
Landscape Resource The combination of elements that contribute to landscape context, character and value.
Landscape Sensitivity The extent to which a landscape can accept change of a particular type and scale, without unacceptable adverse effects.
Landscape Value The relative value or importance attached to a landscape (often as a basis for designation or recognition), which expresses national or local consensus, because of its quality, special qualities including perceptual aspects such as scenic beauty, tranquillity or wilderness, cultural associations or other conservation issues.
Magnitude A combination of the scale, extent and duration of an effect.
Methodology The specific approach and techniques used for a given study.
Mitigation Measures, including any process, activity or design to avoid, reduce, remedy or compensate for adverse landscape and visual effects of a development project.
Perception (of landscape) The psychology of seeing and possibly attaching value and/or meaning (to landscape).
Precautionary Principle Principle applied to err on the side of caution where significant environmental damage may occur, but knowledge on the matter is incomplete, or when the prediction of environmental impacts is uncertain.
Preference The liking by people for one particular landscape element, characteristic or feature over another.
Quality (See landscape quality).
Receptor (landscape and visual) Physical landscape resource, special interest or viewer group that will experience an effect.
Regulatory Authority The planning or other authority responsible for planning consents or project authorisation. (Synonymous with Determining or competent Authority).
Scenario A picture of a possible future.
Scoping The process of identifying the potentially significant effects of a development on the environment. Sense of place (or genius loci) The essential character and spirit of an area. Genius Loci literally 'spirit of the place'.
Sensitive/sensitivity (See landscape sensitivity).
Sieve Mapping Technique for mapping environmental constraints, working from a series of overlays, sieving out less important factors.
Sustainability The principle that the environment should be protected in such a condition and to such a degree that ensures new development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Technique Specific working process.
Threshold (significance) A specified level in grading effects e.g. of magnitude, sensitivity or significance.
Visual Amenity The value of a particular area or view in terms of what is seen.
Visual Impact Change in the appearance of the landscape as a result of development. This can be positive (i.e. beneficial or an improvement) or negative (i.e. adverse or a detraction).
Visual Envelope Extent of potential visibility to or from a specific area or feature.
Visualisation Computer simulation, photomontage or other technique to illustrate the appearance of a development.
Worst Case Situation Principle applied where the environmental impacts may vary e.g. seasonally, to ensure the most severe potential effects is assessed.
Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) Theoretical area within which a proposed development may have an influence or effect on visual amenity based on computer tests which usually use a ‘bald’ landform surface without e.g. trees, hedgerows or built-up areas.
Zone of Visual Significance (ZVS) Area within a ZTV from which a proposed development is likely to draw the eye of a casual observer, based on field observations.
APPENDIX 2
Extract, Peak District National Park Authority ‘Peak District Landscape Character Assessment’ 2009
APPENDIX 3
ZTV and ZVS Studies
APPENDIX 4
Photographic Field Survey Record
APPENDIX 5
Plan of Proposed Quarry Development: Phasing Plan Restoration Plan