Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 641-646

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185 Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

The Relationship Between Psychological Dependence and Criminal Behavior

Igor I. Tazin

Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Tomsk, Russia Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics (TUSUR), Tomsk, Russia

Received: 20/04/2019 Accepted: 1/09/2019 Published: 03/09/2019

Abstract Crime is known to be the result of interaction between internal psychological processes, on one hand, and external objective-related factors, on the other hand. At the same time, criminologists and forensic psychologists have not yet conducted in-depth research into the psychological mechanism of communication between the individual and the situation at the time of the crime. The present study takes an interdisciplinary approach, drawing from philosophy, psychology, sociology and criminology, to examine criminal behavior through the prism of a phenomenon known as psychological dependence, which determines the perception and assessment of a specific life situation as a problem (conflict) and actualizes harm-doing as a means to overcome it. In the context of psychological dependence, the basic premise is that a crime is committed because of the manifestation of specific personality traits and the influence of a specific life situation.

Keywords: behavioral addiction, psychological dependence, criminal behavior, criminal conduct mechanism, criminal decision- making

1 Introduction1 Toronto (Canada). In Another academic literature search Crime defined as harmful acts taking place in the external focusing on the terms “behavioral addiction” and “criminal world points to the superficial understanding of crime, mainly behavior” was made using Medline and Google Scholar in as a means of causing harm to particular social relations 2019. A careful review of the literature on interactions protected by criminal law. From this perspective, research on between addictive and criminal behavior helped to define the the topic under investigation is often limited to studying social basic topic-related concepts. conditions and reasons behind the commission of crime, A strong connection existing between addictive and without properly examining criminal decision-making. The criminal behavior results from both of them being deviant sociological approach in understanding crime has so far types of behavior (48). It is no accident that in different prevailed in criminology. As such, gaps in upbringing and cultures and countries addictive behavior is perceived as a education, unfavorable social environments, financial cross phenomenon to criminal behavior (22). “Deviant” difficulties, unequal distribution of economic goods, and behavior is commonly understood as a behavior that deviates social stratification are considered the common causes of from social norms and can further be divided into legal wrongs criminal behavior. In addition to the above, there is the need to and addictions. A legal wrong is a violation of law, i.e. an adopt the interdisciplinary approach in order to carry out a illegal action, an offense or a crime (44). Addiction refers to comprehensive study of criminal personality based on the one’s desire to escape from reality by changing one’s biopsychosocial model of personality. The author believes that psychological condition through the use of some substances or the study of criminal behavior in terms of the integrative constant focus on certain objects or activities coupled with the individual-situation interrelation using the phenomenon of development of intense emotions (42). psychological dependence has important research value and Among objects of addiction can be specific objects in the significance. surrounding world or engagement into an emotionally significant activity. Modern clinical psychology distinguishes 2 Materials and methods between two groups of addictions: pharmacological and non- pharmacological ones (42). The first group includes In 2017, the author conducted a review of English- alcoholism, addiction to medications or narcotics and solvent language research literature on the topic under investigation abuse. The other group comprises addiction to food, sports, drawing upon the information provided by the Centre for sex, gambling, video games and the Internet, television, cell Criminology and Sociolegal Studies of the University of phones as well as hospitalism, workaholism and shopaholism.

Corresponding author: Igor I. Tazin, Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Tomsk, Russia. 641 Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 641-646

According to ICD-10 and DSM-V, some of the above Researchers have carefully examined the relationship addictions are recognized as mental disorders. between crime of violence/property crime and alcoholic/drug Furthermore, the author used the results of random addiction (2,3,27,43,47) as well as gambling (25,31,46). Their interviews of accused persons and persons on trial, obtained studies point to a close link between these types of depence during his legal practice in Russia between 2003 and 2012. All and income producing offences which transform into a means of the participants had read and signed a consent form to support dependence financially. As stated by Grant indicating that their participation in the study was voluntary “individuals with behavioral addictions, like those with and that they could withdraw at any time without suffering any substance addictions, will frequently commit illegal acts, such negative consequences. Every interview were based on the as theft, embezzlement, and writing bad checks, to either fund respondents’ rating of notions that were of vital importance for their addictive behavior or cope with the consequences of the him such as “personal dignity”, “friends”, “family”, “money”, behavior” (17). “entertainment”, “gambling”, “sex”, “power”, “alcohol” and The relationship between addictions and violent offences “drugs”. Following that, the respondent was asked to choose has been examined to a lesser degree, and conclusions on this one of several entities that he expected to improve when matter are often contradictory. As an example, a number of committing a crime. The results were divided into two groups, studies shows lack of any obvious link between dependence on namely, property crime and crime of violence. Theft, fraud, soft drugs, such as cannabis, and violent offences due to the plunder, robbery, intentional destruction of property and self- fact that these soothing substances reduce the likelihood of serving malfeasance in public office were put into the property aggressive behavior (10,36). In the USA, statistics reveals the crime group. Murder, physical assault, infliction of moderate vast majority of teenagers using soft drugs are not involved in damage to health and infliction of severe damage to health are violent offences, which has been one of the reasons for grouped as crime of violence. legalizing cannabis in Canada in 2018. Other researchers highlight a close relationship between cannabis and aggressive 3 Results behavior, noting that, while reducing the risk of aggressive Analysis of research literature points to a close link between behavior during intoxication, cannabis does increase the dependent and criminal behavior. Researchers detected likelihood of aggressive behavior during abstinence (21,35). numerous commonalities in the mechanism of formation and Analysis of Brazilian experience has revealed that hard drugs, passing of substance and behavior addictions (17,19,29). in particular cocaine, determine violent offenses to a greater Being inside any kind of addiction psychologically means to extent (1). A similar situation prevails with respect to feel strong euphoria, to lose self-control and track of time. As gambling: some researchers consider it to be related to opposed to being outside, current addiction means to sense, to financially motivated crimes (31,41) while others argue that be depressed and to think about addictive activity. At the same gambling can lead to non-property offenses, including time, during addictive activity the overall growing tolerance violence, illegal possession of weapons, arson and vandalism requires increased amounts of something to achieve the same (2,25,33,34). As Griffiths observes, gambling like other effects (increasing drug dosage or the bet size in gambling, addictive behaviors, causes individuals to engage in stealing, being unable to stop shopping, staying longer with a partner cheating with borrowing money and committing violence and so on). Moreover, it was observed that addictions are towards friends, parents and teachers (19). mutually reinforcing, i.e. one dependence increases the risks Finally, one category of habitual criminals has a of emergence of new types of dependence. For instance, a procedural addiction to criminal behavior, given that they Canadian epidemiological survey estimated that the relative derive pleasure from destructive activity. Addictive criminal risk for an alcohol use disorders increased 3.8-fold when behavior is a scientifically substantiated behavior in relation to disordered gambling was present (8,9). Theoretically, the crimes such as multiple murders, rapes, thefts and terrorism range of objects of addiction is not limited, and a person in the (6). course of his life activity might be addicted to an unlimited Psychological research on criminals confirms that they number of objects and activities (38). Thus, an addiction can have increased personal sensitivity in certain relationships, the be due to material well-being, wealth acquisition (Slater 1980), so-called “psychological reagent” (37). Murderers tend to a prestigious job, a beneficial social circle, power over other show a sensitivity in interpersonal relationships; sex offenders people, pair bonding (38), love (12), family well-being, are characterized by sensitivity to female influence, sexual entertainment and pleasure. At the same time, the fact that needs and affirmation of their masculinity; robbers and bandits addictions are not officially recognized as such does not mean have a sensitive response to the diminished value of their they do not exist or cannot be subjected to research. For this personality; and thieves pay special attention to material reason, the general term “psychological dependence”, which welfare and social status (5). The author confirmed the refers to official addictions and nonofficial dependences, is correctness of these conclusions with the results of interviews used in the research community (29,39) and in this paper. conducted among the accused and defendants: criminals Psychological dependence, in a general sense, means a accused of property crimes pointed to money, entertainment, compulsive need that determines the high susceptibility of a alcohol, gambling and drugs as their vital interests while those personal to a particular external influence. Empirical studies accused of crimes of violence gave preference to personal on delinquents show that the latter have a wide range of dignity, power, friends, family and sex. chemical, personal and behavioral addictions (7,13,20,45). It is noteworthy that research in bioenergy radiation and its Incarcerated persons often abuse alcohol, psychoactive absorption also confirms this phenomenon, i.e. personal substances, gambling and have sexual deviations (sexual sensitivity. The inherent quality of every living being, perversions). including man, is radiation. When interacting with objects encountered on its way, radiation is absorbed, reflected or 642 Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 641-646 passes unimpeded. The object thus responds to radiation Needs as a source of dependence. Psychology considers a whose parameters are in some respects similar to its need as a necessity, something to be satisfied, lack of well- characteristics (24). Consequently, environment can affect being, a condition (23). Despite the lack of uniform individuals in three different ways: one may fall under the understanding of what a need is, this psychological influence of the external environment and accepts it; one may phenomenon is as close as possible to the notion of be under the influence of the external environment yet one psychological dependence. The most quoted psychologist on repels it; and one is independent of such influence altogether. this matter, Abraham Maslow, adhered to a strictly determined Responses vary depending on how the parameters of incoming view on the list and hierarchy of needs, dividing them radiation correspond to the characteristics of the person according to the principle “from the lowest to the highest” into receiving it. physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem and the need for self-actualization (30). According to David McClelland, 4 Discussion people have three needs: need for power, need for achievement According to the author, the phenomenon of psychological and need for affiliation, and they do not have any hierarchy, as dependence is of universal significance for criminal behavior a person makes his choice between them (32). Erich Fromm and is not limited exclusively to drug, alcohol, gambling and believes that a person has the following needs: relatedness, related multiple crimes. To uncover a “link” between the creativity, rootedness, sense of identity and frame of criminal’s personality and a criminogenic situation, it is orientation (15). According to Viktor Frankl, the individual’s necessary to identify the basic elements of a crime that are main and only need is his pursuance of meaning (14). A inherent in any deliberate criminal act, regardless of its comparative analysis of the theories of needs shows their composition. Such elements seem to be “harm” and diversity and variability. In different periods of life, in various “problem”. Owing to its danger to the public, any crime spheres of human activity and in different situations, a person involves infliction of real physical, material, moral, has many needs and motives that form his sphere of needs and organizational and other harm or a threat thereof. Because of motivations (26). The latter is, therefore, a flexible system the deliberate nature of crime and the perpetrator’s awareness where the hierarchy of needs is determined by the importance of the risk to stand trial, any criminal harming an individual, that the individual attaches to them. society or the state, acts consciously under the conditions of a In the author’s view, criminal behavior should be situation that is subjectively perceived as a problematic associated with needs of special significance to the individual, conflict. Consequently, discovering a psychological resulting from the transformation of needs into dependence. connection between the criminal’s personality and the To explain the transformation of needs into dependence, it criminogenic situation means to reveal the component in his is necessary to consider the proportion of the biological and psyche responsible for perceiving the situation as a the social in the individual. In examining this controversial problematic conflict, which actualizes active behavior taking issue, it is assumed that humans have the highest level of social the form of harmdoing. development among all species. The humans construct roads As it possesses the property of reflection, the psyche and buildings, cultivate nature, create technical means and ensures the person’s connection with the world around him. invent social institutions, but, in the process of their social The psyche has as its material substratum the human brain, evolution, they also develop all kinds of dependencies. Why studied as part of a medical scientific pattern called the cannot other species reach the same level of social “central nervous system”, yet it is not limited by it in the same development? What is the source of dynamic human activity? way as a broadcasting television is not limited by its Unfortunately, psychology often overlooks. While microcircuits. As a reflecting system, the psyche accumulates distinguishing humans from other species in terms of the mind ideal informational patterns throughout a person’s life, some and speech, psychology does not provide a clear explanation of which perform evaluative and motivational functions. In an of what makes humans different from animals. Perhaps, only attempt to designate these patterns, psychology uses a wide philosophical anthropology partially compensates for this diversity of terms such as needs, desires, wants, likes, habits, serious gap in psychological research, especially in terms of interests, motives, goals and directions, among others. human spirituality. Postulating the human aspiration to search Diversity in terminology often leads to conceptual disputes for meaning, philosophy emphasizes the unique ability of man and, thus, stands in the way of achieving specific research to change the world and himself. However, as a science of objectives. Suffice it to note that modern psychology, along ideas, philosophy provides no psychological explanation for with criminology, has no unified approach to understanding this ability. In the author’s view, the psychological difference the psyche, personality, motives and behavior. What is between humans and other species should be made according important is not the number of terms used and their further to consciousness levels. A human being is one whose theoretical correlation, but the understanding that the consciousness separates him from and opposing him to nature. individual’s attitude to various situations forms ideal patterns Every second, at every moment of his activity, the human of the psyche and ensures their assessment as positive, being feels and understands the existence of a border between negative or neutral. Situations facing individuals throughout him and the natural world, between him and society, between their lives have varying degrees of importance for him. him and other humans, which in turn becomes a condition for External objects and situations lead to activity when their the human to change nature, society and himself. meanings for a person are reflected in his consciousness. Biological needs of humans, such as nutrition, survival, Consequently, the notion of importance is central to procreation and safety, have been developed in society, understanding criminal behavior and requires a brief overview generating new aspirations and ways to meet them. In the on the Need Theory. author’s view, a wide diversity of social needs results from the biological need for safety. In nature, the need for safety has 643 Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 641-646 biological overtones, i.e. it is limited to the physical survival becomes an autonomous psychological component. According of a species which does not separate itself from nature. On the to Ilyin, “a need does not lead directly to activity but merely contrary, in society, the need for safety has social, provokes increased sensitivity to the effects of the psychological and spiritual dimensions. For a person, safety is corresponding irritants” (23). Only during the very first stages not only a question of his physical safety, but also that of can an addicted person survive the struggle of motives; sufficient material income, prestigious work, a beneficial thereafter he no longer chooses, being drawn by a stream from social network, a sense of confidence and absence of anxiety which he cannot escape, even if it is connected with the for his and his family’s future. violation of standards of moral and law (6). As defined in Thus, a developing psychological dependence becomes a addiction-related research studies, conflict is an integral part side effect of the human aspiration for meaning. Given that in the evolution of any type of addiction (16,18). Conflict division of labor and money as a universal means of payment between the addicted person and people around him becomes are typical of any developed society, people need to make no obvious when the latter try to put an end to his addictive physical efforts to fulfil a need, and it is possible to satisfy that behavior, whether directly or indirectly. Furthermore, the need immediately and repeatedly. Therefore, the imbalance in addicted person feels conflict if he lacks funding to feed his the effort-result system can lead to the transformation of a need addiction. into an addiction. Certainly, needs do not necessarily Psychological dependence forms a “zone of sensitivity” of transform into addictions. The formation of addictions is a person to situations (stimulus) impeding the achievement or fostered, on one hand, by the individual’s social maintenance of an object (subject) of dependence. These maladjustment (lack of stable social connections, permanent situations are objectively assessed as problematic and conflict. job, family, etc.) and, on the other hand, by his individual Thus, if one is dependent on material well-being, one’s psychological characteristics (mental infantilism, anxiety, attention and activity will be directed towards material values. chronic dissatisfaction, rigidity) (19). These and other factors Obtaining material well-being is very satisfying and losing it encourage the person to ease his social maladjustment and is devastating for such a person. If one is obsessed with anxiety by directing all of his efforts toward an obtainable type leadership, one will do his best to manage other people. Such of activity that forms his “psychological comfort” zone (6). a person will be very satisfied if other people follow his Repetitive behaviors, such as jogging, gardening, decisions, and in contrast, other people’s attempts to impose socializing with friends or eating can systematically satisfy their will would provoke a negative reaction for the subject. If normal needs without being identical too addictions (11). A a person is addicted to interaction and communication, his repetitive behavior is a means of habitually satisfying a human priority is to gain favor with people around him and to develop need, along with which alternative types of activity can satisfy close relations with his friends and family. People’s negative an ongoing need. In this regard, repetitive behaviors are a form attitudes towards him, the loss of a friend or family of flexible, adaptive behavior that does not adversely affects disintegration would cause such a person a deep psychological individuals. On the contrary, the harmful nature of dependency trauma. is determined by the fact that the dependent person is trapped Consequently, psychological dependence heightened by in a “false refuge” in which the addictive type of activity stimuli of the crime situations is responsible for the becomes the only way to manage stress and experience individual’s subjective perception of conflict. Harm as the positive emotions (28). At the same time, the addicted person’s consequence of dependence. In a natural environment, we have consciousness is continually expecting the repetition of the the opportunity to observe competition within the same species addictive behavior in the future while perceiving the present and between different species, which often results in moment as unsatisfactory and depressing. In this regard, the significant harm caused to some of them. Animals protect their transformation of a need into an addiction can be regarded as home, eat other species, and compete to reproduce and, a pathological adaptation mechanism (42). Conflict as the therefore, causing harm is not typical of humans only, but of consequence of dependence. “Conflict” (from Latin conflictus other species as well. In dangerous situations, behavioral – “clash”) is generally understood as a clash of disparate patterns in nature and society have more similarities than tendencies (40). In terms of criminal behavior, one of these differences. In nature, such reactions are represented by the tendencies is rooted inside one’s personality as its “struggle, escape behavior, freezing behavior” formula psychological dependence and the other one lies in a situation transforming into the “aggression, retreating, waiting” one in as a stimulus, impinging on the object of dependence. the social context. Social aggression can be expressed Taking into consideration the personality-situation physically, verbally or substantively. At the same time, not all interrelation, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that there harm is socially dangerous or criminal. exists no objective list of problem-and-conflict situations, In his theory of destructiveness, Eric Fromm draws a clear which are apriori such for any person. A problem or a conflict distinction between harm in nature and in society (15) and becomes such as a result of the subject’s evaluation of various divides human destructiveness into benign and malignant external influences (stimuli), which gives him a reason to forms of behavior. Benign destructiveness is motivated by commit a crime. Having studied the role of life situations in human instincts and assists in the survival of the individual and commission of crime, Antonyan concluded that problem race, fading as soon as danger disappears. This type of situations exist only in criminals’ consciousness (4). destructiveness corresponds to justifiable self-defense in Psychological dependence is a phenomenon that determines Criminal Law. Far from being defensive, malignant most of the so-called “need conflicts” resulting from the destructiveness aims to meet personal needs, unrelated to encroachment on a subject’s essential needs (for instance, biological survival, by causing harm to others or to oneself. material welfare, sense of belonging to a community, prestige, One of the key features of behavioral addiction is one’s self-esteem) (40). As opposed to a need, a formed addiction failure to resist an impulse, a drive, or a temptation to perform 644 Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 641-646 an act that is harmful to oneself or to others (17). Harmful Criminal Investigation of Crime. Moscow: Yurist Publ. 1996. 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