DOCSLIB.ORG

A Test of Braithwaite's Reintegrative Shaming Theory

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Test of Braithwaite's Reintegrative Shaming Theory Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1994 Persistence and Desistence in Delinquent Careers: A Test of Braithwaite's Reintegrative Shaming Theory Ronald G. Gulotta Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Criminology Commons Recommended Citation Gulotta, Ronald G., "Persistence and Desistence in Delinquent Careers: A Test of Braithwaite's Reintegrative Shaming Theory" (1994). Dissertations. 3305. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/3305 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1994 Ronald G. Gulotta LOYOLA UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PERSISTENCE AND DESISTENCE IN DELINQUENT CAREERS: A TEST OF BRAITHWAITE'S REINTEGRATIVE SHAMING THEORY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY BY RONALD G. GULOTTA CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JANUARY 1994 Copyright by Ronald Gerard Gulotta, 1993. All rights reserved. ii ACKB011LBDGBKBBTS A project of this size is not a solitary endeavor. I have received much help and support over the course of preparing and conducting this piece of research, and I owe a great deal to these individuals. On the professional side, I wish to thank my advisor, Dr. Richard Block, Ph.D., and my other two committee members, Ors. Judith Wittner, Ph.D. and Thomas Regulus, Ph.D. for their direction, support, cri­ tiques, and professional mentoring. Thanks in large part to these three individuals I believe I have grown as an academic and a researcher. I also owe thanks to Or. Robin Jarrett, Ph.D. for her direction in the early stages of planning this research, and to Dr. John Braithwaite, Ph.D. for his encouragement of my design in testing his theory. My greatest debt of thanks goes to my wife, Barbara Jean, who has supported and encouraged my work and tolerated the long hours apart from the family necessary in the writing of this dissertation. I also owe thanks to Judge Michael Malmstadt for opening so many doors for me and for encouraging my research. iii TABLE OP CON'l'BN'l'S ... ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• l.l.l. LIST OF TABLES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• vii Chapter 1. CRIME AND DELINQUENT CAREERS •••••.••••••••••••••. 1 The Phenomenon of Desistence •••••••••••••••••• 5 Factors Known to Influence Persistence •••••••• 12 Persistence and Desistence in Prominent Theories . • • • . • . • . • . • . • . • . 19 2. TESTING DESISTENCE AND PERSISTENCE EXPLANATIONS IN BRAITHWAITE'S REINTEGRATIVE SHAMING THEORY 31 Braithwaite's Integrated Theoretical Model 33 Theoretical Strengths Integrated into Braithwaite's Theory •••••••..••.••••••••••• 40 Research Focus • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 8 3 • METHODOLOGY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 2 The Design in Theory and Practice .•.••..••...• 56 Sampling Procedure •..••..••.•...•••••••..••... 66 Interviews . • . 69 Data Analysis • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • . • • • . 71 4. SAMPLE SUBJECTS AND THEIR COMMUNITIES .••.••••••.. 75 The Community and Its Neighborhoods .••..•..... 76 Introduction of Subjects •..•...••..•.......... 82 Desisters . 83 Persisters ................................. 91 iv 5. ENTRA.NCES ....................................... 101 First Offenses ........................•....... 102 causes and Influences ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 111 Entrances to Delinquent Peer Groups •••••••.••• 124 summ.ary ........ ~ ......................•.•..... 131 6. DESISTENCE ....................................... 13 5 Desistence and Exits from Delinquent Peers •.•• 137 Interventions, Reintegration, and Sheltering •.• 143 Summ.ary • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • • . • • . 16 o 7. PERSISTENCE ......................_ ............... 164 stories of Persistent careers ..••..•••..•.•..• 166 Lack of Sheltering and Maintained Delinquent Relationships ..••••••••.•••••... 176 Obstacles to Sheltering •.••••••••••••••••••.•. 187 Desistence and Persistence •••••••••.•.•.•.•.•. 194 Summ.ary ..•..................•...........•..... 19 7 8. SHAMING, STIGMATIZATION, AND REINTEGRATION ..•.... 201 Shaming by Formal Agents •..•.••••••.•..••.•... 202 Formal Stigmatization and Reintegration •.••... 217 Shaming by Informal Agents •••.••••...•.••.•••. 225 Informal Stigmatization and Reintegration •...• 237 Effects of Stigmatization and Reintegration Upon Peer Ties .••..••••...••....••.••..•..• 244 Summary . 2 4 5 v 9. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS •.. 249 Conclusions Regarding Hypotheses ••••.••••••.•• 250 Agreements with Braithwaite •••••••••••••••••.• 254 Associating with and Dissociating from Delinquent Peers ••••••••••.••••.•••••••••.• 256 Need f o a Theory of Desistence and Persistence ................................ 259 Rehabilitation: Formal and Informal Supports . .. 2 6 6 Proposals to Assist Desistence •••••••••••••••• 271 Questions for Further Research •••••••••••••••• 281 REFERENCES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 8 7 VITA ••••••••••••••••••••.••••.••••••..••..••••.••..••.. 2 9 4 vi LXST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Population Comparison: Salem and Columbus ••.•••. 77 2. First Offense Characteristics •••••••••••••.•••••• 103 3. Desisters. Control Variables. and Peers •••••••••• 114 4. Persisters. Control variables. and Peers ••••••••• 115 5. Pesisters and Dissociation Influences •••••••••••• 141 6. Persisters and Dissociation Influences ••••.••.... 142 vii CHAPTER ONE CRIME AND DELINQUENT CAREERS Explanations of patterns of persistence and desistence in delinquent and criminal careers have not been directly addressed by theories of crime. In the few cases where theoretical explanations of these patterns have been developed, the explanations have been indirect readings of these theories. Persistence has often been claimed to be the result of a continuation of conditions, such as strain, criminal associations, or weak controls, which led to initial criminal behavior. Societal reaction, or labeling theory was specifically developed to address the cause of persistent deviant behavior, and has contended that such behavior is the result of social labeling which some, but not all, receive related to their criminal behavior. Although some theoretical attention has been indirectly given to the phenomenon of persistence in criminal behavior, very little theoretical attention has been given, even indirectly, to the phenomenon of desistence from criminal behavior. 2 several prominent longitudinal studies of individual criminal behavior over time have clearly demonstrated that a very large majority of juvenile offenders desist from illegal behavior prior to, or during, their early twenties, and that nearly half of all first-time youthful offenders desist after just one offense. In spite of so much de­ sistence from criminal behavior, the focus of most research and theory has been to account for the smaller percentage of off enders who persist in illegal behavior throughout adolescence and into adulthood. Though it is true that persistent offenders are responsible for most crime, especially serious property and personal injury crimes, the lack of attention paid to understanding why so many youthful offenders stop off ending after just one or a few offenses leaves possibly important and useful knowledge unexplored. New and useful information could be generated from research and theory with focus upon explaining not why some behave criminally and others do not, but rather upon explaining why some delinquents fail to desist while most others suc­ cessfully desist. Such knowledge could prove to be useful in attempts to increase the percentages of first-time offenders who desist after just this one offense, and in attempts to help persistent delinquents desist. 3 John Braithwaite's Reintegrative Shaming Theory (1989) provides the only direct explanation for desistence in criminal behavior. Braithwaite includes in his theory explanations for both desistent and persistent behavior. He contends that individuals whose illegal behavior becomes ~own to a social group will either be shamed in a pre­ dominantly stigmatizing manner or in a predominantly reintegrative manner, and that the type of shaming received will tend to result in persistent or desistent behavior respectively. Braithwaite's causal distinction between resulting persistent and desistent behavior is a break­ through in criminological theory. It not only offers an explanation for why criminal behavior exists and why some begin to behave criminally while others do not, it also offers an explanation for why some who begin to behave criminally persist while others desist. The research reported in this dissertation was con- ceived and conducted with the goals of exploring possible causes of desistent and persistent behavior and connections between causes of each, and of testing Braithwaite's proposed causes of persistent and desistent behavior. This study involved a retrospective analysis of life 'events and social supports and influences affecting the delinquent careers of a group of thirty youths. As is central to Braithwaite's theoretical explanations
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Levitt Sample.Qxd
    Detailed Table of Contents Foreword xviii Preface xx Acknowledgments xxiv Dedication xxv Section I. Introduction and Overview of Crime and Criminology 1 What Is Criminology? 2 What Is Crime? 2 Crime as a Moving Target 2 Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms 3 Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes 4 Criminality 5 A Short History of Criminology 6 The Role of Theory in Criminology 8 What Is Theory? 9 How to Think About Theories 10 Ideology in Criminological Theory 11 Connecting Criminological Theory and Social Policy 13 A Brief Word About the Section Readings 15 Summary 16 Key Terms 17 Exercises and Discussion Questions 17 Useful Websites 18 How to Read a Research Article 19 The Use and Usefulness of Criminology, 1751–2005: Enlightened Justice and Its Failures 20 READING 23 1. The Use and Usefulness of Criminology, 1751–2005: Enlightened Justice and Its Failures 23 Lawrence W.Sherman A short history of criminology and a cry to make it useful and experimental. Section II. Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior 32 Categorizing and Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior 32 The Uniform Crime Reports: Counting Crime Officially 33 Cleared Offenses 36 Problems With the UCR 36 NIBRS: The “New and Improved”UCR 37 Crime Victimization Survey Data and Their Problems 38 Areas of Agreement Between the UCR and NCVS 40 Self-Reported Crime Surveys and Their Problems 40 The Dark Figure of Crime 41 What Can We Conclude About the Three Main Measures of Crime in America? 43 The FBI’s Ten Most Wanted 43 Summary 44 Key Terms 45 Exercises and Discussion Questions 45 Useful Websites 46 READINGS 46 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Crime, Shame and Reintegration Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    CRIME, SHAME AND REINTEGRATION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK John Braithwaite | 236 pages | 01 May 1989 | CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS | 9780521356688 | English | Cambridge, United Kingdom Crime, Shame and Reintegration PDF Book Formal and informal sanctions: A comparison of deterrent effects. Organizing for deterrence: Lessons from a Law and Socieh Review, 16, However, if the extra shaming amounts to stigmatization, higher crime result in crime. All of these of analysis will be true at the societal level. May 31, SU1DDI'v the outcast offender with the oppor- The reasons why reintegrative shaming might blunt stigma and foster reintegration, these efforts at reintegration are prolonged and 'nn"u to reject her rejectors, thereby main- works in preventing crime might be summa- these rejected individuals have their social target for change the known predictors of re; tainirlg a form of self-respect. R Crime and the community. The most important implication of Crime, Shame and Reintegration is not about restorative justice. A shaming incident rein- ism. Subcultures for further private individual shaming. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 10, Sanctions and social deviance: Tire question 5fitldbridllals Cressey Chambliss, William J June 24, The social thermore, the process of stigmatization has a present an appealing alternative forgiveness, instead of amplifying devi- process of gossip links a micro incident into feedback effect that erodes communitarian- ing criminal justice sanctions see Braithu'alle by progressively casting the deviant out. Namespaces Article Talk. Review, 44, In societies where crunmal subcultures will form in those outcast neighborhoods. Fisher, S. Shaming is the most potent weapon of social control unless it shades into stigmatization.
    [Show full text]
  • CRIMINOLOGY Explaining Crime and Its Context
    CRIMINOLOGY Explaining Crime and Its Context seventh edition Stephen E. BROWN Western Carolina University Finn-Aage ESBENSEN University of Missouri, St. Louis Gilbert GEIS University of California, Irvine Criminology: Explaining Crime and Its Context, Seventh Edition Copyright © 1991, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010 Matthew Bender & Company, Inc., a member of the LexisNexis Group New Providence, NJ ISBN-13: 978-1-4224-6332-1 Phone 877-374-2919 Web Site www.lexisnexis.com/anderson/criminaljustice All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. LexisNexis and the Knowledge Burst logo are trademarks of Reed Elsevier Properties, Inc. Anderson Publishing is a registered trademark of Anderson Publishing, a member of the LexisNexis Group Brown, Stephen E. Criminology: explaining crime and its context -- 7th Ed. / Stephen E. Brown, Finn-Aage Esbensen, Gilbert Geis Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4224-6332-1 (softbound) Library of Congress Control Number: 2010923132 Cover design by Tin Box Studio, Inc./Cincinnati, Ohio EDITOR Janice Eccleston ACQUISITIONS EDITOR Michael C. Braswell To MiSuk, Stephanie, and Cory. —SEB To Dana, Thor, Heidi, and Eva-Rosa. —FE In memory of Dolores Tuttle Geis and Robley Elizabeth Geis. —GG iii This page intentionally left blank ! Qsfgbdf! Our challenge in preparing the seventh edition of Criminology: Explaining Crime and Its Context centered on paring back what, by the sixth edition, had grown into a 600+ page book. It seemed a daunting task to the three of us, as authors, because explaining crime is an expansive charge.
    [Show full text]
  • The Practice of Reintegrative Shaming in Mental Health Court By: Cindy Brooks Dollar, Bradley Ray Dollar, C.B
    The Practice of Reintegrative Shaming in Mental Health Court By: Cindy Brooks Dollar, Bradley Ray Dollar, C.B. &Ray, B. (2015). The Practice of Reintegrative Shaming in Mental Health Court. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 26(1), 29-44. doi:10.1177/0887403413507275 Cindy Brooks Dollar, Bradley Ray, The Practice of Reintegrative Shaming in Mental Health Court, Criminal Justice Policy Review (26,1) pp. 29-44. Copyright © 2013 Sage Publications. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications Made available courtesy of Sage Publications: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403413507275 ***© Sage Publications. Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction is authorized without written permission from Sage Publications. This version of the document is not the version of record. Figures and/or pictures may be missing from this format of the document. *** Abstract: Scholars and practitioners have renewed their interest in recognizing and designing restorative justice programs. Although these programs often provide successful outcomes, we know relatively little about why they work. Reintegrative shaming theory provides a lens by which to explain successful outcomes. This study uses over three years of direct observations to examine the practice of reintegrative shaming in a mental health court (MHC). We organize our findings around four primary components of reintegrative shaming outlined by Makkai and Braithwaite: respectful disapproval, disapproving the behavior rather than the individual, rejecting deviance as a master status, and ceremonial decertifications of deviance. Our data demonstrate that reintegrative shaming in MHC is largely accomplished through interactions with the judge, although the unique organization of the MHC, including their small caseloads, use of separate dockets, and pre-court team meetings, advance the court’s use of reintegrative shaming.
    [Show full text]
  • Reintegrative Shaming
    David R. Karp Center for Communitarian Policy Studies George Washington University Abstract: This paper examines the concept of shaming from a communitarian perspective and how shaming has been applied in criminal justice. Despite the fact that the formality of the criminal justice system impresses upon us the legal content of criminality, crime is best understood by its moral content. Crimes are not wrong because they are illegal, but because they violate shared values regarding acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Criminal activity is inherently shameful because the violation of moral codes justifies moral condemnation of the behavior (though not of the person). Because we are inherently social creatures, disapproval by others weighs heavily in our decisions to engage in various behaviors. Shame is a powerful tool for ensuring normative compliance and is a central component in theories of restorative justice and informal control. Thus it may be an important tool for communities wishing to be actively involved in criminal justice and a bridge between formal and informal control. Shaming, however, is underutilized in the criminal justice system and by communities seeking to exercise informal social control. In particular, this paper examines (1) how shaming may be counter-productive to moral rehabilitation serving only to stigmatize and outcast and how it may be reintegrative; (2) how shaming, with its individualistic and cultural emphasis, may be reconciled with structural analyses of crime and crime control; and (3) why shaming has been overlooked due to our cultures emphasis on liberal theory and formal control. Three classes of shaming applications will be evaluated in light of this communitarian perspective on informal control.
    [Show full text]
  • Reintegrative Shaming Reduces Crime
    Peacemaking, and Restorative Justice 287 theorisrs are actually not preoccupied with either 11.3 iriishrr,ents, but with de-centering punishment in regula­ acknowledging the significant place that punish­ within them. The biggest implications of Crime, are macro-sociological in a Durkheimian sense. Reintegrative failing to communicate the idea that rape is shame­ widespread defiance among rapists) will see a lot of fail to communicate the notion that environmental (without creating business subcultures of resistance to JOHN BRAITHWAITE, VALERIE U''''-'L egu'latlorl) will destroy the planet. Societies that manifest ELIZA AHMED and manipulating international law will create more RegNet, Australian National and the unlawful treatment of prisoners that is char- Y'""~""' Variation in Stigmatization, Beyond the Shaming Fell1alties;J Reintegratioll1, and Repair of the Self In the legal academy there has been a grClwiIl[ apology can amount to a dissociation of that evil part penalties"-such as requiring drunk drivers to tornm,iwed a wrong (Wagatsuma and Rossett 1986). ]apa­ ing they were convicted of drunk driving (K.ahan: IlClllWOO accounts for wrongdoing with possession by a shaming theory gives an account of why this Criminals are hence not acting according to their (Braithwaite 1989). The popularizing ofsh,'miI,g~ are under attack by a mushi, which can be "sealed off' can law review literature and some recent reulte.grano'll without enduring shame (Wagatsuma and tivation of Martha Nussbaum (2004) in wnnn!l Disgust, Shame and the Law. Nussbaum argues, is another with especially rich restorative accomplish­ unconscionable threat to our liberty and an peacemaking traditions. The Navajo concept of nay"" humiliate, to consciously set out to induce sn'lm" ..
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT RAY, BRADLEY RUSSELL. Reintegrative Shaming
    ABSTRACT RAY, BRADLEY RUSSELL. Reintegrative Shaming in Mental Health Court. (Under the direction of Virginia Aldigé Hiday). Reintegrative shaming theory suggests that shame can be either stigmatizing or reintegrative and predicts that, stigmatizing shame increases the likelihood of crime, while reintegrative shame reduces criminal behavior recidivism (Braithwaite 1989). Stigmatizing shame involves labeling offenders as deviant and casting them out of the community. Reintegrative shaming focuses on condemning the deviant behavior without condemning the individual. Thus, the behavior is punished but the individual is reaccepted to the community after completing the punishment. Unlike stigmatizing shaming, reintegrative shaming is finite, ends with words or gestures of forgiveness, and, throughout the shaming process, there is an effort to maintain respect for the shamed individual. The theory suggests that when shaming is reintegrative, offenders are unlikely to recidivate because they are accepted back into the community and their morality is strengthened. This dissertation examines reintegrative shaming theory in a mental health court which is a type of problem-solving court that divert persons with mental illness out of the cycle of arrest, incarceration, release and re-arrest, by motivating them to connect with treatment and services and to change their behaviors. The body of empirical research on these courts is still small but finds support for mental health courts’ effectiveness in reducing recidivism, reporting that mental health court participants are less likely to offend than before entering the court. The first three studies in this dissertation attempt to validate the whether reintegrative shaming occurs in the observed mental health court setting. The first is a qualitative observation study which links the components of reintegrative shame to the court process to the mental health court process.
    [Show full text]
  • From Reintegrative Shaming to Restorative Institutional Hybridity
    ARTICLE From reintegrative shaming to restorative institutional hybridity Miranda Forsyth and Valerie Braithwaite* 1 Introduction Crime, shame and reintegration (1989) introduced reintegrative shaming theory in its first iteration, a theory of crime that sought to be integrative and interdiscipli‐ nary, normative and explanatory. The normative dimension of the theory is roo‐ ted in the republican principle of freedom as non-domination: our institutions, particularly justice institutions, should be cognisant of the goal of reducing the quantum of domination in the world. Domination in the criminal or bullying con‐ text often means predation. The principle of freedom as non-domination has been the bedrock of Braithwaite’s theories of crime, regulation and society more broadly (Braithwaite & Pettit, 1990). This article looks at the evolutionary pathway reintegrative shaming theory has followed from the initial core concepts of shaming, reintegration and stigma‐ tisation. In 2001, a major revision of the theory introduced 30 new propositions for further testing (Ahmed, Harris, Braithwaite & Braithwaite, 2001). In particu‐ lar, the concepts of ethical identity, shame and pride management were brought into play. Shame acknowledgement and humble pride in this revision are associ‐ ated with lower crime, shame displacement (as in blaming others) and narcissistic pride with higher crime. A decade later, a body of knowledge has also accumulated on the role of these core concepts in countries outside the global North. In partic‐ ular, we explore forgiveness as a ritual of reintegration that has been marginal‐ ised in Western-based research but is the spiritual heartland of reintegration in cultures with long histories of change, conflict and adaptation.
    [Show full text]
  • Reintegrative Shaming, Shame, and Criminal Justice
    Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 62, No. 2, 2006, pp. 327--346 Reintegrative Shaming, Shame, and Criminal Justice Nathan Harris∗ Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge This study tested the implication of reintegrative shaming theory (RST) (Braithwaite, 1989) that social disapproval (shaming) has an effect on the emotions that offend- ers feel. Interviews were conducted with 720 participants who had recently at- tended a court case or family group conference in the Australian Capital Territory, having been apprehended for driving while over the legal alcohol limit. Analyses show that shame-related emotions were predicted by perceptions of social dis- approval, but that the relationship was more complex than expected. Differences between the shame-related emotions may have implications for theory. Compar- isons between the court cases and family group conferences were consistent with expectations that restorative justice interventions would be more reintegrative, but also showed that they were not perceived as less stigmatizing. Restorative justice presents an alternative to the traditional criminal justice system that redefines the goals of justice as well as the way in which people interact with its institutions (Zehr, 1990). Its philosophy promotes a focus upon repairing the harm caused by an offence rather than on punishing the offender. In attempting to achieve this goal, it advocates practices in which people come together in a setting that allows the consequences of an offence to be addressed by those who it affected. One theoretical perspective, which supports this approach, and has been influential in its development, is reintegrative shaming theory (RST) ∗Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Nathan Harris, Regulatory Insti- tutions Network, Research School of Social Science, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory 0200 [e-mail: [email protected]].
    [Show full text]
  • Restoration Or Retribution
    RESTORATION OR RETRIBUTION: AN EMPRICIAL EXAMINATION OF THE RECIDIVISTIC PATTERNS OF A GROUP OF YOUNG OFFENDERS FROM NEW YORK CITY by André Léger A thesis submitted to the Department of Sociology In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master‘s of Arts Queen‘s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada (December 2009) Copyright © André Léger, 2009 ABSTRACT This study uses a data set on adolescent offending, originally collected by a team of researchers at the Vera Institute of Justice in New York City, to critically examine the role of incarceration in criminal rehabilitation. A theoretical explanation of recidivism is constructed using four criminological theories: life course theory (Sampson & Laub 1993), differential association theory (Sutherland 1939), deterrence theory, and reintegrative shaming theory (Braithwaite 1989). This thesis uses these theories to investigate societal factors that may contribute to young offenders‘ recidivism (versus successful rehabilitation). It is argued that youths who: (1) come from unconventional family environments, (2) possess deviant peer associations, (3) receive incarceration as punishment, and (4) undergo a stigmatizing shaming process are more likely to recidivate. The combination of these factors is also expected to be intensified during incarceration. An empirical examination of the effects of these factors on recidivism supports the main hypotheses advanced. Although conventional family environments and deviant peer associations are successful in determining first-time offending, results from this study suggest that these are inadequate as predictors of recidivism. Conversely, an extension of Braithwaite‘s (1989) reintegrative shaming concept was found to be a strong predictor of subsequent offending. Medium sentence lengths in prison were associated with increased risk to recidivate.
    [Show full text]
  • A Multigroup Analysis of Reintegrative Shaming Theory: an Application to Drunk Driving Offenses
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2011 A Multigroup Analysis of Reintegrative Shaming Theory: An Application to Drunk Driving Offenses Elizabeth J. Dansie Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Quantitative Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Dansie, Elizabeth J., "A Multigroup Analysis of Reintegrative Shaming Theory: An Application to Drunk Driving Offenses" (2011). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 857. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/857 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A MULTIGROUP ANALYSIS OF REINTEGRATIVE SHAMING THEORY: AN APPLICATION TO DRUNK DRIVING OFFENSES by Elizabeth J. Dansie A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in PSYCHOLOGY Approved: _______________________ _______________________ Dr. Christopher J. Johnson Dr. Maria C. Norton Major Professor Committee Member _______________________ _______________________ Dr. Scott C. Bates Dr. Michael P. Twohig Committee Member Committee Member _______________________ _______________________ Dr. Kerry E. Jordan Dr. Byron R. Burnham Committee Member Dean of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2010 ii
    [Show full text]
  • Twelve Experiments in Restorative Justice: the Jerry Lee Program of Randomized Trials of Restorative Justice Conferences
    Lawrence W. Sherman, Heather Strang, Geoffrey Barnes, Daniel J. Woods, Sarah Bennett, Nova Inkpen, Dorothy Newbury-Birch, Meredith Rossner, Caroline Angel, Malcolm Mearns and Molly Slothower Twelve experiments in restorative justice: the Jerry Lee program of randomized trials of restorative justice conferences Article (Published version) (Refereed) Original citation: Sherman, Lawrence W., Strang, Heather, Barnes, Geoffrey, Woods, Daniel J., Bennett, Sarah, Inkpen, Nova, Newbury-Birch, Dorothy, Rossner, Meredith, Angel, Caroline, Mearns, Malcolm and Slothower, Molly (2015) Twelve experiments in restorative justice: the Jerry Lee program of randomized trials of restorative justice conferences. Journal of Experimental Criminology. ISSN 1573-3750 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-015-9247-6 Reuse of this item is permitted through licensing under the Creative Commons: © 2015 The Authors CC-BY 4.0 This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/64842/ Available in LSE Research Online: January 2016 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. J Exp Criminol DOI 10.1007/s11292-015-9247-6 Twelve experiments in restorative justice: the Jerry Lee program of randomized trials of restorative justice conferences Lawrence W. Sherman1,2 & Heather Strang1 & Geoffrey Barnes3 & Daniel J. Woods4
    [Show full text]