Master in Geopolitica “Il Mondo Nuovo”

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Master in Geopolitica “Il Mondo Nuovo” Khuzestan o Arabistan? Gli Arabi del Sud dell'Iran tra Storia e autorappresentazione (1828-2008) Federico De Renzi 1 Introduzione Gli eventi verificatesi in Iraq a partire dal 24 marzo 2003, e l’incertezza sui futuri sviluppi dell’operazione Enduring Freedom, hanno fatto sì che le politiche interne ed estere dei due principali paesi della regione, Turchia e Iran, divenissero di vitale importanza per gli Stati Uniti. Così come la Turchia è infatti impegnata in una nuova fase della guerra ai separatisti curdi del PKK/KADEK, con operazioni su larga scala oltreconfine nelle regioni di Mosul e Kirkuk, allo stesso modo l’Iran, a partire dal biennio 2005-2006 ha dovuto affrontare una serie di minacce interne al regime. Accomunato alla Turchia nella lotta ai separatisti curdi del PEJAK (ramo iraniano del PKK), sempre a partire dal 2005 il governo di Teheran ha visto una rinascita dei sentimenti indipendentisti e separatisti, spesso perseguiti attraverso azioni terroristiche, nelle regioni con forti minoranze etniche (Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Gurgan, Baluchistan e Khuzestan). La vittoria dei conservatori dell’Ayatollah Ali Khamenei e dei sostenitori del Presidente Ahmadi-Nejad sui riformisti di Seyyed Mohammad Khatami alle elezioni legislative del 14 marzo e 25 aprile 20081 poi, ha fatto riemergere il problema del rispetto delle minoranze. Mentre infatti il governo sembra sostenga movimenti insurrezionalisti sciiti all’estero (Milizie Badr e Armata del Mahdi in Iraq, Hezbollah in Libano) al fine di “esportare la Rivoluzione Islamica”2, a partire dal 2005 ha stretto la morsa su diverse organizzazioni e partiti di opposizione, in risposta all’ondata di attentati compiuti da alcuni di questi in Baluchistan, Azerbaijan e Khuzestan. Queste due regioni in particolare sono tra quelle storicamente più instabili e propense alla ribellione di tutto il paese. Il Khuzestan è infatti fondamentale per la stabilità dei rapporti con Iraq e Stati del Golfo, data la presenza lì dei maggiori giacimenti petroliferi e gasiferi del paese e delle industrie petrolchimiche a questi collegate. Insieme con la Provincia di Bushehr e le province azerî, è il principale produttore di cereali del Paese; fino almeno alla Prima Guerra del Golfo, quando in seguito ai bombardamenti e all’impiego di armi chimiche, l’ecosistema delle paludi dello Shatt al-Arab venne gravemente danneggiato su entrambi il alti del confine, con danni irreparabili per la coltivazione della canna da zucchero. Questa aveva infatti costituito una delle principali produzioni agricole della regione. Pur essendo questa etnicamente molto composita, come del resto tutto il Paese, gli Arabi costituiscono la comunità maggioritaria. Non va dimenticato in ultimo il ruolo culturale simbolico che tanto gli Azeri quanto gli Arabi hanno avuto nella formazione della stessa identità persiana (la diffusione dello Sciismo Duodecimano è infatti avvenuta per mano dei Turchi, e degli Azerî in particolare). Nel caso poi degli Arabi, sebbene numericamente di gran lunga inferiori alle popolazioni turcofone del Paese (gli Arabi sembra raggiungano solo il 3%, mentre gli Azeri, o Azerbaijani, costituiscono la più grande minoranza del paese, raggiungendo da soli il 24% dell’intera popolazione iraniana) hanno goduto per secoli di un prestigio legato alla loro discendenza e al merito di aver per primi portato l’Islam i quelle terre. 1 “Conservatives claim Iranian election win”, CNN.com/World, April 26, 2008 (http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/04/26/iran.elections/index.html); “Conservatives win Iran election”, BBC News, Sunday, 16 March 2008 (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7297923.stm) 2 “Iran hardliners condemn Khatami”, BBC News, Tuesday, 6 May 2008 (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7386001.stm); 1 Gli Arabi d’Iran si stima costituiscano il 3% dell’intera popolazione, e l’1% di questa parla arabo3. Fra questi gli Ahwazi sarebbero tra i 500.000 e il milione4, oltre la metà dei quali vive nella piana del Fiume Karun, affluente dello Shatt al-Arab (o Arvand Rud, in realtà il Tigri)5. Su una popolazione della provincia stimata di 4.345.607, gli arabi sarebbero tra l’11,5% e il 23%. Attualmente le popolazioni arabe d’Iran sono presenti, oltre che nel (Ahwazi), nelle province di Hormozgan, Bushehr, Fars, Khorasan e Semnan. Sebbene siano soprattutto sciiti duodecimani (come nel caso degli Ahwazi o degli arabi del Fars, ma sono presenti anche gruppi sunniti) e perlopiù bilingui, in alcuni casi risultano completamente persianizzati. Spesso però mantengono strutture sociali tipicamente arabe, come nel caso delle tribù del Khorasan (Sheybani, Zanguyi, Mishmast, Khozaima e Azdi) o degli arabi di Hormuz. Nel caso degli Ahwazi, sebbene questi siano sciiti (a differenza di Curdi e Baluci, maggioritariamente sunniti), il fatto di essere primariamente arabofoni e di non avere quindi facile accesso all’istruzione superiore li rende socialmente svantaggiati. Il dialetto aÎwazÐ poi, per quanto sia vicino ai dialetti arabi d'Iraq, è però talmente influenzato dal Persiano da renderne difficile la comprensione anche per le tribù affini presenti al di là del confine con l’Iraq. I dialetti arabi d’Iraq e in generale mesopotamici infatti, tra i quali rientra l' aÎwazÐ, come molto spesso accade nel mondo arabo appartengono a diversi sottogruppi. Sono infatti questi suddivisi in dialetti qəltu (dalla prima persona singolare del verbo qāla ‘dire’ -suddivisi in anatolici, zona del Tigri e zona dell’Eufrate-) e dialetti gilit (sempre dalla prima persona singolare del verbo qāla ‘dire, diffusi nell'Iraq urbano-musulmano e nel Golfo Persico). Sebbene infatti si parli spesso di dialetto iracheno, riferendosi implicitamente alla parlata di Baghdad, in realtà sono presenti sul territorio dell’attuale Iraq diversi ceppi, spesso molto diversi tra loro. Questi variano a seconda della provenienza di un dato gruppo tribale (spesso presente a cavallo dei confini con gli stati vicini) e dalla sua appartenenza culturale (arabi urbani e tribali, beduini e arabi delle paludi, tribù arabe o arabizzate, sciiti o sunniti). Caratterizzati da una marcata influenza di sostrato iranico, i dialetti mesopotamici (o iracheni) conservano una tipologia relativamente arcaica. I dialetti dell’Iran e dell’Asia centrale (Iran, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan), costituiscono il confine orientale dell’arabofonia e risentono in modo più marcato con lingue iraniche (persiano, tagico e pashto) e turciche (turco, azerî)6. La stessa parola ÝIrÁq era in origine (VII-VIII sec.) l’etnonimo di una tribù yemenita giunta in Mesopotamia con il Califfo ÝUmÁr (634-644 d.C.) a seguito delle battaglie vinte a QÁdisiyya (638) e a Nihavând (642) contro i Sassanidi. Prima dell’invasione islamica, l’arabo nella regione siro-mesopotamica era parlato nel Regno dei Lakhmidi (BanÙ LaÌm, 266-638), arabi cristiani vassalli dei sassanidi ed acerrimi nemici dei ghassanidi (BanÙ ĠassÁn o ĠasÁsina, 220 ca.-638 d.C.), regno fondato da tribù sudarabiche cristiane, vassallo prima di Roma e poi di Costantinopoli7. Si può tuttavia parlare di “lingua araba” (nordarabico), già con i regni carovanieri di Petra (II sec. a.C.-III sec. d.C.) e Palmira (Tadmor, metà I sec. d.C.-272 d.C.). È naturale dunque parlare di arabi piuttosto che di arabo d’Iraq, o mesopotamico, anche da un punto di vista cronologico. Con la conquista islamica 3 “Iran”, CIA World Factbook 2008 (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/ir.html#People). 4 Stando a Daniel Elton gli Arabi d’Iran “are concentrated in the province of Khuzistan and number about half a million”, Daniel, Elton L., The History of Iran, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations, Greenwood Press, 2001, p. 14; secondo Lorentz sarebbero invece un milione, Lorentz, John H., Historical Dictionary of Iran, Lanham, Md. : Scarecrow Press, 1995, p. 172. 5 “More than half the population are Arabs who live in the plains; the rest are Bakhtyaris and other Lurs (peoples of West Persia), with many Persians in the cities. Some of the Bakhtyaris and Lurs are still nomads.”, vedi: “Khuzestan”, Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article- 9045360/Khuzestan) . 6 Durand, Olivier, Introduzione ai dialetti arabi, Milano: Centro Studi Camito-Semitici, 1995, pp. 31-41 7Sul ruolo di stati cuscinetto di Ghassanidi e Lakhmidi nell’Età Tardoantica, vedansi: Irfan, Shahid, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century, Washington, DC: Medieval Academy of America, 1984, pp. 330 e sgg., e Donner, Fred,, The Early Islamic Conquests, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981, pp. 103-111. 1 poi, divennero maggioritari nella regione due nuovi gruppi arabi, ossia gli arabi settentrionali o ÝAdnÁniyya (beduini della Penisola) e gli yemeniti o QaÎÔÁniyya (agricoltori sedentari). Questa divisione si può ancora riscontrare in certe particolarità linguistiche delle parlate arabe del sud dell'Iraq e dell'Iran8. Non è da escludere tuttavia una progressiva fusione tra i vari gruppi (arabi settentrionali musulmani e cristiani, yemeniti cristiani e islamizzati) nel corso dei primi decenni di conquista (638-651), oltre che un forte influsso delle culture precedenti (si pensi al substrato culturale che permea ancor’oggi la regione, dai Babilonesi ai Sassanidi, dal Mazdeismo allo Gnosticismo e al Cristianesimo nestoriano). Inoltre, come gli Arabi della provincia di Bushehr (circa 20.000, giunti dall’Arabia Saudita nel 1946, concentrati soprattutto a Kangan e a Bandar- Tahiri) e di quelli dello Stretto di Hormuz (4-8% della popolazione locale) gli Arabi ahwazi abitano una regione fondamentale per la stabilità dell’intera area. Tra le varie rivendicazioni, questi denunciano innanzitutto proprio la mancata ridistribuzione dei proventi del petrolio e il reinvestimento di questi nello sviluppo del lavoro locale. I diritti delle minoranze sono spesso identificati con gli interessi strategici, tantopiù che nel caso del Khuzestan il governo iraniano, già dalla sua nascita nel 1979, sostiene che il malcontento etnico sia alimentato dall’intervento di governi stranieri (Gran Bretagna e Stati Uniti su tutti) al fine di minare l’industria petrolifera del Paese e dunque la sua stabilità interna.
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