Posted on Authorea 12 May 2020 | CC-BY 4.0 | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158930924.49716985 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. i ami au yogid rvne nSpebr1,21,teAFotra a enconfirmed been had outbreak at ASF cases the suspect 2019, of 16, notification September first on the increase Province, Since drastic Gyeonggi-do a Asia. been Paju, and has in there Europe Recently, farm in pig swine. especially in a worldwide disease fatal areas, hemorrhagic affected a the is (ASF) fever swine African Introduction of role spreading the virus on the conclude of to Keywords: premature possibility 24, is the The = showed However, It collected (N Korea. ASFV. analysis. cockroaches overlooked. of the of laboratory and All be Republic transmission by 4.2%), classified. the detected the taxonomically 1,198, was in in be = Virus-DNA ASF insects not (N ASF could by of 186) mosquitoes affected outbreaks insects. trace = 95.1%), farms via and (N no 27,310, 0.6% transmission pig summer remaining = virus 14 over The ASF (N from cases 0.1%). of flies collected of hypothesis were were Concentration the collected insects support insects swine. 28,718 might biosecurity of in of total disease levels A fatal high a with is farms in (ASF) fever swine African Summary [email protected] e-mail: Yoon Hachung Korea : of author Republic Corresponding 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon, 8-ro, Agency Hyeoksin Quarantine 177 Plant and Division, Epidemiology KoreaVeterinary of Republic the in Authors virus fever swine be African not head: should of Running insects vectors via potential spreading as virus Insects classified. the conclude taxonomically of Title: to be possibility premature not the is However, could It ASFV. 186) analysis. of = laboratory mosquitoes transmission (N by 95.1%), the detected 0.6% 27,310, was in = remaining Virus-DNA (N insects The overlooked. ASF flies of of were 0.1%). role high trace collected the 24, no insects with on = showed collected The farms were collected (N in Korea. insects insects cockroaches of outbreaks 28,718 the and Republic of and All total the 4.2%), summer A in over 1,198, ASF insects. cases = via by of transmission (N affected Concentration virus farms ASF pig swine. of 14 hypothesis in from the disease support fatal might biosecurity a of is levels (ASF) fever swine African Abstract 2020 12, May 1 Yoon the Hachung in virus fever Korea swine of African Republic of vectors potential as Insects nmladPatQaatn Agency Quarantine Plant and Animal ahn on en-enHn,Iso e,adEnsbLee Eunesub and Lee, Ilseob Hong, Seong-Keun Yoon, Hachung : fia wn ee,Isc,Fy oqio eulco Korea of Republic , , , fever, swine African 1 net svco fArcnsiefvrvirus fever swine African of vector as Insects en-enHong Seong-Keun , 1 lebLee Ilseob , 1 1 n ueSo Lee Eune-Seob and , 1 via net hudnot should insects Posted on Authorea 12 May 2020 | CC-BY 4.0 | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158930924.49716985 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. a on nPj n enho,rsetvl SplmnayTbe2). Table (Supplementary respectively Yeoncheon, and Paju (Chironomidae, in midges found non-biting was including ( ) flies flies, crane Ganghwa, stable Blood-feeding region, Gimpo), neighboring spp., collected. in its and were 10 Gimpo = 200) In N = regions. N four all (Tipulidae, in flies found were two the in however, ( (0.7% which flies regions dung of three yellow 99.1%) other ( in 13,545, 1). vomitoria houseflies than Table = mostly Calliphora (Supplementary (12.8%) were (N The respectively) Paju collected except most Gimpo, classified. flies in regions, in The taxonomically 13,672), higher all 6.6% be = was in and not mosquitoes (N Ganghwa, collected could Yeoncheon in of also insects 5.6% in proportion were collected (four Yeoncheon, The 0.1%) collected all mosquitoes of 24, was by flies. followed 186) = insects were 95.1%), = (N of (N 27,310, Cockroaches number 0.6% = remaining largest 4.2%). N The and species, 1,198, outbreak (nine = Paju. the flies N for between was interval houses species, The insect pig more of in pigs. or type the performed days. of common was 44 more most collection to or The insect 1 one October farms, in from epidemiological between outbreak varied detected field conducted sampling three been were a insect has the samplings during were virus the In other Paju collections the All Paju 2019. after two in day farm. 31, regions: first 2019 the each 4 October The 2, on in and October caught farms). outbreak 2019 was and (5 ASF 10, Ganghwa fly Ganghwa the one in by and Only 2019 affected farms), investigation. 27, farms (2 September pig Gimpo on 14 farms), from performed (2 collected Yeoncheon were farms), insects (5 28,718 APQA. of of The Division total Epidemiology Korea. insect A Veterinary the of the on system in data available document Raw are official study 2020]. government this Results al., of the et findings from Kim the 2019; derived the support al., were to that et according data tests RT-PCR [Kim using laboratory service. APQA APQA collection by and by the studies collection conducted for previous were APQA in ASFV-DNA by Animal (KCDC), described consignment of Prevention the method under detection by and the jointly Ltd.) Control tools for performed Disease (Biogenoci tests was These company for collection Laboratory private Centers The strips. a Korea sticky retrieved. or the being alone, and was and before APQA (APQA) nets, without Sampling h Agency and aerial 24 Quarantine least with traps, test. Plant at blacklight (RT-PCR) both and for as houses, reaction place such in pig chain been tools, around polymerase had collection and transcription installing inside reverse by farms, the performed outbreak ASF by 14 pigs, insects the virus-positive of in collected role this were the the in Insects determine and Therefore, to world, farms Korea. the Methods pig over in and outbreak with all out Materials ASF ASFV. infected exist ruled of the were mosquitoes vector completely in fed and potential identified be flies on a and cannot fed these as collected that insects which 2018b]. were flies on by al., stable insects pigs transmission et study, in Moreover, detected ASFV Olesen be of 2018a; post-feeding. could possibility al., h ASFV et 12 that ( found [Olesen fly and been stable ASFV h disease has the 3 vector-borne it by recently, blood a ASFV More ASFV-spiked is of 2018]. ASFV transmission al., that even mechanical et hypothesis occurring Forth of outbreaks the possibility and support The summer might calcitrans over 2018]. 2020]. biosecurity cases al., al., of of et et levels concentration [Yoo [Petrasiunas high a 2020], 2020 Gotyazar, with with April & ASF farms until demilitarized [Jo of continued in the Korea) seasonality boars in (North the wild dead Korea Europe, found in of In 2020]. boar cases Incheon Republic al., wild ASF and People’s a et of Gimpo) Democratic in [Kim documentation detected the and Korea) the Yeoncheon, first of and hereafter was (Paju, border (ASFV) Korea, Gyeonggi-do the virus (South in facing ASF Korea the zone 2019, of 2019, 9, 3, Republic October October the by On in farms (Ganghwa) pig City 14 Metropolitan of total a in nYocen,wr on nyi oergos n ahbakslirfl ( fly soldier black each One regions. some in only found were Yeoncheon), in 2 = N n h lwy(alpoia)hsbe eotdi xeietlsuis[elre l,1987; al., et [Mellor studies experimental in reported been has (Calliphoridae) blowfly the and ) ctpaastercoraria Scatophaga ,8) hc oehracutdfr9.%o l olce is h ubrof number The flies. collected all of 98.3% for accounted together which 5,285), = N , .calcitrans S. 4)adfls is( flies flesh and 144) = N , uc domestica Musca nPj n enho) n ri is( flies drain and Yeoncheon), and Paju in 6 = N , 2 153 n lwis(rbu oteflies, bottle blue (or blowflies and 21,553) = N , Sarcophaga p. 0)wssmall; was 108) = N spp., emtaillucens Hermetia Psychodidae Stomoxys Posted on Authorea 12 May 2020 | CC-BY 4.0 | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158930924.49716985 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. elct ntebde ftelra Frhe l,21] lhuha xeietlsuyhssonthat shown has study to experimental failed an virus Although the 2018]. in that al., suggested days et observation 2 [Forth This for larvae ASFV-infected individuals. quantities survive the on small few of very can fed a later, that bodies ASFV only days larvae the In 10 in the pupae study. in detected of became present replicate were surface larvae the the DNA body when in virus the that a flies on of reported is and collected study which inside the the blowfly, However, detected The of tissues. was 2020]. species DNA of al., common larvae genomic et the in most ASFV [Fila these of characteristics, second study diseases that ecological the experimental their other hypothesis was an to transmitting the owing necrophagous, of support potential The of evidence to the 2007]. type reported evidence have al., they the little although et is to ASFV, [Forster the there addition of However, June–September of spreaders Germany. in that Korea are in Germany in insects from conducted flies in different study collected farms the critically of the in species be from the may Nevertheless, collected ( collected sampling. those housefly the were Korea to of insects in time similar temperatures the the were low at where the countries environment to European the Eastern Due 7.4 fall, 2020]. were Administration, the were period, Meteorological in Korea [Korea collection Ganghwa) in the and outbreak is Gimpo ASF which the 31, by to affected 10 37 farms of The latitudes 20 at than 2020]. higher located Administration, was countries Meteorological these Lithuania, in Korea Poland, performed 2020; was including collection countries, insect (46 the latitudes European the when higher Contrarily, East July–August at aforementioned (summer). located The August are and Estonia, blood-feeding 2018]. and July collect al., in et to collected in [Petrasiunas were conducted insects (fall) insects was farm Most study in transmission. of a ASFV specimens detected Lithuania, the period was In in sampling [ ASFV-DNA role exact Muscidae 2019]. a Estonia, the and ASFV-DNA al., Tabanidae however, In Poland, et pigs; (Diptera: In 2019]. in insects [Herm 2019]. outbreak al., summer (one al., ASF et during et flies the [Mazur-Panasiuk August two [Herm during reported virus in collected not the detected flies was of was stable 13 quantities ASFV-DNA in day, small detected following very net. was only aerial the indicated an on values the using conducted cycles) caught of investigation randomly clinical been confirmation epidemiological were 2016, has the the was unit in ASFV by of affected Estonia of followed time in the spread farm in the mid-August, pig the At in a ( of recognized In days. flies evidence firstly hypothesis. 8 clear were the farms in no for ASF pig outbreak however, support in of 2020]; anecdotal pathogens suggestive or only al., spread mechanically symptoms is have et pathogens there pests transmit Fila and hygiene may blood 2013; reported, they where take bite, al., and documented not wound, et indirectly. been do the have [Baldacchino and through they cases directly pathogens when spread Several Even both skin, , animals. biologically. the the harm injure from may to nutrients animals that and bite pests may hygiene pests hygiene are The cockroaches regions and four mosquitoes, in Flies, farms outbreak ASF from RT-PCR. Discussion collected by cockroaches) ASFV-DNA-negative be and to mosquitoes, proved (flies, were insects 28,718 All ( mosquito fever classified. yellow Korean ( the 3). and mosquitoes orientalis Table 3), Anopheles (Supplementary = whereas Paju. (N midges Paju, in Yeoncheon biting only and of found 8) that was = ( fourth (N ( mosquitoes one midge Paju fever even in biting yellow not the was was was type which mosquitoes common classified most second of The type common most The .domestica M. .domestica M. .domestica M. N=1 a on nyi au oeta af(56)o h olce oqioscudntbe not could mosquitoes collected the of (65.6%) half than More Paju. in only found was 1) = (N Stomoxys ue pipiens Culex n h te was other the and ,and 9, = N , h otwl-nw pce fbodfeigfle,wr otycletdi October in collected mostly were flies, blood-feeding of species well-known most the , a h otcmo pce mn h olce net ntepeetsuyand study present the in insects collected the among species common most the was ) ° –38 ° ( ot n h vrg al eprtrsi h ffce ein rmOctober from regions affected the in temperatures daily average the and North Culex .calcitrans S. Drosophila spp Drosophila uii sericata Lucilia . )wsfudi ein te hnYocen The Yeoncheon. than other regions in found was 4) = N , Stomoxys spp ° –54 sal is ihu oigttr rteaiiyt spread to ability the or titers losing without flies) (stable n w oldmsute;hwvr ihC (threshold Ct high however, mosquitoes; pooled two and ) ° . Anopheles C–16.1 ° )ad2msute ncoecnatwt pigs with contact close in mosquitoes 2 and 4) = N , ot)ta oe;hwvr h vrg eprtr in temperature average the however, Korea; than North) 3 )uigteNItas hs net r ieyt play to likely are insects these traps; NZI the using ]) and ° i auadYocen n 8.6 and Yeoncheon) and Paju (in C alpoavicina Calliphora p. )wr on nrgosohrthan other regions in found were 7) = N spp., ee aegypti Aedes Culicoides hc r pce fblowflies, of species are which , p. 7,tenme of number the 77), = N spp., ee vexans Aedes ee koreicus Aedes p. 2,27.0%). 324, = N spp., ° [AccuWeather, C ° C–17.7 a found was 1) = N , ° Culex (in C Posted on Authorea 12 May 2020 | CC-BY 4.0 | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158930924.49716985 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ee iu npr ruh noSuhKrab rvlr rmCia uut21.Eegn Infectious Emerging 2018. August China, from Swine African travelers (2019). by H.-M. 06.181684 Korea Nam, ://doi.org/10.3201/eid25 & South and https H.-E., into 1231–1233. Transboundary Kang, brought 25(6), S.-J., 2019. Seo, pork Diseases, Korea, D.-Y., in Kim, South virus S.-K., Lee, fever boar, and M.-J., wild Lee, Medicine H.-J., in Veterinary Kim, fever Estonia. swine 1–5. in 00, African farm Disease. (2020). pig Emergering Gort´azar C. fever infected swine Y.S., an African Jo, from of amounts collected https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.200 Trace insects 1-5. (2019). 00, A. in Science, Viltrop, detected A., DNA Vilem, J¨urison, M., virus L., (Diptera: Tummelht, and larvae R., Transboundary blowfly Herm, virus. of fever Evaluation swine e210–e213. (2018). African of 65, H. vectors syn- Disease, Kampen, mechanical Emerging on K., and reservoirs Depner, study possible S., as Pilot Blome, Calliphoridae) J., (2007). Amendt, K. J.H., 26. Forth, Pfeffer, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-007-0522-y S., 243-246. 20, 101, Messler, Research. K., Parasitology Parasite, in microorganisms. Sievert, insects (e.g. H., other flies and Mehlhorn, anthropic flies review. S., of https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2020-0001 role Klimpel, a 64(1-7). possible F¨orster, M., Research, the Veterinary – [Available of virus Muscidae): Journal fever transmission. swine present) (Diptera, virus African (2013). (2020). Wo´zniakowski, flies and G. G. M., Duvallet, Fila, Stomoxys T., (Past Charoenviriyaphap, by F., forecast pathogens Desoli, https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2013026 M., of weather Desquesnes, V., Transmission Muenworn, international B., Baldacchino, and Local at (2020). AccuWeather. References involving not work field on None based is Statement article Interest page, this guidelines of as author Conflict journal’s required the was on approval noted ethical as experiment. No journal, any the to. of [R&D adhered policies Korea been ethical have of the that Republic confirm the authors The of Agency Quarantine Plant Statement Ethics and Animal the N-1543068-2015-99-01]. by No.: supported Project the was of present study possibility the the This However, of ASFV. results of it The transmission that the 2020]. suggest Acknowledgments in countries al., insects other et of in role [Yoon ASFV-DNA conducted the the spreading infection of previously following on virus trace of fieldwork disinfection, conclude no to phase and and and premature research cleaning early is farms, of experimental the outbreak effects the in ASF the and outbreak reflect in study may ASF collected This were of analysis. insects detection laboratory 28,718 by of 2020]. detected al., total was et a [Fila study, interface this this the transmission in In in pig missing for involved boar/domestic Although be around wild farm. therefore the move a the could in not within in and or Conclusions do virus farther role farms travels blowflies, the between its “horsefly,” virus of and assess called the spread to flies of species the small stable spread large in too as involved a was Tabanidae, such be study the thus species, study, this may Small in and Korea. specimens distances collected in long of ASFV number of the transmission 1987], al., et [Mellor www.accuweather.com via net hudntb overlooked. be not should insects uc,Srohg,Clihr,Fni,Lcla Stomoxys Lucilia, Fannia, Calliphora, Sarcophaga, Musca, ] https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13532 https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12688 4 svcoso pathogenic of vectors as ) Posted on Authorea 12 May 2020 | CC-BY 4.0 | https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158930924.49716985 | This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. oe eerlgclAmnsrto 22) al bevto aa [Available data. observation Daily (2020). Administration Transboundary 2019. Meteorological Korea, Choi South at H-J., in Sohn, fever J-Y., swine Hwang org/10.1111/tbed.13483 Korea African H-J., https://doi. Kim of 473–475. H-J., 67, Outbreak Kim, Disease. (2020). J-J., Emerging Y-J. Naj, and Kim D-Y., H-E., Kim, S-K., Kang Lee, J-G., K-H., Cho, H-J., Kim, on . og .. e,IS,Yo .. ug .. e,E,We ..(00.Ciia yposof Symptoms Clinical Emerging and (2020). Transboundary S.H. 2019. Wee, Korea, E., of Lee, Republic the C.S., in Jung, Farms D.S., Pig Yoo, Domestic Diseases. in I.S., Fever Lee, Swine Korea, S.K., African in status Hong, epidemiological Etiology, H., 21(2):e38. fever: Yoon, Science, Veterinary swine 2(30), of African Journal (2020). Society. control. 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Kitching, indirect P.S., its Mellor, of https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2019-0058 possibility 303-310. the 63, and Research. conditions environmental different M., Mazur-Panasiuk, https://www.weather.go.kr https://doi.org/10.1111/TBED.13552 .TasonayadEegn ies,6,15–17 tp:/o.r/011/tbed.12918 https://doi.org/10.1111/ 1152–1157. 65, Disease, Emerging and Transboundary ). tmxscalcitrans Stomoxys mdk,J,W´naosi .(09.Arcnsiefvrvrs–pritnein persistence – virus fever swine African (2019). Wo´zniakowski, G. J., Zmudzki, ˙ /weather/climate/past_cal.jsp] eerhi eeiaySine 3 109-112 43, Science, Veterinary in Research . 5 tmxscalcitrans Stomoxys https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.06.010 https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e38 fe edn nvrmcblood viremic on feeding after ) Stomoxys