West Wansdyke, Bath and North-East Somerset Conservation Management Plan

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

West Wansdyke, Bath and North-East Somerset Conservation Management Plan West Wansdyke, Bath and North-East Somerset Conservation Management Plan English Heritage Report prepared by: ECUS Ltd. Festival House Jessop Avenue Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 3SH February 2015 West Wansdyke – Conservation Management Plan ECUS Ltd Report to: English Heritage Report Title: West Wansdyke – Conservation Management Plan Revision: Final Issue Date: March 2015 Report Ref: 4569_WestWansdyke_CMP_v2.1 Originated By: James Thomson Heritage Consultant Date: 18.12.14 Reviewed By: Paul White Heritage Team Leader Date: 19.12.14 Approved By: Paul White Heritage Team Leader Date: 27.02.15 Prepared by: ECUS Ltd. Festival House Jessop Avenue Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 3SH The report and the site assessments carried out by ECUS on behalf of the client in accordance with the agreed terms of contract and/or written agreement form the agreed Services. The Services were performed by ECUS with the skill and care ordinarily exercised by a reasonable Environmental Consultant at the time the Services were performed. Further, and in particular, the Services were performed by ECUS taking into account the limits of the scope of works required by the client, the time scale involved and the resources, including financial and manpower resources, agreed between ECUS and the client. Other than that expressly contained in the paragraph above, ECUS provides no other representation or warranty whether express or implied, in relation to the services. This report is produced exclusively for the purposes of the client. ECUS is not aware of any interest of or reliance by any party other than the client in or on the services. Unless expressly provided in writing, ECUS does not authorise, consent or condone any party other than the client relying upon the services provided. Any reliance on the services or any part of the services by any party other than the client is made wholly at that party’s own and sole risk and ECUS disclaims any liability to such parties. This report is based on site conditions, regulatory or other legal provisions, technology or economic conditions at the time of the Service provision. These conditions can change with time and reliance on the findings of the Services under changing conditions should be reviewed. ECUS accepts no responsibility for the accuracy of third party data used in this report. ii West Wansdyke – Conservation Management Plan Executive Summary This Conservation Management Plan (referred to as the Plan or CMP) for the West Wansdyke was commissioned by English Heritage (EH) in partnership with Bath and North East Somerset (BNES) Council in February 2013. Ecus Ltd was appointed to prepare the CMP in order to inform the future management of the monument. The purpose of the Plan is to build on the 1994-6 Management Plan. The Plan is to address management issues and to identify opportunities for enhancing the condition and reducing the vulnerability of the specific sections but also for the entirety of the monument. The monument called Wansdyke is the name given to two separate systems of dyke comprising East Wansdyke in Wiltshire, and West Wansdyke in Bath and North East Somerset. The current known extent of West Wansdyke begins at the Iron Age hillfort of Maes Knoll on the eastern edge of Dundry Ridge (ST 602661) at its northwestern point to Midford Road, South Stoke and Horsecombe Valley (SR 748618). The total linear distance along its route, including gaps, is 16.3 km. From Maes Knoll the course of the dyke passes through the parishes of Norton Malreward, Publow, Compton Dando, Marksbury, Newton St Loe, Englishcombe, Odd Down area in the City of Bath and South Stoke. The archaeological remains of West Wansdyke survive to a varying degree along its course, as either discontinuous sections of earthworks preserved with a substantial bank and ditch on its northern side, or as cropmark evidence and sub-surface buried deposits. The better preserved sections of earthwork are statutory protected as Scheduled Monuments. There are 17 separate designated sections of West Wansdyke (including Maes Knoll hillfort) which are aggregated into 11 different Scheduled Monuments along its course. The scheduled lengths of the monument account for approximately 6 km (or 37%) of its linear length (including Maes Knoll ramparts). To assist in the proposed management of the monument, the separate sections were aggregated together to form monument zones. These zones were based upon the survival of the monument, current landuse, topographical position, configuration of the monument (i.e. presence of known terminus which reflects a deliberate break in the monument). This produced 17 monument zone and forms the basis of the management gazetteer. As the zones reflect the varying survival of the monument, the zones vary in length along the monument but have been related back to the management field parcel number used in the 1994-6 Management Plan. A review of the condition of the entire monument has revealed 13 areas are considered to be of an overall satisfactory condition. Of these areas, seven are scheduled and are usually not in cultivation but within grass land cover. Two of the scheduled monuments (BA 167- Peppershells and BA 94- East of Compton Dando) are considered to be of improving condition. The section to the east of Compton Dando has been taken out of cultivation as part of a countryside stewardship scheme. This has improved the condition and stability of the monument. The condition of BA 167 has improved since the last EH monitoring visit in 2005 where scrap metal was noted to be dumped on the monument, which has been now removed and evidence of recent scrub clearance at its northern end. There are eight areas that are considered to be of ‘Major Concern’. None of the areas are scheduled but relate to sections of West Wansdyke where the condition is poor due to historical management and, and subject to gradual decline through ongoing processes such as cultivation. This condition assessment category reflects where there has been an obvious decline in the monument between this Plan and the previous 1995 study. Examples include where earthworks are recorded on OS maps or by Erskine in the 1995 monument gazetteer but these earthworks appear to have been levelled through cultivation (e.g. Zone 2- Fields 7 and 8, Zone 10). It is considered the current management regime will substantially remove any evidential value to sub-surface deposits or shallow earthworks that might be present. iii West Wansdyke – Conservation Management Plan There are four areas that are considered to be of a ‘Critical’ condition; three of which are scheduled. This includes BA 168 (Zone 2), BA 72 (Zone 9- Stantonbury) and BA 93 (Zone 17- Odd Down). Due to the linear character of the monument and the diverse landscape, land use and ownership that is encountered along its route it is considered that any future management should be informed by an overarching aspirational vision to guide its conservation. The Vision is to ensure: The sustainable management of West Wansdyke, in its varied forms, to ensure its ongoing legibility by enhancing its condition and interpretation whilst respecting its historic form and setting From this Vision a series of Policies have been prepared to address specific management issues and to support the sustainable management and conservation of the monument within the landscape. The process of conservation involves a series of decisions to inform actions that can be required as long term or ‘day to day’. Within the Plan, the policies are grouped under various key headings arising out of the issues and opportunities raised. The categories are: Research and Understanding The overarching policy is: All processes and aims of conservation including investigation, repair, management and promoting interpretation will be based on the best current understanding of the history, character and condition of the monument Management and Condition The overarching policy is: All management of the monument should be taken in the context of a full understanding of the legal constraints and responsibilities and seek to enhance or preserve the condition of the monument. Access and Interpretation The overarching policy is: Access and Interpretation will be improved to encourage movement along the monument and interaction with the monument and build opportunities for experiencing and understanding West Wansdyke. For each overarching policy specific policies have been identified which have been prioritised as series of specific tasks which can be implemented during the lifetime of the Plan. iv West Wansdyke – Conservation Management Plan Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the Plan..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Production of the Plan ...................................................................................................... 1 1.3 The Monument ................................................................................................................. 1 1.4 General Purpose and Scope of the Plan ........................................................................... 3 1.5 Structure of the Plan ......................................................................................................... 3 1.6 Methodology ....................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • The Bath—Lincoln Trunk Road A46 (Upper Swainswick to A420 Cold Ashton Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order 1987
    Status: This is the original version (as it was originally made). This item of legislation is currently only available in its original format. STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS 1987 No.1800 HIGHWAYS, ENGLAND AND WALES The Bath—Lincoln Trunk Road A46 (Upper Swainswick to A420 Cold Ashton Roundabout) (Detrunking) Order 1987 Made - - - - 14th September 1987 Coming into force - - 6th November 1987 The Secretary of State for Transport makes this Order in exercise of powers conferred by section 10 of the Highways Act 1980(1), and now vested in him(2), and of all other enabling powers: 1. The length of the Trunk Road described in the Schedule to this Order and shown by broad striped hatching on the deposited plan shall cease to be a trunk road as from the date on which the Secretary of State notifies the County Council of Avon (who will become the highway authority responsible for that length) that the new trunk road is open for through traffic. 2. In this Order:— (1) all measurements of distance are measured along the route of the relevant highway; (i) “the deposited plan” means the plan in the plan folio marked “The Bath—Lincoln Trunk Road A46 (Upper Swainswick to A420 Cold Ashton Roundabout) (Detrunking) (Order) 1987” signed by authority of the Secretary of State and deposited at the Department of Transport, Romney House, 43 Marsham Street, London SW1P 3PY; (ii) “the new trunk road” means the highway which is being constructed by the Secretary of State in pursuance of the Bath—Lincoln Trunk Road A46 (Upper Swainswick to A420 Cold Ashton Roundabout) Order 1987(3).
    [Show full text]
  • Early Medieval Dykes (400 to 850 Ad)
    EARLY MEDIEVAL DYKES (400 TO 850 AD) A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2015 Erik Grigg School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Contents Table of figures ................................................................................................ 3 Abstract ........................................................................................................... 6 Declaration ...................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................... 9 1 INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY ................................................. 10 1.1 The history of dyke studies ................................................................. 13 1.2 The methodology used to analyse dykes ............................................ 26 2 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DYKES ............................................. 36 2.1 Identification and classification ........................................................... 37 2.2 Tables ................................................................................................. 39 2.3 Probable early-medieval dykes ........................................................... 42 2.4 Possible early-medieval dykes ........................................................... 48 2.5 Probable rebuilt prehistoric or Roman dykes ...................................... 51 2.6 Probable reused prehistoric
    [Show full text]
  • Viking Wirral … and the Battle of Brunanburh Professor Steve Harding
    Viking Wirral … and the Battle of Brunanburh Professor Steve Harding Neil Oliver, “History of Scotland” BBC2, 2009 “ The many armies, tens of thousands of warriors clashed at the site known as Brunanburh where the Mersey Estuary enters the sea . For decades afterwards it was simply known called the Great Battle. This was the mother of all dark-age bloodbaths and would define the shape of Britain into the modern era. Althouggg,h Athelstan emerged victorious, the resistance of the northern alliance had put an end to his dream of conquering the whole of Britain. This had been a battle for Britain, one of the most important battles in British historyyy and yet today ypp few people have even heard of it. 937 doesn’t quite have the ring of 1066 and yet Brunanburh was about much more than blood and conquest. This was a showdown between two very different ethnic identities – a Norse-Celtic alliance versus Anglo-Saxon. It aimed to settle once and for all whether Britain would be controlled by a single Imperial power or remain several separate kingdoms. A split in perceptions which, like it or not, is still with us today”. Some of the people who’ve been trying to sort it out Nic k Hig ham Pau l Cav ill Mic hae l Woo d John McNeal Dodgson 1928-1990 Plan •Background of Brunanburh • Evidence for Wirral location for the battle • If it did happen in Wirra l, w here is a like ly site for the battle • Consequences of the Battle for Wirral – and Britain Background of Brunanburh “Cherchez la Femme!” Ann Anderson (1964) The Story of Bromborough •TheThe Viking
    [Show full text]
  • The Iron Age Tom Moore
    The Iron Age Tom Moore INTRODUCfiON In the twenty years since Alan Saville's (1984) review of the Iron Age in Gloucestershire much has happened in Iron-Age archaeology, both in the region and beyond.1 Saville's paper marked an important point in Iron-Age studies in Gloucestershire and was matched by an increasing level of research both regionally and nationally. The mid 1980s saw a number of discussions of the Iron Age in the county, including those by Cunliffe (1984b) and Darvill (1987), whilst reviews were conducted for Avon (Burrow 1987) and Somerset (Cunliffe 1982). At the same time significant advances and developments in British Iron-Age studies as a whole had a direct impact on how the period was viewed in the region. Richard Hingley's (1984) examination of the Iron-Age landscapes of Oxfordshire suggested a division between more integrated unenclosed communities in the Upper Thames Valley and isolated enclosure communities on the Cotswold uplands, arguing for very different social systems in the two areas. In contrast, Barry Cunliffe' s model ( 1984a; 1991 ), based on his work at Danebury, Hampshire, suggested a hierarchical Iron-Age society centred on hillforts directly influencing how hillforts and social organisation in the Cotswolds have been understood (Darvill1987; Saville 1984). Together these studies have set the agenda for how the 1st millennium BC in the region is regarded and their influence can be felt in more recent syntheses (e.g. Clarke 1993). Since 1984, however, our perception of Iron-Age societies has been radically altered. In particular, the role of hillforts as central places at the top of a hierarchical settlement pattern has been substantially challenged (Hill 1996).
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Medieval Period, Its Main Conclusion Is They Were Compiled at Malmesbury
    Early Medieval 10 Early Medieval Edited by Chris Webster from contributions by Mick Aston, Bruce Eagles, David Evans, Keith Gardner, Moira and Brian Gittos, Teresa Hall, Bill Horner, Susan Pearce, Sam Turner, Howard Williams and Barbara Yorke 10.1 Introduction raphy, as two entities: one “British” (covering most 10.1.1 Early Medieval Studies of the region in the 5th century, and only Cornwall by the end of the period), and one “Anglo-Saxon” The South West of England, and in particular the three (focusing on the Old Sarum/Salisbury area from the western counties of Cornwall, Devon and Somerset, later 5th century and covering much of the region has a long history of study of the Early Medieval by the 7th and 8th centuries). This is important, not period. This has concentrated on the perceived “gap” only because it has influenced past research questions, between the end of the Roman period and the influ- but also because this ethnic division does describe (if ence of Anglo-Saxon culture; a gap of several hundred not explain) a genuine distinction in the archaeological years in the west of the region. There has been less evidence in the earlier part of the period. Conse- emphasis on the eastern parts of the region, perhaps quently, research questions have to deal less with as they are seen as peripheral to Anglo-Saxon studies a period, than with a highly complex sequence of focused on the east of England. The region identi- different types of Early Medieval archaeology, shifting fied as the kingdom of Dumnonia has received detailed both chronologically and geographically in which issues treatment in most recent work on the subject, for of continuity and change from the Roman period, and example Pearce (1978; 2004), KR Dark (1994) and the evolution of medieval society and landscape, frame Somerset has been covered by Costen (1992) with an internally dynamic period.
    [Show full text]
  • Scarth, H M, on the Traces of Camps and Ancient Earth-Works Still
    98 PAPERS, ETC. (Dn tjje €nm nf Cflni|i0 anil Slnrient (Bart|i-‘S)nrk0 still Existing arnnnii ’iatfj anil in tjjx jleigljlinarljanii. BY THE REV. H. M. SCARTH, M.A. rj^HERE are no traces of human labour so lasting as i mounds or earth-works— none which in all the vicissitudes through which society passes in the lapse of ages, retain their characters with so little variation—none which so completely defy the hand of time, and provoke less the ravages of man. While lofty buildings are de- stroyed for the sake of their materials, when they have once fallen into disuse, and few edifices are suffered to continue unless they can be converted to other purposes, and so turned to profitable account—the earth-work con- tinues the same, or with very little alteration, from the time that it was neglected, or abandoned as a place of defence, or forgotten as a boundary-line, or unused as a road, or ceased to be regarded as a place marking the repose of the dead, who it may be had fallen in battle. ON ANCIENT CAMPS AND EARTH-WORKS. 99 In certain places where the land is adapted for the purposes of agriculture, there these land-marks of the history of former ages have gradually been effaced by the use of the plough, or the soil spread around with the object of im- proving the fertility of the land ; but as earth-works for the most part occur on high lands, or barren hills, or on moors unsuited for cultivation, they remain much in the same state as when they ceased to be occupied for defen- sive and other purposes, except that the gradual decay of herbage, and its reproduction, as well as the washing of the rain and winter floods, tend in some degree to bring them gradually to a level surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglo-Saxons and Scots
    Anglo-Saxons and Scots YEAR 4 SPRING ONE NAME: CLASS: © 2018 Reach Academy Feltham 1 | Page © 2018 Reach Academy Feltham 2 | Page Lesson How do we Who invaded What was life What did the What was the Why did the know about the Britain after the like for Anglo- Anglo Saxons heptatchy? Anglo-Saxons Question Anglo-Saxons? Romans left? Saxons? believe? build forts? Page | You will o Who Gildas o o What Anglo- o The pagan o About the o Who the 3 was. o The Scots Saxons ate beliefs of the seven Danes were. learn: o Who Bede invasion o What Anglo- Anglo- kingdoms of o Why Alfred was. from Ireland. Saxon Saxons England was o The o The Picts villages o The o The Kings ‘ Great’ W importance invasions looked like. importance Offa and hat a burh of the from the o The jobs of Norse Egbert. was, and Anglo-Saxon north. Anglo- mythology o Why Offa why they Chronicle o The Angles, Saxons did. mythology built a dyke. were built. Saxons and o How Anglo o How Jutes Saxon Augustine society was reintroduce organised d Christianity to England 2018 Reach Academy Feltham Academy Reach 2018 © Exit Ticket LESSON ONE: How do we know about the Anglo-Saxons and Scots? When did the Anglo-Saxons and Scots invade and live in Britain? Who invaded Britain before? Who invaded after? Write down everything that you already know about the Anglo-Saxons and Scots here: Glossary Term Definition Dark Ages The period of history during which there aren’t many written records.
    [Show full text]
  • Paying for the Party
    PX_PARTY_HDS:PX_PARTY_HDS 16/4/08 11:48 Page 1 Paying for the Party Myths and realities in British political finance Michael Pinto-Duschinsky edited by Roger Gough Policy Exchange is an independent think tank whose mission is to develop and promote new policy ideas which will foster a free society based on strong communities, personal freedom, limited government, national self-confidence and an enterprise culture. Registered charity no: 1096300. Policy Exchange is committed to an evidence-based approach to policy development. We work in partnership with aca- demics and other experts and commission major studies involving thorough empirical research of alternative policy out- comes. We believe that the policy experience of other countries offers important lessons for government in the UK. We also believe that government has much to learn from business and the voluntary sector. Tru, stees Charles Moore (Chairman of the Board), Theodore Agnew, Richard Briance, Camilla Cavendish, Robin Edwards, Richard Ehrman, Virginia Fraser, Lizzie Noel, George Robinson, Andrew Sells, Tim Steel, Alice Thomson, Rachel Whetstone PX_PARTY_HDS:PX_PARTY_HDS 16/4/08 11:48 Page 2 About the author Dr Michael Pinto-Duschinsky is senior Nations, the European Union, Council of research fellow at Brunel University and a Europe, Commonwealth Secretariat, the recognised worldwide authority on politi- British Foreign and Commonwealth cal finance. A former fellow of Merton Office and the Home Office. He was a College, Oxford, and Pembroke College, founder governor of the Westminster Oxford, he is president of the International Foundation for Democracy. In 2006-07 he Political Science Association’s research was the lead witness before the Committee committee on political finance and politi- on Standards in Public Life in its review of cal corruption and a board member of the the Electoral Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • Planning in Late-Saxon Worcester
    Planning in late-Saxon Worcester by Jeremy Haslam 111 Abstract Recent analyses of some of the key aspects of the early development of the burh of Worcester in the late 9 th century are re-examined against archaeological, topographical and historical evidence. It is possibly to reinterpret this evidence, including the well-known charter of Aethelred and Aethelflaed of probably the 890s, to propose a new model for this early development, such that stages belonging to the origin of the burh from its beginnings in the early 880s as a burh of King Alfred, through an extension in the early-mid 890s, can be postulated. This has wider implications for early layout of burhs in general, and for any view about the development of urbanism in the late Saxon period. Recent detailed work on the early development of Worcester, from archaeological, topographical and historical perspectives, has generated some important models which have attempted to characterise the processes by which the early layout of the late 9 th century burh was implemented. This work has provided an exemplary and far- reaching case study in which work in these different fields has been brought together to create new syntheses. 222 These developmental models relating to Worcester have been utilised subsequently by Richard Holt in articulating a new model which characterises the initial stages of the formation of burhs in general, and hence of the wider development of urbanism in the late Saxon period of which these burhs are the physical manifestation. 333 This has questioned a widely-held paradigm of the early development of burhs in the late 9 th century in southern and Midland England, to the effect that the layout of streets, tenements and other physical aspects of these burhs should be seen as planned elements which belong to the initial stages of their development.
    [Show full text]
  • Past Present
    NORTH WANSDYKE PAST AND PRESENT KEYNSHAM AND SALTFORD LOCAL HISTORY SOCIETY No. 2, 1988 NORTH WANSDYKE PAST & PRESENT Journal of Keynsham & Saltford Local History Society Editor: Charles Browne 30 Walden Road, Keynsham, Bristol BS18 lQW Telephone: Keynsham 3116 CONTENTS Editorial 2 Jasper Tudor, 1431-1495, by Michael C E Bird 3 The Will of Jasper Tudor 9 The Tomb of Jasper Tudor, by Barbara J Lowe 11 Mary Fairclough Remembers, by Len Coggins 13 The Wells of Keynsham, by M C Fitter 17 Public Library Services in the Keynsham Area, by Linda Horne 23 Frank Millard, by Margaret Whitehead 28 Published by Keynsham & Saltford Local History Society No. 2, 1988 1 EDITORIAL The second volume of our JouPnaZ is concerned largely with the local history of Keynsham. This is not a matter of policy: it just happens that the papers submitted to the editor have covered subjects local to Keynsham. In future issues we hope to publish papers dealing with wider aspects of North Wansdyke history. So it is all the more welcome that Michael Bird's account of Jasper Tudor should set the Keynsham interest in the context of national and European history. It illustrates the value of local studies beyond their local interest. Thanks are due to Barbara J Lowe for providing at short notice her account of the excavations by Bristol Folk House Archaeological Society which located a tomb in Keynsham Abbey which is very likely that of Jasper Tudor. Local historians continue to be concerned that the County of Avon does not have a Record Office.
    [Show full text]
  • The Translation of St Oswald's Relics to New Minster, Gloucester: Royal And
    Canterbury Christ Church University’s repository of research outputs http://create.canterbury.ac.uk Please cite this publication as follows: Bintley, M. (2014) The translation of St Oswald’s relics to New Minster, Gloucester: royal and imperial resonances. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 19. pp. 171-181. ISSN 0264-5254. Link to official URL (if available): This version is made available in accordance with publishers’ policies. All material made available by CReaTE is protected by intellectual property law, including copyright law. Any use made of the contents should comply with the relevant law. Contact: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Translation of St Oswald’s Relics to New Minster, Gloucester: Royal and Imperial Resonances The relics of St Oswald were translated to New Minster, Gloucester, in the early tenth century, under the authority of Æthelflæd and Æthelred of Mercia, and Edward the Elder. This was ostensibly to empower the new burh, sited in the ruins of the former Roman town, with the potent relics of one of Anglo-Saxon Christianity’s cornerstones. This article argues that the relics of Oswald were not only brought to Gloucester to enhance its spiritual and ideological importance, but also to take advantage of the mythologies attached to this king, saint, and martyr, which were perpetuated by a contemporary translation of Bede’s Historia ecclesiastica. This work, which emphasizes Oswald’s role in the unification of Northumbria under Christianity, consciously models Oswald on his imperial predecessor Constantine. These and other valuable attendant mythologies may have been consciously appropriated by the Mercians and West Saxons in the early tenth century, thereby staking a claim to the imperial Christian heritage of Rome and Northumbria, and furthering the notion of an Angelcynn that had only recently been promoted by Alfred the Great.
    [Show full text]
  • Alfred the Great: the Oundf Ation of the English Monarchy Marshall Gaines
    Eastern Michigan University DigitalCommons@EMU Senior Honors Theses Honors College 2015 Alfred the Great: The oundF ation of the English Monarchy Marshall Gaines Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.emich.edu/honors Recommended Citation Gaines, Marshall, "Alfred the Great: The oundF ation of the English Monarchy" (2015). Senior Honors Theses. 459. http://commons.emich.edu/honors/459 This Open Access Senior Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at DigitalCommons@EMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@EMU. For more information, please contact lib- [email protected]. Alfred the Great: The oundF ation of the English Monarchy Abstract Alfred the Great, one of the best-known Anglo-Saxon kings in England, set the foundation for the future English monarchy. This essay examines the practices and policies of his rule which left a asl ting impact in England, including his reforms of military, education, religion, and government in the West Saxon Kingdom. Degree Type Open Access Senior Honors Thesis Department History and Philosophy First Advisor Ronald Delph Keywords Anglo-Saxon, Vikings, Ninth Century, Burgh, Reform This open access senior honors thesis is available at DigitalCommons@EMU: http://commons.emich.edu/honors/459 ALFRED THE GREAT: THE FOUNDATION OF THE ENGLISH MONARCHY By Marshall Gaines A Senior Thesis Submitted to the Eastern Michigan University Honors College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation with Honors in History Approved at Ypsilanti, Michigan, on this date 12/17/15 Alfred the Great: The Foundation of the English Monarchy Chapter I: Introduction Beginning in the late eighth century, Northern Europe was threatened by fearsome invasions from Scandinavia.
    [Show full text]