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Local Social Services in Nordic Countries in Times of Disaster Report for the Nordic Council of Ministers

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Local Social Services in Nordic Countries in Times of Disaster Report for the Nordic Council of Ministers Local Social Services in Nordic Countries in Times of Disaster Report for the Nordic Council of Ministers Guðný Björk Eydal, Ingibjörg Lilja Ómarsdóttir, Carin Björngren Cuadra, Rasmus Dahlberg, Björn Hvinden, Merja Rapeli and Tapio Salonen Local Social Services in Nordic countries in Times of Disaster -Report for the Nordic Council of Ministers Guðný Björk Eydal, Ingibjörg Lilja Ómarsdóttir, Carin Björngren Cuadra, Rasmus Dahlberg, Björn Hvinden, Merja Rapeli, Tapio Salonen (PDF) ISBN 978-9935-9265-4-8 (EPUB)© Ministry of Welfare 2016, Reykjavík, Iceland This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recom‐ mendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers. www.norden.org/nordpub Nordic co‐operation Nordic co‐operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co‐operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an important role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co‐operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 33960200 www.norden.org 2 CONTENTS CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 ABOUT THE AUTHORS ............................................................................................................................... 8 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 THE NORDIC COUNCIL OF MINISTERS .................................................................................................... 10 1.2 THE NORDIC WELFARE WATCH ............................................................................................................. 11 1.2.1 Nordic Welfare Indicators ............................................................................................................. 12 1.2.2 Welfare consequences of financial crises ...................................................................................... 12 1.2.3 The Nordic Welfare Watch – in Response to Crisis ....................................................................... 12 1.3 DISASTER RESEARCH IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES ................................................................................... 13 1.4 COOPERATION ON EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT IN NORDIC REGIONS AND ON EUROPEAN LEVEL ............ 16 1.5 MANAGING RISKS AND ENHANCING RESILIENCE ..................................................................................... 19 1.6 WHAT KINDS OF DISASTERS HAVE THE NORDIC COUNTRIES EXPERIENCED IN PAST DECADES? ............... 21 1.7 THE NORDIC WELFARE STATES AND SOCIAL SERVICES IN TIMES OF DISASTER ........................................ 24 1.8 TERMINOLOGY ....................................................................................................................................... 27 1.8.1 Disaster .......................................................................................................................................... 28 1.8.2. Emergency Management ............................................................................................................... 30 1.8.3. Vulnerability and resilience .......................................................................................................... 30 1.9 PARTICIPANTS ........................................................................................................................................ 33 1.10 METHODS, MATERIAL AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT ................................................................ 34 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 37 2. SOCIAL SERVICES AND SOCIAL WORK IN THE CONTEXT OF DISASTER ........................... 43 2.1 THE ROLE OF LOCAL SOCIAL SERVICES IN TIMES OF DISASTER ................................................................ 43 2.1.1 Enhancing resilience and working with vulnerable groups ........................................................... 45 2.1.2 Provision of psychosocial support to individuals, families and groups ......................................... 47 2.1.3 Community work ............................................................................................................................ 49 2.2 CO-OPERATION OF LOCAL SOCIAL SERVICES WITH OTHER AGENTS ......................................................... 50 2.3 LOCAL SOCIAL SERVICES AND DISASTER SOCIAL WORK .......................................................................... 52 2.3.1 Contribution of social work in relation to disasters ...................................................................... 55 2.3.2 Disaster social work and user involvement ................................................................................... 58 2.3.3 Education and the role of disaster social work .............................................................................. 60 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 61 3. DENMARK ................................................................................................................................................. 65 3.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 65 3.1.1 Geography and climate .................................................................................................................. 65 3.1.2 Demographics ................................................................................................................................ 65 3.1.3 The governmental system ............................................................................................................... 66 3.1.4 Disaster and risk profile ................................................................................................................ 67 3.2 LOCAL SOCIAL SERVICES ........................................................................................................................ 67 3.3 THE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ............................................................................................... 70 3.3.1 Tasks and objectives ...................................................................................................................... 72 3.3.2 Contingency planning .................................................................................................................... 73 3.3.3 The national level .......................................................................................................................... 73 3.3.4 The regional level .......................................................................................................................... 76 3.3.5 The municipal level ........................................................................................................................ 77 3.3.6 Civil society and nongovernmental engagements/agencies ........................................................... 77 3.4 LOCAL SOCIAL SERVICES’ ROLE IN THE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ......................................... 78 3.5 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................... 79 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 82 4. FINLAND.................................................................................................................................................... 85 4.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 85 3 4.1.1 Geography and climate .................................................................................................................. 85 4.1.2 Demographics ................................................................................................................................ 85 4.1.3 The governmental system ............................................................................................................... 86 4.1.4 Disaster and risk profile ................................................................................................................ 88 4.2 LOCAL SOCIAL SERVICES ........................................................................................................................ 89 4.2.1 Example of local social services in Finland: The case of Vantaa.................................................
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