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Egyptian Art in the Age of Tthe Pyramids

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Egyptian Art in the Age of Tthe Pyramids EGYPTIAN ART IN THE AGE OF THE PYRAMIDS THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART, NEW YORK DISTRIBUTED BY HARRY N. ABRAMS, INC., NEW YORK This volume has been published in ulIljunction 1\\1 ri~brs reserwd. No pari 01 Ibis pnhli":II;on 'I'Llnsl:lli,,,,, Iwnl tbe I:relll·b hy .I:III1l·S p. Allen with the exhibition «Egyptian Art in the Age of Illay he reproduced or 'T:lIlSlllilled hy any Ill"ans, of essays hy Nadine CIl<'rpion and .Iean-Philipl'" the Pyramids," organized by The Metropolitan electronic or mechanical, indllding phorocopyin~, I.ann; hy .Iobn McDonald of essays by Niu,las Museum of Art, New York; the Reunion des recording, or information retrieval system, with­ Crilllal, I\ndran I.abrollsse, .Ie'lIl I.edant, and musees nationaux, Paris; and the Royal Ontario out permission from the publishers. Christiane Ziegler; by Jane Marie Todd and Museum, Toronto, and held at the Gaieries Catharine H. Roehrig of entries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, from April 6 John P. O'Neill, Editor in Chief to July 12, 1999; The Metropolitan Museum of Carol Fuerstein, Editor, with the assistance of Maps adapted by Emsworth Design, Inc., from Art, New York, from September 16, 1999, to Ellyn Childs Allison, Margaret Donovan, and Ziegler 1997a, PI'. 18, 19 January 9, 2000; and the Royal Ontario Museum, Kathleen Howard Toronto, from February 13 to May 22, 2000. Patrick Seymour, Designer, after an original con­ Jacket/cover illustration: Detail, cat. no. 67, cept by Bruce Campbell King Menkaure and a Queen Gwen Roginsky and Hsiao-ning Tu, Production Frontispiece: Detail, cat. no. 67, King Menkaure Robert Weisberg, Computer Specialist and a Queen The exhibition is made possible by Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman. Site and new object photography by Bruce Hieroglyphic dedication on page v from White; additional new object photography at Teachings ofPtah-hotep, 509-10. Addironal support has been provided by the Metropolitan Museum by Anna-Marie The Starr Foundation. Kellen and Oi-Cheong Lee, the Photograph Stu­ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data dio, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New Egyptian art in the age of the pyramids An indemnity has been granted by the Federal York. For a more complete listing of photograph p. em. Council on the Arts and the Humanities. credits, see p. 53 6. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Sept. 16, 1999­ Educational programs have been supported by Set in Sabon and Adobe Weiss by Professional Jan. 9, 2000. the Malcolm Hewitt Wiener Foundation. Graphics, Rockford, Illinois Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-87099-906-0 (HC). - ISBN 0-87099­ The publication is made possible by The Adelaide Separations by Professional Graphics, Rockford, 907-9 (pbk.) -ISBN 0-8109-6543-7 (Abrams) Milton de Groot Fund, in memory of the de Groot Illinois 1. Art, Egyptian Exhibitions. 2. Art, and Hawley families. Ancient-Egypt Exhibitions. 3. Egypt­ Printed and bound by Arnoldo Mnndadori, Antiquities Exhibitions. 4. Egypt-Architec­ Published by The Metropolitan Museum of Art, S.p.A., Verona, It,tly ture Exhibitions. I. Metropolitan Museum of New York Art (New York, N.Y.) N5350.E37 1999 Copyri~ht <D I \/\/\/ by The Merropolitan 709'·3 2'0747471-----<!C2I 99-22246 Museulll of I\rI, New York elP CONTENTS Lenders to the Exhibition VIII Directors' Foreword Franfoise Cachin, Philippe de Montebello, Lindsay Sharp x Acknowledgments Dorothea Arnold, Krzyszto( Grzymski, Christiane Ziegler XI Contributors to the Catalogue and Key to the Authors of the Entries XIV Maps XVI Notes to the Reader XVIII Chronology A Note on Egyptian Chronology Elisabeth David XIX Dynastic and Regnal Dates James P. Allen XX Introduction Dorothea Arnold, Christiane Ziegler XXI INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE OLD KINGDOM 3 Jean Leclant THE STEP PYRAMID PRECINCT OF KING DJOSER Jean-Philippe Lauer PYRAMIDS AND THEIR TEMPLES 21 Audran Labrousse THE TOMBS OF OFFICIALS: HOUSES OF ETERNITY 27 Peter Janosi OLD KINGDOM STATUES IN THEIR ARCHITECTURAL SETTING 41 Dieter Arnold ROYAL STATUARY 51 Krzyszto( Grzymski NONROYAL STATUARY 57 Christiane Ziegler RESERVE HEADS: AN ENIGMA OF OLD KINGDOM SCULPTURE 73 Catharine H. Roehrig ROYAL RELIEFS 83 Dorothea Arnold THE HUMAN IMAGE IN OLD KINGDOM NONROYAL RELIEFS 103 Nadine Cherpion FURNITURE OF THE OLD KINGDOM II7 Julie Anderson STONE VESSELS: LUXURY ITEMS WITH MANIFOLD IMPLICATIONS 121 Dorothea Arnold and Elena Pischikova EXCAVATING THE OLD KINGDOM: FROM KHAFRE'S VALLEY 133 TEMPLE TO THE GOVERNOR'S CITY AT BALAT Nicolas Grimal EXCAVATING THE OLD KINGDOM: THE GIZA NECROPOLIS AND 139 OTHER MASTABA FIELDS Peter Der Manuelian EXCAVATING THE OLD KINGDOM: THE EGYPTIAN 155 ARCHAEOLOGISTS Zahi Hawass CATALOGUE THIRD DYNASTY 168 FOURTH DYNASTY 194 FIFTH DYNASTY 314 SIXTH DYNASTY 434 Glossary 494 Bibliography 495 Indexes 517 Photograph Credits 53 6 RESERVE HEADS An Enigma of Old Kingdom Sculpture CATHARINE H. ROEHRIG hile excavating at Dahshur in 1894, who discovered more than half of the excavated exam­ Jacques de Morgan discovered the first ples, went a step further, perceiving family relationships reserve head ever encountered. It came among the heads he uncovered. 8 For example, on the W from a tomb dated to the Fourth Dynasty, basis of similarities between heads from mastabas G sometime between the late years of Snefru's reign and the 4240 (Cairo JE 46215; fig. 46d) and G 4440 (Boston middle of the reign of his son Khufu. I This head has close 14.718; fig. 46g) he identified the tomb owners as broth-. affinities with two others found later in the Western ers. At approximately 30 centimeters in height, these Cemetery at Giza and is probably among the earliest of heads are two of the largest. 9 The chief feature they share the entire series. It is also one of only four found out­ is the long, narrow shape of the face, apparent when they side the Giza necropolis,2 which has yielded twenty-seven are seen from the front; however, when viewed from any examples,3 most from the reigns of Khufu and Khafre, other angle, the resemblance dissipates. 1o Reisner also who was Khufu's son and second successor in the believed he could determine the ethnic background of Fourth Dynasty.4 individuals represented by the heads. For example, he Reserve heads are unique in Egyptian art because each identified Cairo JE 46218 (G 4340; fig. 46c) and Cairo one was made to be complete in itself, not as part of a JE 46216 (G 4640; fig. 46a) as west Asiatic," although statue. Every head is cut off flat at the base of the neck, both have characteristics in common with others he allowing it to stand upright. All are represented with thought represented native Egyptians. While individual short-cropped hair or perhaps shaven heads. A large pro­ reserve heads may have been made to resemble the peo­ portion also show evidence of intentional damage to the ple in whose tombs they were placed, it is equally possible ears and the back of the head. Many reserve heads were that the similarities among these works are the result of carved from fine white limestone with the features well conventions used by an individual artist or group of artists. formed and the surface carefully smoothed. Some, how­ Any study of the reserve heads must involve grouping ever, were quite crudely carved and appear to have been them according to type, a highly subjective exercise in finished with substantial amounts of plaster,5 and two which each viewer will find different affinities. The chief were made from finely ground Nile mud.6 obstacle to any definitive comparison or analysis of the heads is a lack of good, comprehensive photographs. No photographs exist of certain examples, and only one view RESERVE HEADS AS PORTRAITS has been published of others. In many cases photographs have been taken from different angles: some from above, Although there are many affinities among the heads, each some from below, some with the head turned slightly to has particular characteristics that distinguish it from the the right or left but almost never rotated to the same others, as can be seen in a photograph of a group from degree. And views of the backs of the heads are largely Giza (fig. 46).7 This individuality has led many scholars unavailable. There are, however, excellent scaled pho­ to describe reserve heads as portraits. George Reisner, tographs of most of the examples excavated by Reisner, Reserve head (cat. no. 48) 73 A B c D Fig. 46. Eight reserve heads excavated in 1913 at Giza by the Harvard University-Museum of Fine Arts Expedition, displayed at the Har­ vard Camp, Giza, December 17, 1913. The heads were divided between the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. From left to right, they are: a. Cairo JE 46216 (G 4640); b. Boston 21.328 (G 4540; cat. no. 47); c. Cairo JE 46218 (G 4340); d. Cairo JE 46215 (G 4240); e. Cairo JE 46217 (G 4140); f. Boston 14.717 (G 4140); g. Boston 14.718 (G 4440); h. Boston 14.719 (G 4440; cat. no. 48) and Roland Tefnin has provided multiple views of many even in site of manufacture, with the head from Dahshur, pieces. 12 Using these resources, it is possible to discern a royal necropolis approximately fourteen miles to the numerous stylistic parallels among the sculptures. For south that was diminishing in importance while Giza was example, it is apparent that Cairo JE 46218 (G 4340; becoming the preeminent royal burial ground. 16 Further fig. 46c), one of Reisner's west Asiatics, has a number attempts to link heads stylistically using firsthand exam­ of features in common with Boston 14.717 (G 4140; ination and up-to-date, comprehensive photographs fig.
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