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Preparatory Environmental Study Report

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Preparatory Environmental Study Report Preparatory Environmental Study Report 1. Title of the Cooperation Project and Names of Project Proponent Title of the Cooperation Project: The Study on Mater Plan on Renewable Water Resources Development in the South West Region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Project Proponent : Ministry of Water and Electricity (MOWE) Main responsible Agency : Deputy Minister for Water Affaires, MOWE 2. Outline of the Project （1） Background and Location of the Project Saudi Arabia is a desert country with the mean annual rainfall of less than 100mm. More than 80% of water is used for agriculture. The water resources mainly rely on non-renewable deep groundwater (57% of the total use). The desalinated water (4%) is also a major source as it is used only for domestic/drinking water. The government has a policy not to develop non-renewable groundwater any more. In addition, the desalinated water is more or less costly. So it is necessary for the country to develop alternative water resources. The south-west region is the only area, with comparatively high mountains, where annual rainfall is over 500mm. The Saudi Arabian government requested the Japanese government to carry out the study on water resources development and management in the south-west region (five provinces; Makkah, Al Bahah, Asir, Jizan, and Najran), with priority consideration on the development of renewable surface water and shallow ground water. JICA dispatched a preparatory study mission to see the actual conditions and discussed with the Ministry of Water and Electricity (MOWE) on the scope of work for the Study. As of February in 2007, the JICA study on master plan is scheduled to start in mid. 2007. （2） Present Conditions of the Study Area ① Water Supply and Sewage Facilities/Services The water supply and sewage facilities in Saudi Arabia are developed well in Riyadh, the capital city. But, in the other regions including the Study area, the diffusion rate of these facilities is relatively low. And the rate of unaccounted for water including the leakage loss is high in most water supply system and it is estimated at 20-30% in general. The actual conditions of water supply and sewage are different by provinces, but the general conditions in the Study area are described as follows: • The water supply system is mostly poor at present. Only some cities have its water supply 1 pipeline networks in some limited districts. The main water supply relies on water-tank trucks in most districts. • There are three kinds of water sources for the water supply. The locations of surface water sources are limited as only some dam-reservoirs impound in the dry season. The groundwater sources with wells are common in most districts and provinces. The desalinated water is well used in the Study area, except Najiran province, for domestic/drinking purpose. • There are sewage systems only in a few cities at present. • In every province, some water supply and/or sewage facilities are under construction at present or to be constructed in the near future. ② Agriculture and Irrigation Facilities The general conditions of agriculture and irrigation are as follows: • There is only one comparatively large irrigation project in the Study area. The irrigation project in Jizan province has a dam with impounding water for irrigation and the irrigation area with canals and control structures. But, the system is not well used at present. • There are many private small scale irrigation systems with water source from wells. • The government has been nurturing the development of agriculture by providing subsidiary aids. • There are no newly proposed irrigation schemes by the government. ③ Meteorological and Hydrological Monitoring Meteorological monitoring ・ There are some meteorological observatories and/or rainfall stations in every province, which are under management of MOWE. The records are collected at the MOWE head office and compiled in the database. ・ There are the other synthetic 28 meteorological observatories with automatic recorders, which may be under management of PME. Six of them are located within the Study area. ・ The observation and facility management by MOWE is generally subcontracted to private companies; however there are also some provincial offices or staffs of MOWE in charge of meteorological and hydrological monitoring. ・ The records are periodically sent to the MOWE head office. The consumables and spare parts are sent to the sites from the head office in general. ・ In addition, some researches or studies of a project base established monitoring facilities for respective purposes. Hydrological monitoring 2 ・ There were some runoff-gauging stations with automatic recorders in every province in the Study area, before nearly 20 years ago. However, all the stations are abandoned due to flush-out during flood, vandalism, thief, and/or poor maintenance/repair. ・ There are no runoff-gauging stations with automatic recorders at present. ・ There are some new staff gauge stations which are established mostly within recent some years. Groundwater monitoring ・ According to the information from MOWE, there are 11 wells in Makkah province, 9 wells in Jizan province, 9 wells in Najran province, respectively for observation purpose. There are no observation wells in Asir and Al Baha provinces. ・ In general, only the groundwater level is measured, but electric conductivity is also measured in Jizan province. ・ SGS（Jeddah）office also carries out groundwater monitoring in some areas near Makkah City. Water Quality monitoring ・ MOWE prepared water/soil quality standards with the management regulations in 2006 for domestic/drinking water, effluent from sewerage treatment plant (STP), and soil for agricultural uses. ・ The PME office also has water quality standards for effluent to public water bodies and to drainage pipelines/channels. ・ There is water quality laboratory (or laboratories) in every province. The water quality monitoring is carried out for domestic water (water supply network, water trucks, etc.), water sources, and effluent from STP. ④ Surface Water Resources Development Existing dams Dam is the major surface water development structure. There are approximately 230 dams in the country at present. The summary of existing dams as of 2004 is shown in the following table: Summary of dam numbers and reservoir volume in each province (2004) Province Main purpose Total Reservoir 3 Domestic Flood Recharge Irrigation number volume water control Million m3 Asir* 14 16 34 64 378.1 Makkah* 2 3 20 25 108.0 Jizan* 1 1 1 3 51.4 Najran* 3 3 6 88.2 Al Baha* 1 3 21 1 26 31.2 Riyadh 18 42 60 80.4 Medina 6 10 16 80.7 Qassim 1 2 3 3.1 Hail 3 4 17 9.3 Jouf 3 3 5.2 Total 18 57 146 2 223 835.6 （Note：Provinces without dams are not shown. Provinces with * are located in the Study area） The following points are found from the table above: ・ Number of dams in the Study area is 124 in total, which is 56% of those in the whole country. ・ Asir province is the No.1 province in numbers as well as reservoir volume. ・ The total reservoir volume in the Study area is 656.9 Million m3, which is 79% of that in the whole country. ・ More than half of existing dams have the main purpose of recharge and the second one is flood control, then the third one is domestic water use. There are only two dams with the main purpose of irrigation. But, it is noted that many dams have actually multi-purposes. Although it is not shown in the table, there are two existing underground dams, which are located in Makkah province. Dams under construction and planning In recent some years, many dam projects started suddenly after nearly 20 years period without remarkable development, mainly due to economic recovery. The dams under construction and/or planning in the Study area are summarized in the following table: Number of Dams under construction or planning in the Study area Province Existing dam Under construction／ Total 4 Planning Asir 64 70 134 Najran 6 12 18 Jizan 3 13 16 Makkah 25 15 40 Al Baha 26 18 44 Total 124 128 252 It is more or less surprise that the number of new (under construction／planning) dams will be more than that of existing dams. There are several underground dams included in the number of new dams. Shallow Wells There are a lot of shallow wells in every province. Most wells are located in wadi bed or low lands. Some wadis have many wells in a group, which is developed as a project. The number of wells varies from 10 to 80 in general and the depth varies 10 to 40m in general at each wadi. The pumping and pipeline facilities are connected to each well. The water pumped up from wells is sent to towns, villages, or water injection facilities to water-tank trucks, but through storage tank, distribution reservoir, or purification plant, according to the individual conditions of water uses and locations. ⑤ Deep Ground Water Development The deep groundwater is the major water source in Saudi Arabia. The groundwater is generally used for agriculture/irrigation. There are nearly 100 thousands wells registered in MOWE. But, it is informed that there are also many wells, which are not registered yet. Majority of wells are private uses and agricultural uses. There is no reliable detailed information for wells in the Study area. Although the non-renewable deep ground water is the major water source for the country, the uses of water from deep groundwater are not common in the Study area, except very limited locations, due to hydro-geological formation in the south-west region. ⑥ Desalination Plants and Reclaimed Water Use Desalination Plant Development 5 Saudi Arabia has history of desalination water development since 1928.
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