OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 28 SUMMER 1978 NO. 3

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a Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio Officers—terms expire 1978 Robert Harter, 1961 Buttermilk Hill, Delaware, Ohio Jeff Carskadden, 2686 Carol Drive, Zanesville, Ohio President—Jan Sorgenfrei, Associate Editor, Martha P. Otto, 2985 Canterbury Drive, Lima, Ohio 45805 Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio Vice President—Steve Fuller, 4767 Hudson Drive, Stow, Ohio 44224 All articles, reviews and comments on the Ohio Archae­ Executive Secretary—Dana L. Baker, ologist should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, re­ West Taylor St., Mt. Victory, Ohio 43340 quests for back issues, changes of address, and other Treasurer—Don Bapst, matter should be sent to the business office. 2446 Chambers Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43223 Recording Secretary—Mike Kish, PLEASE NOTIFY BUSINESS OFFICE IMMEDIATELY 39 Parkview Ave., Westerville, Ohio 43081 OF ADDRESS CHANGES. BY POSTAL REGULATIONS Editor—Robert N. Converse, SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. P.O. Box 61, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Editorial Office Trustees P. O. Box, Plain City, Ohio 43064 Terms expire Business Office Ensil Chadwick, 119 Rose Ave., Summers Redick, 35 West River Glen Drive, Mount Vernon, Ohio 1978 Wayne A. Mortine, Scott Drive, Worthington, Ohio 43085 Oxford Heights, Newcomerstown, Ohio 1978 Charles H. Stout, 91 Redbank Drive, Membership and Dues Fairborn, Ohio 1978 Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are Max Shipley, 705 S. Ogden Ave., payable on the first of January as follows: Regular mem­ Columbus, Ohio 1978 bership $7.50; Husband and wife (one copy of publication) William C. Haney, 706 Buckhorn St., $8.50; Contributing $25.00. Funds are used for publish­ Ironton, Ohio 1980 ing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological Society Alva McGraw, Route #11, Chillicothe, Ohio 1980 of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization and Ernest G. Good, 16 Civic Drive, has no paid officers or employees. Grove City, Ohio 1980 The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and Frank Otto, 1503 Hempwood Drive, subscription is included in the membership dues. Columbus, Ohio 1980 Back Issues Regional Collaborators Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: David W. Kuhns, 2642 Shawnee Rd., Portsmouth, Ohio Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $4.00 Charles H. Stout, Sr., 91 Redbank Drive, Fairborn, Ohio Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse .... 3.00 Claude Britt, Jr., Many Farms, Arizona Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse .... 7.00 Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, Ohio Back issues—black and white—each 3.00 Steven Kelley, Seaman, Ohio Back issues—four full color plates—each 3.00 James Murphy, Dept. of Geology, Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, Ohio to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, Ohio from time to time. Write to business office for prices and Gordon Hart, 760 Fort Wayne Rd., Bluffton, Indiana availability.

STANDING AND SPECIAL COMMITTEES

NOMINATING COMMITTEE CHAPTER COMMITTEE EXHIBITS COMMITTEE Robert Converse, Chairman Steve Fuller, Chairman Frank Otto, Chairman Ensil Chadwick David Towell—Frankfort, O. Dick Partin Wayne Mortine Charles Coss—Uhrichsville, O. Steve Balazs Don Bapst John Haney—Ironton, O. John Baldwin Ken Black Don Casto—Lancaster, O. Billy Hillen James Greiger—Oak Harbor, O. Don Gehlbach AUDITING COMMITTEE Harry Hopkins—Piqua, O. Ed Gall-Willoughby, O. PROGRAM COMMITTEE Ensil Chadwick, Chairman James Gooding —Lewis Center, O. Robert Hill Martha Otto, Chairwoman M. J. Galloway—Piketon, O. Larry Cronkleton Jack Hooks Robert Sturm William Tiell RAFFLE COMMITTEE Charles Stout, Sr. FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS COMMITTEE Buddy Haney, Chairman Joseph Dunlap Graig R. Ciola Ernest Good, Chairman Jerry Hagerty EDUCATION/PUBLICITY/ Max Shipley Earl Townsend Jack Hooks HISTORICAL COMMITTEE Steve Fuller Mike Kish, Chairman MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Gordon Hart Dave Mielke Dean Driscoll Buddy Haney, Chairman Marilyn Harness—Society Librarian Robert Converse Charles Stout, Jr. Dorothy Good —Society Historian Jan Sorgenfrei Ottie Cowan Lar Hothem Dave Scott Kendall Saunders Don Bapst Mary Beth Albin PRESERVATION COMMITTEE Tom Stropki Dana Baker, Chairman LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Jack Lanam Jim Ritchie Steve Parker Bert Drennen Alva McGraw, Chairman George Morelock Dwight Shipley Doug Hooks Ed Hughes David Brose David Kuhns Charles Voshall Gilbert Dilley Dr. John Winsch PRESIDENT'S PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS An Effigy Owl Pipe 4 I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the Society membership for the privelege of being The Skeleton Man 6 elected your President. In assuming this position, I also wish to thank Jan Sorgenfrei for his dynamic William C. Mills' Notes On The Edwin Harness leadership during the past two years. Jan has ini­ Mound Excavations Of 1903 8 tiated many inovative programs, ideas and objec­ tives which will be perpetuated and expanded upon. The Eiden Phase Component Of Pearson Village 12 He will continue to serve the Society in the capa­ city of Executive Secretary. Pipe Creek Chert; Newly Discovered I feel extremely fortunate in that we have a fine, Aboriginal Quarry Source 13 capable group of new officers dedicated to per­ forming the best possible job for the Society during A Highly Sculptured Effigy PiDe From Indians.. .14 the next two years. Due to our increasing size, it becomes increasingly difficult to be aware of the A Brown County Turkey-tail Cache 15 talents and interests of our membership. If you A Preliminary Report On A Puzzling Single would like to become actively involved with the Component Woodland Site In Society, please feel free to contact me or one of the other officers. Southwestern Ohio 17 Since joining the Society nearly nineteen years A Review Of Contemporary Documentation ago, many changes have been observed. Most Regarding The Hog Creek Shawnee significantly, I have witnessed our growth from a Reservation Near Lima, Ohio 21 few hundred to our current membership which is over 1800. Hopefully, we should have nearly 2,000 Crane Creek Site Points 29 members before the year's end. Steady growth is a healthy and positive indicator of increasing in­ An Unfinished Prismoidal Atlatl Weight 30 terest in our native pre-history. It is my personal goal, and I hope that each of you will share in it, to Birdstones From The William Piatt Collection . . 31 have a membership of at least 2,500 by 1980. This goal can easily be accomplished if each member Preliminary Report Of A Late Archaic Site 32 will support their Society by obtaining at least one new member. Help! 34 Your Society at this date is financially sound. Artifacts From The Ochsner Collection 35 The bulk of our revenue is generated by the sale of our special issues such as Flint Types and by the Vertebrate Fauna From The Tower Site(33BL15) 36 sale of back issues. Due to the rising costs of pub­ lication and mailing, it seems probable that we will Artifacts From The Ochsner Collection 40 be faced with a dues increase for 1979. This topic The Plymouth Firepit: A Woodland will be analyzed thoroughly and a decision made at the Board of Directors Meeting scheduled for Sep­ Occupation In Huron County, Ohio 41 tember 24, 1978. Historically there has been a constant problem Book Review 43 involving a shortage of articles and pictures for publication in the Archaeologist. We are extremely Some Ashland County Field Finds 43 fortunate to have Bob Converse as Editor. It is cation is, you can make it better! Having a good primarily due to his energy and capability that our backlog of material from which to select will en­ magazine is the finest of its' kind. At the risk of sure timely delivery and well balanced articles. sounding like a broken record, I urge you to help I am looking forward to serving you during the make his job easier. Surely each of us has some­ next two years. All communication will be wel­ thing that could be shared with the membership, comed. Let your Society know what you think can whether it is a photo of an interesting relic or a be improved upon. Become involved! Let's all work detailed site report, send them in. To my knowledge together to keep our Society an organization to be no article has been refused. As fine as our publi- proud of. Thank you. Stephen L. Fuller BACK COVER Top row, left to right. 1. Pick, red slate from Boughton Hill, New York. 2. Bar, green banded slate from New York State. FRONT COVER 3. Pendant, red banded slate, bell shaped from Medina Two very large Adena spears from Kent County, Delaware, County, Ohio, It has 258 tallies on its' edges. 4. Pendant, were recently acquired by Jon Baldwin of West Olive, dark black slate, bell shaped from Illinois. The surface is Michigan, who contributed the color photographs. Large covered with incising. 5. Pipe, tube, of Ohio Pipestone (Ports­ classic Adena burial sites have been in the Delaware, mouth) from Fayett Co., Ohio. Tallied on the rim. Second Maryland, Virginia, area of Chesapeake bay in which a row, left to right. 6. Pipe, compact sandstone, Mic-mac type great amount of Ohio material has been found. This east­ from Miami County, Ohio. 7. Pipe, slate, vase type from ward extension of Adena has long been a puzzle to archae­ Marsh Site, East Bloomfield, New York. 8. Gorget, green ologists. The site in which these pieces were found banded slate, ovate shape from Palding County, Ohio. 9. contained Adena cache blades of Ohio Flint Ridge flint, Gorget, brownish banded slate, expanding center type from copper beads, Adena expanded center gorgets, and a Miami County, Ohio. 10. Gorget, green banded slate, ex­ copper gorget. The largest spear is 9Vi inches long and panding center from Cuyahoga County, Ohio. the balck spear is TVi inches long.

3 An Effigy Owl Pipe by Bob Jackman Box 301 Wellsville, Ohio

The owl effigy pipe and the turtle shell turtle shell bowl, and a clam shell clustered bowl shown in the accompanying photo­ at the knees. The pipe is 31/2 inches high graphs (Figs. 1-4) were found with a burial and 1% inches wide across the wings. It is excavated by the author and his son on De­ made from light brown hard stone. The eye cember 14, 1969. The site, in eastern Ohio, sockets are recessed, and, when first dis­ has been identified as Mononagahela. The covered, contained a white powdery sub­ burial was in a flexed position 32 inches be­ stance that may have been the residue of low the ground surface with the pipe, the clam shell inserts.

Fig. 1 (Jackman): Front view of owl effigy pipe. Fig. 2 (Jackman): Side view of owl effigy pipe. Fig. 3 (Jackman): Rear view of owl effigy pipe.

Fig. 4 (Jackman): Turtle shell bowl found in association with the pipe

5 THE SKELETON MAN (Incised pendant no. 1119)

by William W. Tiell Lakewood, Ohio

This trapezoidal pendant was found in Allen County, Indiana. It is exceptionally thin and very symetrically shaped. The material is green banded slate with the bands running elliptically across the face. Both sides are highly polished with a slight brown staining on the obverse side. The engraving is located on the center top edge extending toward the suspension hole, 1Me" long (about the size of a postage stamp—see actual size drawing #2). The title "SKELETON MAN".was given to this pendant by Cameron Parks because of the small, stick-like, figure embellishing the pendants surface (human effigys are rare among engraved slate). The figure's upraised hands and the two lines into the chest area are a curious feature of this graphic illustra­ tion. The engraving depth is shallow, a gen­ eral characteristic of engraved slate. The heavy wear on the incised areas indicates much use after the engraving was applied. There are four small notches on the top edge, (see photograph #3). A curious trait of this engraved pendant is, when it's in a normal hanging position, the figure is inverted. Although not common, slate incised pendants, sometimes have this peculiarity. Perhaps it was meant to be viewed by the wearer in lifting it upwards from its vertical suspension. There is one well worn clip (%") on the reverse of the engraved area. The incising may have been the results of the fracture if the "Religous Mending Theory" is applied. Note: In my personal experience with in­ cised slate pendants —a high percent of engraving exists within the trapezoidal classification. Fig. 1 (Tiell) Allen county, Indiana pendant, actual size. The incised area is between the top edge and the suspen­ R ftf firsncss" sion hole. CONVERSE, ROBERT N.-Ohio Slate Types. PARKS, CAMERON —Personnel communication, 1972. Fig. 2 (Tiell) Actual size drawing of incising.

Fig. 3 (Tiell) Enlargement of the four tally notches on the top edge.

Fig. 4 (Teill) Photograph of "THE SKELETON MAN" enlarged seven times.

7 William C. Mills' Notes on the Edwin Harness Mound Excavations of 1903 James L. Murphy The Ohio Historical Society Columbus, Ohio 43211

Recent salvage excavation of the Edwin capitalization, spelling, and punctuation have Harness mound (33-Ro-22), sponsored by been retained. the Ohio Archaeological Council (Greber 1977), has aroused considerable interest in Greber, N'omi 1977 Revisiting a Classic Hopewell Site for the rather complicated history of previous Modern Salvage; Ohio Archaeologists excavations at the site. Unfortunately, the at the Edwin Harness Mound. Ohio early published accounts (Squier and Davis Archaeologist 27( 1): 10-12. 1847; Metz and Putnam 1886; Moorehead Metz, C. L. and F. W. Putnam 1897; Putnam 1886) are rather brief and can­ 1886 Explorations in Ohio. Eighteenth and not be supplemented by field notes. Even Nineteenth Annual Reports of the Trus­ the fullest report, that of Mills (1907), the tees of the Peabody Museum 3(5-6): result of his 1903 and 1905 excavations at 449-466. this classic Hopewell mound, is far from com­ Mills, William C. plete by modern standards, and until recently 1907 The Explorations of the Edwin Harness no original account of Mills' work at the site Mound. Ohio Archaeological and His­ was known to exist. torical Publications 16:112-193. There is, however, in the Archives-Manu­ Moorehead, Warren K. scripts Division of The Ohio Historical Society 1897 Report of Field Work Carried on in the an uncatalogued manuscript diary kept by Muskingum, Scioto and Ohio Valleys Mills during the year 1903. This includes during the Season of 1896. Ohio Ar­ daily reports on the Harness excavations chaeological and Historical Publications made during August of that year, and perusal 5:165-274. of these suggests that they are all that was Putnam, Frederic W. made in the way of field notes. The diary, 1886 Report of the Curator. Eighteenth and which also contains an account of the exca­ Nineteenth Annual Reports of the Trus­ vations at the Gartner village site north of tees of the Peabody Museum 3(5-6): Chillicothe, was donated by Helen M. Mills, 401-418. the daughter of William C. Mills, July 12, 1945, and has apparently remained uncata­ logued and unnoted in the collection of Wednesday, Aug. 12. Broke camp at Camp official Society archives since that time, al­ Gartner and left at 6 A.M. Arrived at the Har­ though it is essentially a personal document. ness Mound 11 A.M. The trip was a very hard Because of its historic interest, this ac­ one, the roads being dusty & very dry. The count of Mills' 1903 excavations at Harness afternoon was devoted to putting camp in is published in full. No trace has been found order and looking over the mound. The of a diary or notes covering the subsequent Harness Md. is the largest of the Liberty excavation of 1905, and this may remain the Group, surveyed in about 1846 by S & D, fullest account we have of the actual work the md. at that time was partly opened by done at Harness. them. Then came Putnam who took out the Mills' entries require little comment. Al­ best portion of the mound. Then Loveberry though most readers will recognize "S & D" who tunneled the portion left. So we feel as Squier and Davis, it may be worth noting there is only a small portion left for us. How­ that "Loveberry" was Clarence Loveberry, a ever the mound seems in tact and has never veterinary student at Ohio State University been moved from the original base and it is and assistant editor of the American Archaeo­ my intention to thoroughly examine the base. logist in 1897, who excavated W. K. Moore- Photographs were taken of the mound before head's tunnels at the Harness mound in 1896. work begun. Height of mound, 12% feet; In writing his diary, Mills did not use length, 160 feet. periods. In the interest of readability, these Thursday, Aug. 13. The morning was de­ and capital letters at the beginning of sen­ voted to clearing the mound of trees & tences have been added. Other vagaries of rubbish. The largest tree, Elm, is on the west

8 side of the mound and at the south end and the day was used in removing the earth from measures 3 ft. in diameter and one at the the surface or top of the mound. So far no north end measures 2 ft. in diameter and on burials were found, only at the base line & every portion of the mound small trees & below. However there seems to be burials underbrush is growing in abundance. upon the base line and about 6 in. above. The mound was photographed before The earth in the mound is very hard & dry work was begun and at the time the mound as no rain has fallen in this section for almost was cleared. The first shovel of dirt was one month. thrown at 10:00 and the work of exploration Tuesday, Aug. 18. The graves are very begun. The bottom of the mound was fol­ numerous on the south end and S. E. corner lowed around the south end and the E side of the mound and are placed in close proxim­ as far as the tunnels begun by Moorehead. ity to each other. One of the graves contained Near & along the E side was a number of 13 flint knives (cremated skeleton #7). #s 8, small stone (flat) and laid over a portion of 9, 10,11 & 12 were removed but nothing was the mound. placed with them. #13 contained some cut At the south end evidences of two burials mica. In fact mica is found in various portions were found. of the mound. 14, 15 & 16 was also cremated Friday, Aug. 14. Today the work was but nothing placed with the bones. On the pushed forward at the South end and 5 cre­ East side a series of post holes have come mated skeletons & one uncremated was re­ to light. Some of these are very large being moved. With #3 was found a large crystal of more than 2 ft. in diameter and going into 1 galenite. With #4 was a large drinking vessel the gravel about 2 /2 feet below. However made from ocean shell and a fine copper ax the holes vary in diameter from 3 in. to 2 feet, about 2 inches in length and 1% wide, finely the greater number being about 6 to 7 inches wrought and slightly corroded. The cremated in diameter. During the day on the E side a skeletons are usually placed on the base of large number of fire places were brought the mound but this burial was 19 inches be­ to light. In the fire places & surrounding them low the base. The cremated skeleton had were numerous fragments of pottery, various evidently been cremated away from the md. animal bones such as the deer, elk, bear, and the calcined bones placed in this depres­ raccoon, & w turkey. These fireplaces could sion and covered quite deep with grass & readily be distinguished by the great number twigs and all surrounded with small logs from of calcined stones piled in regular order. 3 to 4 in. in diameter. These were evidently Wednesday, Aug. 19. Today was a very set on fire and before entirely consumed interesting one because of the find of a covered with earth. It was also discovered carved bone, being a portion of an amulet that near each burial was a post hole extend­ beautifully carved in figures similar to those ing several feet into the base below. found at Hopewell. During the moving (? morning) a skeleton This cut bone was placed with skeleton 1 (uncremated) was discovered & photo­ #23 and was about 2 /2 feet above the base graphed. With this burial were a number of line & was prac. all consumed. Skeletons #17 Pearl beads in a fair state of preservation. & 18 were only partially consumed and were Saturday, Aug. 15. The cut to the East no doubt cremated on the spot as the center side showed that it was covered with flat of the bone and the bones of the trunk were stone about 3 to 6 in. long & 2 to 5" wide in tact and not all burned while the head & 1 1 and from /2 in. to 2 /2 in. in thickness. This arms & upper portion of the body as well as covered only a small portion of the mound. the lower limbs were reduced to ashes. The stone were laid in regular order and The bones that were left were those of very close together and extended up the adults probably males. side of the mound about 5 feet. Skeleton #20 was perhaps the best as Indications of burials were discovered not far as relics are concerned as 3 Cu Ear orna­ far from the edge of the mound to the East. ments, ocean shell beads, a broken platform The south end has developed several cre­ pipe were found. However all the pieces of mated skeletons during the day. The mound this pipe were found. #21 contained on Cu. earth is composed of compact earth gathered Ear ornament. #22 surrounded by logs had from the surrounding surface. Directly to the many beads of bone & sharks teeth and a few north is quite a depression as well as one to pieces of mica, uncut. the E. where the greater part of this earth Thursday, Aug. 20. 14 men at work today. was procurred. Came upon the tunnel made by Moore­ Monday, Aug. 17. The greater portion of head to the extreme north of our cut. Here the tunnel was quite large and smaller Earth which shows the value of working from branches were extended from the larger one the side as well as from the end. but no connection between this tunnel and Saturday, Aug. 22. Today was quite event­ the one on the opposite side. The loose earth ful. In cleaning out the tunnels made by in the tunnel contained many fragments of Moorehead we found a fine lot of beads of human bones calcined and a perfect piece bone and a number of broken pieces of cop­ of Cu ear ornament was taken out of the loose per ornaments. Directly south of the central earth in the tunnel. Upon examination of the portion of the mound was found a grave con­ floor of the tunnel two cremated skeletons taining a cremated skeleton which was cov­ and many perforated teeth were found 6 in ered with woven fabric and many large pearl below this floor. Not far from the tunnel we beads were scattered through the heap, about found skeleton #29. Cremated with it was 20 needles & awls badly calcined were also an ornament of stone representing an eagle removed also a copper crescent badly claw but being quite large. Copper button burned, its shape scarcely recognizable. This attached to cloth and a very large bead, was surrounded by bark and a piece of woven broken, presumably made of ivory. The bead cloth. was perhaps 1V* in. in diameter. Directly south The cremated skeleton was placed upon a of this skeleton was another and with it was platform of fine sand & directly beneath the placed 3 bodkins of Turkey bone and 7 sand was a layer of bark and portions of the needles pierced with hole near the larger skin of some animal. Mooreheads tunnel end. Further south was another with badly came within 4 inches of this skeleton. The burned sea shells. mound measures 12 feet in height at this Friday, Aug. 21. The morning was mostly point. The soil for the most part consists of taken up with removing the earth from the surface clay mixed here & there with gravel top. However a few graves to the E were which is found at a depth of from 2 to 3 feet. brought to light and from one 20 flint knives Monday, Aug. 24. The day was mostly (flakes) were taken. And Moorehead tunnel spent in removing the top part of the mound. gave one perfect Ear ornament of Copper No skeletons were removed today. and several broken ones. Tuesday, Aug. 25. A large portion of the The floor on base of the mound was cov­ top was removed and a cut around the large ered (to the East side) with a very thin layer elm was made showing that more soil had of sand then a layer of bark then the skele­ been placed on the west side, that is the tons over this and then came a layer of fine sides were not so perpendicular. However sand. In several instances small raised places the same arrangement of flat stone placed with slight depressions in center and the over the sides of the mound for a short dis­ calcined bones placed therein. tance. The stone were much larger & some Still many of the larger postholes occur. quite heavy. The post holes on the west side Several were measured and found to be 11" were more regular than on the east and the 1 fire places were lacking. in diameter and extending 4 /2 feet below the base of the mound. These were all Wednesday, Aug. 26. The mound work cleaned out, some contained flint knives ceased at this point on account of funds. others mica & animal bones while still others Will be finished next year—or the year fol­ contained ornaments made of teeth. It was lowing as we have been requested to make discovered that the south End 75 feet was a an exhibit at the World's Fair, St. Louis, 1904. mound of itself as shown by the stratas of Mills Aug. 26-1903

10 Fig. 1 (Murphy) Photostatic copy of page from Mills' notebook showing sketch of the Harness mound.

11 The Eiden Phase Component of Pearson Village Jonathan Bowen Department of Archaeology The Ohio Historical Society Columbus, Ohio 43211

Pearson Village (33-Sa-9) is located on the Acknowledgement east side of Green Creek about 3.5 miles I wish to thank Mr. and Mrs. Merle Pear­ upstream from Sandusky Bay in Sandusky son for allowing me to conduct field work on County, Ohio. The site is situated on a sandy their property. knoll all around which the terrain is level and poorly drained. I conducted a surface References Cited survey of the site in May 1977. The remains McKenzie, Douglas H., and John E. Blank recovered suggest that Early Woodland, 1976 The Eiden Site: Late Woodland from the Riviere au Vase Phase Late Woodland, Eiden South-Central Lake Erie Region. In The Phase Late Woodland, and Whittlesey Upper Late Prehistory of the Lake Erie Drain­ Mississippian components are present. The age Basin, ed. by D.S. Brose. The Cleve- land Museum of Natural History, Eiden Phase Late Woodland component is Cleveland, pp. 305-326. the focus of this paper. One of the most diagnostic traits of the Prufer, Olaf. H., and Orrin C. Shane 1976 The Portage-Sandusky-Vermilion River Eiden Phase is Mixter Tool-impressed ce­ Region in Ohio. In The Late Prehistory ramics (Shane 1967: 158-160). Eighteen of the Lake Erie Drainage Basin, ed. sherds of this type, 14 of them rim fragments, by D.S. Brose. The Cleveland Museum were recovered from Pearson Village. Prob­ of Natural History, Cleveland, pp. 283- ably at least 10 vessels are represented. The 304. average lip thickness is 6.5 mm, and the Ralph, E.K., H.N. Michael, and M.C. Han average rim thickness 1 cm below the lip is 1974 Radiocarbon Dates and Reality. Archae­ 7.4 cm. Because the remains were all mixed ology of Eastern North America 2(1): up by the plow, no other material can be 1-20. attributed to the Eiden Phase component. Shane, Orrin C. On the basis of radiocarbon dates from 1967 The Mixter Site. In Studies in Ohio other Eiden Phase components (Table 1), I Archaeology, ed. by OH. Prufer and suggest that these people inhabited Pearson D.H. McKenzie. The Press of Western Village sometime during the period of about Reserve University, Cleveland, pp. 121- A.D. 1300-A.D. 1425. 186.

Table 1 Mixter Tool-impressed Chronology

Site Reference Date M.A.S.C.A.* T.R.C. Correction Eiden (McKenzie and A.D. 1490 AD. 1420 (Black River) Blank 1976: 324) (W-535) Libben (Prufer and A.D. 1280 A.D. 1300 (Portage River) Shane 1976: 301) (GX-1317) A.D. 1310 A.D. 1320 (GX-1740) Heckelman (Prufer and A.D. 1495 A.D.- 1425 (Huron River) Shane 1976: 302) (GX-1745)

•(Ralph et al 1974: Table 1)

12 Fig. I (Bowen) Mixter Tool-impressed Rims from 33-Sa-9.

Pipe Creek Chert: Newly Discovered Aboriginal Quarry Source By David M. Stothers and William Rutter

While conducting field survey in the Fall undertaken to verify the geological formations. of 1977, Dr. David Stothers and G. Michael This chert type appears to have been used Pratt encountered a new chert source on the extensively by aboriginal peoples in north- farm of Erie County Commissioner John Schaf- central Ohio from Paleo-lndian times up to fer. This source consisted of in situ deposits European contact. Through reexamination of of lustrous blue-black chert that outcrop along extent collections, it has been determined Pipe Creek as while as along the southern that this Pipe Creek chert, which is similar but Lake Erie shore and in the Huron River Val­ distinguishable from Upper Mercer, may have ley. Since that time Dr. Stothers, Mr. Pratt, been misidentified as the latter type in the and Mr. Frank Huntley, Industrial Minerals past. Mr. Huntley is presently conducting Geologist at Libbey-Owens-Ford (and inci­ further geological tests to differentiate the dentally, Treasurer of T.A.A.R.C.) revisited Pipe Creek from the Upper Mercer type, and the site for further reconnaisance and geologi­ his conclusions will eventually be published cal work. Survey and trenching with a back- in the Ohio Academy of Sciences. hoe (courtesy of Mr. Schaffer) have been

13 A Highly Sculptured Effigy Pipe From Indiana by D. R. Gehlbach Columbus, Ohio

Several recent articles have been written lar stage of maternity depicted by the Preble concerning "pregnant woman" effigy pipes County effigy. from Ohio, (see Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 23, All three of the documented pipes bear No. 4). The well publicized female effigy pipe the same facial and body characteristics and from Preble County formerly in the Dr. Meu- illustrate similar craftmanship in sandstone. ser collection and now housed at The Ohio The featured piece is perhaps slightly more Historical Society and another example from massive then the other two effigies. Athens County formerly in the author's col­ Each of the sculptures can be classified lection are favorably complemented by the as coming from the Mississippian phase and pictured sculpture. This pipe was found some as such represent a more polished artistic years ago at the Mann Site near Mount Ver­ portrayal than contemporaneous Fort Ancient non, Indiana. It features a nearly full term sculptures found throughout the same Ohio pregnancy and can be compared with a simi­ Valley area. As in Fort Ancient they are dated in the late prehistoric period.

Fig. 1 (Gehlbach) Female effigy pipe in sandstone, Mount Vernon, Indiana.

14 A Brown County Turkey-tail Cache James L. Murphy and James Morton, Columbus, Ohio

The recent discovery of a cache of 310 area less than two feet in diameter and no ceremonially killed turkey-tail blades is the more than four inches deep. There were no largest known such cache ever found in Ohio. traces of red ochre or bone. Within a foot The deposit was discovered by Tom Patrick, of the surface, however, all traces of bone while plowing on a field on his father's farm may well have disappeared since the cache southwest of Sardinia, in Washington Twp., was deposited. A small quantity of charcoal Brown Co., Ohio. was picked from the soil, but since most of The authors visited the site on May 21, it was in the plow zone, the sample has not 1978, and examined 255 of the blades. All been submitted for radiocarbondating. are made of gray to dark gray Indiana horn- An additional number of blades, estimated stone. Considerable variation in form of the at 30 to 40, were previously obtained by a base exists, along with a lesser amount of neighbor and reportedly sold before we could variation in blade width, but time did not examine them. The entire cache, then, may permit making measurements of the indi­ well have numbered about 350 blades, al­ vidual blades. Most appear to fit Binford's though only 310 have been seen by the Fulton type, though assignment to his several authors. The largest previously known turkey- Fulton varieties remains problematic, since tail cache from Ohio is the Spetnagle cache the varieties have never been fully described found during building construction at Chilli- in print. Didier (1967) does provide outline cothe in 1922. This consisted of upwards of drawings of the varieties, which suggest that 200 blades (Shetrone, 1924: 639), although nearly all of the Patrick cache blades repre­ many were apparently disseminated among sent Binford's Fulton variety, although a few visitors to the site before Mr. Spetnagle was seem to represent his Harrison type, Marshall able to acquire the collection. The Spetnagle variety. cache is now housed at The Ohio Historical The Brown Co. cache was discovered only Society. a half mile from the Patrick home, on a small knoll overlooking the valley of Browns Run. References Although badly disturbed by plowing, the Didier, Mary Ellen cache appeared to be confined to a relatively 1967 A distributional study of the turkey-tail small area, and the authors excavated a ten point. The Wisconsin Archaeologist, Vol. by ten foot square. Most of the excavating 48, no. 1, pp. 3-73. consisted of searching the recently plowed Shetrone, H. C. top soil for blades and blade fragments. Once 1924 The Spetnagle cache of flint spear- this was done, and the base of the plow zone points. Ohio Archaeological and Histori­ reached, it was found that the remnants of cal Publications, Vol. 32 (1923), pp. 638- the cache were restricted to a very small 640.

15 Fig. ohy) Site of the Patrick cache in Brown County, Ohio.

Mll|l|l|!|i!!|l!ir, pjPIt 111' ' '2 ' ' 3i • '4i * f 12,

F19. 2 (Murphy) Some of the "ceremonially killed" turkeytail blades from the Patrick cache.

16 A Preliminary Report on a Puzzling Single Component Woodland Site in Southwestern Ohio by Ms. Joy Jones Middletown Journal First and Broad Middletown, Ohio 45042

The Clark site (33WA124) is situated on of disturbance since we were informed that the alluviated western flood plain of the Great fence lines had been bulldozed out, and to Miami River in. southwestern Ohio about 1 note whether there might be any undisturbed 1 mile north of an east tributary and /4 mile features. Contact was maintained with David north of a small west tributary (Fig. 1). Due Miller, regional preservation archaeologist at to a bend in the river, the site is approximately the Dayton Museum of Natural History, dur­ 900 feet north of the river's present course ing the work, which revealed disturbance a and runs in roughly an east-west direction depth of 15 to 20 inches to sand and glacial along an estimated 4-foot high rise. It is one deposited gravel. Most of the pottery was of 14 sites within an 8 mile area surveyed recovered at a depth of 10 to 14 inches with during the past three years. It is the only one disturbance still below. A total of 71.5 square so far along the Great Miami River, the others feet was tested. being situated along or in the vicinity of the The only definite diagnostic artifacts re­ east tributary previously mentioned. covered to date relate to Jack's Reef Corner- Both Hopewell and Adena are represented notched points considered by Ritchie (1971: in this area. These ceramic sites have yielded 26-27) as later Middle Woodland and early typical Hopewell utilitarian ware and Adena Late Woodland in New York (Fig. 2). He notes Plain pottery. The only exception is the that they are also found in Ohio's Intrusive Burdge site (33WA184), a Late Archaic- Mound culture from where they probably Early Woodland site, which, in addition to dispersed into New York. Converse, however, Adena Plain, has produced a large humber implies the form entered Ohio from New York of puzzling thinner plain and cordmarked (1970: 63), with Brennan (1974: 78) com­ sherds with scantly diagnostic material of menting that the New York form is probably later cultures to account for them (Jones distantly related to Ohio Hopewell. Prufer 1977: 6-11). (Note: the Burdge site number (1975) lists the point style under Hopewell was changed by the Ohio Historical Preserva­ in his Scioto Valley survey, while Shane and tion Office after submission of the report to Murphy (1975: 333) consider it simply Middle the Ohio Archaeologist.) Woodland in their Hocking Valley survey, 1 The Clark site, which covers less than /2 commenting that the area did not participate acre, was discovered in the spring of 1977. in the Hopewellian interaction sphere. A few Due to the presence of four disturbed but contracted basal fragments have also been definite hearths along the edge of the rise recovered which may relate to Jack's Reef and the concentration of material in the im­ Pentagonal, which Ritchie (1971: 28) states mediate area of the hearths, permission was was also in Ohio's Intrusive Mound culture. obtained from Mike and Walter Clark of Mike Notable at the Clark site are the flake Farm Enterprise, Dayton, who farm the land, knives and tools (Fig. 3). Murphy (1975: 223) to test the site in the fall. Because of the comments that in surface collections there precise area of the finds, the absence of can be found "complete integradation be­ habitation signs in the surrounding fields, tween carefully prepared, indisputable Hope­ and the homogeneous nature of the material, wellian flake knives and cruder specimens it was impossible to dismiss the feeling that assigned to the Late Woodland". One is not only could the site be single component tempted to term those from the Clark site as but also could represent a single en­ "sloppy Hopewell". Scrapers would be lost campment. in almost any cultural context as would much Three test squares, two at the northern of the other material (Fig. 4). Mention should edge of two separate hearths and the third also be made of notching on .apparent dis­ roughly between the two and about 20 feet carded worked pieces. Debitage consists of north, were hand trowelled because of the almost equal amounts of Harrison County, concentration of material in the plow zone. Indiana, flint and local glacially deposited Testing was also done to determine the depth cobble chert. There is a small amount of

17 black, possibly Zaleski, flint, and a couple of treatments and that decoration was limited flakes of possible Flint Ridge material. Not­ to the rim and lip areas. He also comments ably lacking are the colorful Flint Ridge that "straight or thickened collared rims oc­ varieties. cur on numerous pottery types across the Both burnt and unburnt deer bone appears northern United States and southern Can­ concentrated in the eastern edge of the site ada, from the plains eastward" (Dorwin 1971: and a few fragments of polished bone have 379). Decorations confined to the rim area also been recovered. are noted for a number of northern cultures The 122 ceramic sherds found to date including the Point Peninsula in New York may give a faulty impression of the concen­ (Martin, Quimby and Collier 1947; Funk tration unless it is noted that 96 were recov­ 1976). Some characteristics of that ware do ered in the three test units (Figs. 5 and 6). appear quite similar to some of the Clark site The most obvious impressions are their thick­ material. ness, the almost massive grit tempering, width Five rim sherds are represented (Fig. 5). of cordmarking, and the use of other corded The first is cordmarked to lip, which is un- treatment. Some sherds combine punctates smoothed and possibly curves outward. The or incised lines with cordmarking. The color lip itself is 6mm thick but increases to 8mm is mainly medium brown with a few buff and along the upper rim. The second rim is 5mm red, and is fairly consistant throughout. Some thick and decorated with transverse nicks. of the cordmarked sherds show horizontal The third appears to have been decorated brushing on the interior. Considering tem­ with diagonal knotted impressions 2-4mm pering only on the Clark site ceramics, the wide and 3-5mm long. Its lip is smoothed and breakdown is: limestone, 13; limestone/sand, flat, 7-8'mm across thickening to 10mm at a 3; limestone/grit, 23; grit, 71; and grit/sand, point 40mm below the lip where a thinning 12. groove is suggested; the associated body Partially reconstructed rim and body sherd is vertically cordmarked. Another sherd sherds from one vessel show a slightly con­ has a 9mm thick flat lip and is probably cord­ stricted neck, shouldering, a nearly straight marked to the lip. The fifth rim sherd has a rim and flat lip. The rim treatment appears flat lip 5.5mm thick and is indented 4mm be­ to be diagonal knotted cord impressions with low the lip with what appears to be the be­ the body vertically cordmarked. Fragments ginning of a narrow 2mm wide diagonal apparently related to another vessel and pos­ cordmarked pattern which seemingly relates sibly from the rim show a combination of it to decorated sherds to be described shortly. punctate and cord impressed techniques. There is one possible appendage, and five The Clark site ware does not appear re­ plain body sherds 6-7.5mm thick. Two body lated to McGraw or Cole Cordmarked (Baby sherds faint incised lines over cordmarking and Potter 1965) or similar to other Late and one small neck area sherd appears to Woodland ceramics described by Murphy have a scratched surface. Sixty-nine sherds, (1975). There is also little similarity to New­ 4.5-9mm thick with generally overlapping im­ town Focus Late Woodland ceramics pres­ pressions 2-6mm wide, have tempering which ently being analyzed by Rodney E. Riggs, reaches a maximum size of 7mm. The surface regional preservation archaeologist at the is undetermined on 34 sherds. Cincinnati Museum of Natural History (per­ Six decorated sherds were recovered from sonal communication). one test square and may represent the rim Tempting comparisons, however, can be area of one pot. They combine punctates made with sherds from a small Indiana Late with cord impressions. Punctates on one Woodland site salvaged by James Heilman sherd are 5-6mm long, 2mm wide, and 1mm of the Dayton Museum of Natural History deep over possibly smoothed cordmarking. and considered by him to be related to but One fragment shows a single impressed cord earlier than the Bowen site, part of the Oliver 2.5-3.5mm wide between the punctates. tradition in central Indiana (Dorwin 1971). These sherds are reddish throughout, 4- Decorative techniques and tempering are 10mm thick, with grit tempering particles to similar. The Clark site ware also falls within 7mm in diameter. the body thickness and tempering size range Material from the Clark site, guess dated although tending to be more to the heavy at A.D. 500-600 by Heilman, suggests work­ side (Heilman, personal communication). Dor- shop, hunting, and hide fabricating activities win (1971: 245-247) notes in his discussion during a possible single encampment. A few of Bowen site ceramics the disconformity similar specimens found on multi-component between rim and body sherds in surface sites along the east tributary previously men-

18 tioned imply they hunted up the creek during Converse, Robert N. their stay. Both Riggs and Michael Smolek, 1970 Ohio flint types. Archaeological Society regional preservation archaeologist at Wright of Ohio. State University, have commented that Jack's Dorwin, John T. Reef Corner-Notched points are present in 1971 The Bowen site: an archaeological study this part of Ohio although Smolek noted of culture process in the late prehistory they are not common (personal communi­ of central Indiana. Prehistory Research cation). The Clark site does not appear to fit Series 4 (4). Indiana Historical Society, into presently known Late Woodland assem­ Indianapolis. blages in this area of Ohio and its relationship Funk, Robert E. to Hopewell appears somewhat remote. 1976 Recent contributions to Hudson Valley Due to the depth of disturbance it seems prehistory. New York State Museum, unlikely that any undisturbed material re­ Albany, New York. mains and it is quite possible the hearths Jones, Joy were the only features. Rough measurements 1977 A ceramic problem from a Late Archaic- were taken between the hearths before addi­ Early Woodland site in southwestern tional farming activity could disturb them Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 27 (4): 6-11. more. From center to center, the distances Martin, Paul Sidney, George I. Quimby, and Don were 51, 61, and 46 feet. Disturbance, how­ Collier ever, does not appear so great as to have 1947 Indians before Columbus. The Univer­ completely destroyed relationships and it is sity of Chicago Press, Chicago and hoped some distribution analysis may be ob­ London. tained in future work. It is also hoped that Murphy, James L. better diagnostic material will be recovered 1975 An archaeological history of the Hock­ to clarify the site's temporal position, and ing Valley. Ohio University Press, that this report may prompt others to ex­ Athens, Ohio. amine site materials for possible cultural Prufer, Olaf H. relationships. 1975 The Scioto Valley archaeological sur­ vey. In Studies in Ohio archaeology, Acknowledgements edited by Olaf H. Prufer and Douglas My deepest thanks to the Clark family without H. McKenzie. The Kent State University whose cooperation this report would not have Press, Kent, Ohio. been possible. Ritchie, William A. References 1971 A typology and nomenclature for New Baby, Raymond S. and Martha A. Potter York projectile point types (rev. ed.). 1965 The Cole complex: a preliminary analy­ New York State Museum and Science sis of the Late Woodland ceramics in Service Bulletin 384. Albany, New York. Ohio and their relationship to the Ohio Hopewell phase. Papers in Archaeology Shane, Orrin C. Ill and James L. Murphy 2. Ohio Historical Society, Columbus. 1975 A survey of the Hocking Valley, Ohio. In Studies in Ohio archaeology, edited Brennan, Louis A. by Olaf H. Prufer and Douglas H. Mc­ 1974 Beginner's guide to archaeology. Dell Kenzie. The Kent State University Press, Publishing Company, New York. Kent, Ohio.

Fig. 1 (Jones) Looking north at the Clark Site. Disturbed hearths are situated along the edge of the rise.

19 Fig. 2 (Jones) Basal and blade fragments. Breaks appear old and not due to plow damage.

Fig. 3 (Jones) Flake tools at top, possible core scraper or knife center left with edge showing heavy use, crude pentagonal shaped worked chert, and contracted bases (note apparent notching).

Fig. 4 (Jones) Drills, scrapers, apparent graver lower left, and crude "drill" form center bottom row.

Fig. 5 (Jones) Rim sherds. Apparent diagonal knotted impressions on rim at left with body sherd cordmarked. Upper right are cordmarked rim sherds, one with trans­ verse nicks across lip. Decorated rim sherd (center) with possible associated sherds below showing combined cord impression and punctate techniques. Fig. 6 (Jones) Body sherds. Possible appendage (center); two sherds at lower left have faint incising across cord­ marking: neck sherd with "scratched" surface.

20 A Review of Contemporary Documentation Regarding the Hog Creek Shawnee Reservation near Lima, Ohio by Stan Baker, The Ohio Historical Society

Henry Howe (1847: 29) indicates that the colonial contact with the Shawnee was tenu­ Shawnee at Hog Creek were officially recog­ ous if not absent. At any rate, this period was nized in 1817 as a result of the Treaty of quite disruptive for the Shawnee society. Maumee Rapids. Through a series of conflicts Several authors believe that Hog Creek and numerous treaties, the Shawnee and and the closely related settlement of Wapa­ various other tribes relinquished their Ohio koneta were continuously occupied by Shaw­ titles to all but small reservations in the north­ nee from 1786 until removal (Hill 1880; Wood western part of the state (Fig. 1) (Klopfenstein 1976). Other historians feel that settlements 1976: 28-30; Sherman 1925: 134-135, 138). were maintained on the upper branches of In 1817, the Shawnee in particular retained the Auglaize River as early as 1780 with the three such areas: the Shawnee of Wapa- defeat of the Shawnee at Old Town, Ohio koneta received a 10-mile square trace; near (Howe 1849: 29; Rusler 1921: 139-140). Rus- Lewistown, a mixed band of Senecas and ler (1921) also contends that Bluejacket's Shawnee occupied a 48 square mile reserve. town during this period was situated in the The third reservation, just south of present- Wapakoneta, Ohio, vicinity. These are very day Lima, Ohio, at Hog Creek, consisted of simplistic approaches to a complex period in 25 square miles adjoining the Wapakoneta Ohio's Indian history and contemporary docu­ reserve on the north (Fig. 2). Although the mentation does not support any of these Hog Creek Shawnee became a governmental hypothesis. entity in 1817, little is known about their The misunderstanding of Shawnee settle­ cultural and political identity prior to this ment is partly caused by an earlier town with date. Recent historical studies, attempting a similar name. Wakatomica, formerly located to elaborate on this settlement, have clouded on the Mad River drainage in Logan County, more than clarified contemporary documen­ was established at about the time Old Town tation. This article is an attempt to assimilate was abandoned, late in the 1770s (Howe existing documentation and place the infor­ 1847: 229; Wheeler-Voegelin 1974: 269). mation in a broader historical perspective. Other evidence suggests that Wakatomica, The society which we call the Shawnee and not Wapakoneta, was closely associated was originally composed of five divisions, with Bluejacket's town of the period from which Kinietz and Voegelin (1939: xiii) de­ 1778 to 1786 (Ibid.: 276). The following ac­ fine as"... more or less autonomous political count has also confused some historians. In units". Prior to the mid-eighteenth century the autumn of 1785, several Shawnee towns these groups did not function as one but on the Mad River were attacked and de­ moved and made decisions independently stroyed by General Benjamin Logan (Howe or in combinations of two or more divisions. 1847:299). Alexander McKee, a British Indian Villages were referred to by the principle agent and resident at the Macachac town division present, e.g. Chillicothe, Piqua, was forced to move with his swine to the Mekoce or Macachac, etc. (Note: these are Lima region, which thereafter the Shawnee the more common spellings). The final quar­ called Koshko Sepe or Hog River (1847: 2). ter of the eighteenth century and the early These events are based on an account by nineteenth century was quite disruptive to Jonathan Alder, a white captive on the Mad the Shawnee social system. The five original River in 1786 (Brown 1965: 40). Alder relates divisions were split internally and externally that the Shawnee were forced to move north­ ". . . over the question of active participation ward and winter somewhere along Hog in Indian-American hostilities" {Ibid.: xiii-xiv). Creek. Early in 1787 these Shawnee returned Contemporary records from this period refer to the Mad River region to make sugar, and to the towns by a place name or the name of by the summer a camp was established at the the principle chief. It is not known whether head of Blanchard's Creek in Hardin County the Shawnee stopped applying divisional (Brown 1965: 40-41). names to their towns as a result of the break­ down of the social system or if contemporary Wheeler-Voegelin (1974: 272-274), in her white references used a common name de­ synoptic discussion of the aboriginal use of rived from external sources. Generally, white Ohio and Indiana, produces similar evidence for Mekoce Shawnee activities on the Mad Continued on Page 24 21 Ohio Fluted Points, collection of Bob Converse, Plain City, Ohio. Top left-gray Coshocton flint, Stovertown, Coshocton Co., Ohio. Top center-Indiana green, Darke Co., Ohio. Top right—Indiana hornstone, Montgomery Co., Ohio. Middle left—Upper Mercer flint. New California, Union Co., Ohio. Middle center— patinated Flint Ridge flint, Yellow Bud, Ross Co., Ohio. Middle right-glossy gray Coshocton flint, Arnold, Union Co., Ohio. Lower left-Zaleski flint, east of Hilliard, Franklin Co., Ohio. Lower right—Indiana green, Tuscarawas Co., Ohio.

22 Seven birdstones from the collection of Clyde Theler, Cincinnati, Ohio. Top —Medina Co., Ohio. 2nd from top — LaGrange Co., Indiana. Ferruginous slate. 3rd from top—Scott Co., Indiana. 2nd from bottom left—Montgomery Co., Ohio. Bottom left- Tippaconoe Co., Indiana. 2nd from bottom right-Seneca Co., Ohio. Bottom right-DeKalb Co., Indiana.

23 Continued from Page 21 River from 1777-1786, but she does not casionally visited the Wapakoneta area dur­ support continued occupation on the upper ing the next 10 years (1831: 37; Griswold Auglaize nor the upper Ottawa drainages. 1927), and describes the Shawnee of the Wheeler-Voegelin has found evidence in region as about"... 570 souls" who"... raised » General Wayne's letters that during the much cattle and hogs" (1831: 35, 37), he Indian Wars (1790-1794), no Indian towns never mentioned Hog Creek in any of his were located in western Ohio south of the official or personal correspondences. Ap- j Greenville Treaty boundary. Likewise, settle­ parently Wapakoneta was the principle ments probably did not exist on the upper settlement and where the subagency was Ottawa and Auglaize rivers. Apparently for established. Johnson probably considered strategic purposes, the Shawnee and other Hog Creek a satellite of Wapakoneta with all hostile tribes were settled near Grand Glaise official business conducted through the (Defiance, Ohio) and at Fort Wayne, Indiana principle chiefs of the latter community. (Kinietz and Voegelin 1939: 21). John John­ Contemporary descriptions of the Hog son (1831: 34), the long-time Indian agent Creek settlement are generally lacking in to the Shawnee, documents this occupation detail but a few notes can be assembled. by stating that after 1790 the Shawnee settle­ Historians usually focus their attentions to ment was focused on the confluence of the what is usually referred to as PHT's council Maumee and Auglaize rivers. At the close of house (Fig. 3); locally PHT or Falling Tree the Indian Wars, "they gradually extended is remembered as a principle chief. All local their settlement up the streams southward histories generally agree that construction until they finally fixed at Wapakoneta where of this log building began in 1831. With the the bulk of the nation now lives." This era possibility of removal and the death of PHT, during the Indian Wars also saw the removal it is believed that construction was not fin­ of a mixed band of peaceful "Missouri" Shaw­ ished until after the Indian removal in 1833. nee, who established themselves west of the This building and other log structures were Mississippi River (Kinietz and Voegelin 1939: apparently used by the first whites who xiv; Johnson 1831: 35). bought land formerly held by the Indians. Except for a minor group of Shawnee, led Construction details in Figure 3 include trap by Tecumseh, hostilities were dropped by logs, projecting eave beams, a ridge-pole, most of the "Ohio" Shawnee in 1795. Kinietz and rib rafters, all common features of log and Voegelin (1939: xiv) reason that Shawnee construction of the early nineteenth century of mixed Chillicothe and Mekoce divisions (Hutslar 1972). No doubt other features like established themselves at Wapakoneta, Ohio, butting poles and weight poles with knees following the Greenville Treaty. Johnson were formerly used on this hewed log build­ (1843:22) produces evidence via Black Hoof, ing. Although less obvious in the photo, other a principle chief of the Shawnee, that Col. details can be attributed to European con­ John Hardin was killed on his way to Wapa­ struction. The front facade once contained a koneta on the "Upper Auglaize" in 1795. door and a small window to the left. Photo­ graphic evidence also suggests an exterior In conclusion, it is quite likely that in 1795, chimney and a full second story as evidenced with Indian and white hostilities being sup­ from ceiling joint placement. It would be pressed, anti- and pro-American Shawnee quite difficult to determine how much of the returned southward from villages along the structure was actually constructed by the Maumee. Harvey (1885: 164), a Quaker mis­ Shawnee. Hutslar (1972: 194-200) indicates sionary to the Shawnee, did not know"... the that by the beginning of the nineteenth cen­ precise time they (the Shawnee) had their tury Indian groups were constructing log first settlement ... on the Auglaize". How­ buildings similar to their white neighbors. ever, like Wapakoneta, the Hog Creek area The Quaker mission at Wapakoneta with fed­ was probably settled in the decade preceding eral assistance was also instrumental in pro­ the formation of the Quaker mission in 1808 viding the Shawnee with a grist and saw mill, (Thornbrough 1961: 19). and residences for both the mission superin­ In addition to providing a reservation on tendent and the Indians (Harvey 1855: 139; the Hog Creek for the Shawnee, the Treaty Johnston n.d.: 37; Johnston 1824-5; Thorn­ of the Rapids of the Maumee also provided brough 1961: 18, 41). In conclusion, it is for an Indian agent". . . whose agency shall quite possible that cabins like PHT's were include the reservations at Wapaghkonetta, totally a white product, where only the neces­ at Lewistown, at Hog Creek, and at Blan- sary logs were provided by the prospective chard's Creek." John Johnson of Piqua, Ohio, resident. was made this agent. Although Johnson oc­

24 PHT's cabin was situated just west of Corn ness, or other minor reasons, and what Hill Run above the confluence of Hog Creek. At (1957:18) reports as the death of Black Hoof, the time of some recent archaeological in­ did not leave until the spring of 1833. Klop- vestigations here only early eighteenth cen­ fenstein (1976: 35) provides similar evidence tury ceramics, brick fragments, burnt earth and indicates that this band originated from and tabular sandstone fragments marked the Hog Creek but gives no indication as to the site which has been vacant since 1888 (Baker dead chief's identity. 1978). The present owner, Dale Hover, men­ Three letters as official documents of the tioned that the site has been previously U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs clarify the re­ plowed but undisturbed details might be moval of the Hog Creek Shawnee from Ohio. found since the site is situated on a fence On November 20, 1832, John Elliot, then line. An earlier round log cabin, garden area, agent to the Shawnee, asked permission for and PHT's grave is said to accompany the the Shawnee still residing at Hog Creek to site of this hewed cabin. delay removal until the spring of 1833 (Elliot The exact location of other Shawnee cabin 1832). The cause given was the sickness and sites could not be precisely determined in death of their "brother", or PHT. Traditional 1977. The Beese house just west of Little accounts of PHT's death are substantiated by Hog Creek was predated by a log structure the absence of PHT's mark on the request which could have been of reservation origin for removal in April and May 1833 (Little Fox (Archer 1976: 5). This location as a site for et. al. 1833a and 1833b). These requests Shawnee residences is also mentioned by marked not only the final exodus of 87 Hog Howe (1907: 242). A Bowsher homestead, Creek Shawnee from Ohio but also the end now the Walter Seiling farm along Hog Creek, of an era of Shawnee involvement in Ohio. is traditionally known as a part of Shawnee settlement. A log house which predated the present farmhouse might also have been Bibliography originally occupied by Shawnee. An early Archer, Dave plat map was prepared prior to the removal 1976 100 miles of basic history. Sponsored of the Hog Creek Shawnee, but it provides by the First Federal Savings and Loan, no details regarding how the reservation was Lima and Ada, Ohio. occupied (Riley and Heaton 1832). Recently a similar map of the Hog Creek Reservation Brown, Orley E. 1965 The captivity of Jonathan Alger and his was found in the National Archives by a local life with the Indians. Prepared for dis­ Wapakoneta historian. A comparison of the tribution by his great-grandson, Alliance, two proved their similarity, but again no Ohio. significant details were noted on the Baker, Stanley W. second map (Hazel Weber 1978, personal 1978 Preliminary archaeological survey of the communication). proposed improvement of Shawnee No exact size of the Hog Creek settlement Road near Lima, Ohio (ALL-CR 152/ has been given but indirect evidence sug­ SR117). Submitted by Martha Potter gests about 20 households. In 1817, the Hog Otto, Ohio Historical Society, to Ohio Department of Transportation, Colum­ Creek Reservation was held equally by 24 bus, Ohio. Shawnee. Hill (1957: 118) reports that 84 Shawnee or 12 families were removed in Elliot, John 1833. In Trowbridge's account, the Shawnee 1832 Letter to Lewis Cass, November 20, "Prophet" estimates that the average family 1832. U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs let­ size was 6 (Kinietz and Voegelin 1939: 33). ters, April 15, 1831 to January 4, 1836. Manuscript Collection, Ohio Historical The 14 or 15 families projected would be Society, Columbus. quite consistant with the 12 to possible 24 families reported in 1833 and 1817. Griswold, Bert J. 1927 Forf Wayne, gateway of the west. Gar­ A treaty was drawn up on August 3, 1831, rison Orderly Books and Indian Agency for the removal of all Shawnee from Ohio Account Book. Published by the His­ and the cession of their lands to the United torical Bureau of the Indiana Library and States. At least P.H. Tha (PHT), Naecimo or Historical Department, Indianapolis. Little Fox and Pamothaway or George Wil­ Harvey, Henry liams of the Hog Creek settlement signed 1855 History of the Shawnee Indians from this document (Kappler 1972: 334). The ma­ the year 1681 to 1854, inclusive. jority of the Shawnee removed late in the fall Ephraim Morgan and Sons, Cincinnati, of 1832 but a small group because of sick­ Ohio.

25 Hill, George W. Little Fox, George Williams, Quilena and 1880 Historical sketch of the Shawnee. Atlas Pecutsecoe of Allen County, Ohio. Published by R.H. 1833 Letter to Lewis Cass, April 10, 1833 Harrison, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. relating to the Shawnee wishing to im­ migrate. Bureau of Indian Affairs letters, Hill, Leonard V. April 15, 1831—January 4, 1838. Manu­ 1957 John Johnston and the Indians in the script Collection, Ohio Historical So­ land of the three Miamis. Piqua, Ohio. ciety, Columbus. Howe, Henry Little Fox, George Williams and Quillina 1847 Historical Collection of Ohio. Derby, 1833 Letter to Thomas B. Van Home from Bradley & Company, Cincinnati, Ohio. Wapaghkonetta, May 2, 1833 relating Howe, Henry to the removal of the remaining Shaw­ 1907 Historical Collections of Ohio. C. J. nee Indians from Ohio. Bureau of Indian Krehbiel & Company, Cincinnati, Ohio. Affairs letters, April 15, 1831-January 4, 1838. Manuscript Collection, Ohio Hutslar, Donald A. 1972 The log architecture of Ohio. Ohio His­ Historical Society, Columbus. tory 8 (3-4): 172-271. Ohio Historical McElvain, John Society, Columbus. 1833 Letter to E. Henry, Commissioner, from Wapaghkonetta, May 3, 1833 relating Johnston, John to the removal of the Shawnee Indians 1824- Papers, September 1, 1824—Septem- from Ohio. Bureau of Indian Affairs let­ 1825 ber 1, 1825, of John Johnston, Indian ters, April 15, 1831-January 4, 1838. Agent at Piqua, Ohio, including copies Manuscript Collection, Ohio Historical of receipts for government annuities, Society, Columbus. an abstract of presents issued to the Indians, and a list of the employees. Ripley, Jas. W. and Jas. Heaton Manuscript Collection, Ohio Historical 1832 Township 4, South Range 6, East of Society, Columbus. First Meridian, Ohio. Surveyed by Jas. Heaton, 1820, and Jas. W. Riley, 1832. Johnston, John Blueprint copy from the Allen County 1831 Letter to Benjamin Drake, November 14. Papers of John Johnston, Indian Commissioners Office, Lima, Ohio. Agent, from the Draper Collection. His­ Rusler, William torical Society of Wisconsin. Tran­ 1921 A standard history of Allen County, Ohio. scribed from microfilm by Richard C. The American Historical Society, Chi­ Knopf. cago and New York. 1843 Death of Colonel John Hardin as noted Sherman, C. E. by John Johnston. 1925 Original Ohio land subdivisions, being n.d. The papers of John Johnston, Indian Volume III, Final Report. Ohio Coopera­ Agent, from the Draper Collection. His­ tive Topographic Survey. Press of the torical Society of Wisconsin. Tran­ Ohio State University, Columbus. scribed from microfilm by Richard C. Knopf. Thornbrough, Gayle Kappler, Charles 1961 Letter book of the Indian Agency at 1972 Indian treaties 1778-1883. Interland Fort Wayne, 1809-1815. U.S. Bureau Publishing Inc., New York. of Indian Affairs, Indiana Historical So­ ciety, Indianapolis. Kinietz, Vernon and Erminie W. Voegelin 1939 Shawnee traditions. C. C. Trowbridge's Wheeler-Voegelin, Erminie account. Occasional Contributions from 1974 Ethnohistory of Indian use and occu­ the Museum of Anthropology of the pancy in Ohio and Indiana prior to 1795, University of Michigan 9. University of in Indians of Ohio and Indiana Prior to Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 1795, I. Garland Publishing Incorpor­ ated, New York. Klopfenstein, Carl G. 1976 The removal of the Indians from Ohio. Wood, Helen Winemiller The Historic Indians in Ohio. A con­ 1976 Pe-Aithch-Ta (PHT or "Falling Tree"), ference to commemorate the bicenten­ the Allen County Indian chief. The 1976 nial of the American Revolution. The History of Allen County, Ohio. A Bi­ Ohio American Revolution Bicentennial centennial Project of the Allen County Conference Series 3: 28-38. Ohio His­ Historical Society and the Lima Public torical Society, Columbus. Library. Unigraphic, Inc., Evansville, Indiana. Fig. 1: Indian reservations of northwestern Ohio, including Hog Creek and Wapakoneta (from Sherman 1925).

27 ALLEN COUNTY

OTTAWA RIVER

xHOG CREEK

BOUNDARY

LITTLE HOG CREEK

Fig. 2: Location of Hog Creek reservation.

Fig. 3 (Baker): View of PHT. cabin ca. 1880 (Allen County Historical Society).

28 CRANE CREEK SITE POINTS by John R. Heath Sullivan, Ohio 44880

1 During the high lake shore erosion of inches; width at widest part 1 /2 inch; thick­ 1 1975 at Ward's Canal-Crane Creek Site (Kinn ness in cross section /2 inch. Workmanship 1968: 41-49), which is located along the on this point is very good considering the south shore of Lake Erie in Lucas and Ottawa material the craftsman had to work with. The counties, the author found the three points weak stem point is made of tan chert. The shown in (Fig. 1). They were found in the very thin corner notch point is made of red sand along the waters edge in an area about and black mottled flint. Both small points )4 mile east of the bathing beach at Crane are highly polished by sand and water action. Creek State Park. Large Cottonwood trees A few worked flakes were also found. were being uprooted, and the shoreline was receding. Kinn, John The large spear point is unique. It is made 1968 The Ward's Canal-Crane Creek Site Ohio of dark gray limestone. The length is 4% Archaeologist Vol. 18 No. 2 Columbus, Ohio.

Fig.l (Heath) Water polished points from the Crane Creek site.

29 AN UNFINISHED PRISMOIDAL ATLATL WEIGHT Richard L. Sanders 233 Morrow Road South Lebanon, Ohio 45065

In my somewhat limited experience, the see from the photographs, some type of hol­ prismoidal weight in the photographs is not low instrument has been used in drilling. unlike others I have seen in regard to work­ The center of the hole is raised in a cylindri­ manship, size, and material. However, the cal manner approximately %" higher than presence of a partially drilled longitudinal the bottom of the hole. It would seem logical hole makes it interesting and provides the to assume that as a hollow instrument filled observer with insight on how such holes were with abrasive was rotated, it would cut down­ drilled. The hole in question is approximately ward, leaving a center protuberance. %" in diameter and Vi' in depth. As you can

Fig. I (Sanders) Two views of an unfinished atlatl weight showing manner of drilling.

30 Birdstones From the William Piatt Collection by William Piatt, Rt. 1, West Farmington, Ohio

Top —Bust type birdstone of cream colored quartz-like material with black stripes. Once in the James Moderer collection, received as a gift from his sister who lived in California who found it there in the sewing basket of a neighbor lady in 1946. The people who owned it had moved to California from Ohio. It is conically drilled from the bottom and is 2Vi inches high and 3 inches long.

Left—Blue banded slate once in the Professor Harry Kane Right-Made of dark gray banded slate. Broken hole was collection. Mercer County, Pennsylvania, 5 miles east of salvaged by groove completely around the base. Ohio, Orangeville, Ohio, is its provenience. The area is now county unknown. Meuser #1026/5. It is 3lA inches long covered by Shenango reservoir. It is IV2 inches high and and 1¥A inches high. 3lA inches long.

Bottom —Light gray banded slate. Prehistoric repair on broken beak. Along the back are 31 tally marks. From Crawford County, Pennsylvania, it measures 5!4 inches long and IV2 inches high.

31

I Preliminary Report of a Late Archaic Site by Allen J. Sanders Cincinnati, Ohio

There is a single-component, Late Archaic County (Indiana), Flint Ridge, and several site situated on the brow of a 225-foot hill other yet unidentified types of flint and chert 1 /2 mile south of Laughery Creek in Ohio were utilized. On the whole the quality of the County, Indiana. It is on the farm of Robert flint and chert and its workmanship is not and Wilma Wilber, who have kindly given me very good. The Diagonal Corner-Notched permission to investigate the site, and who point is an exception and it might not have have generously assisted me. Exact data on been made by the site's inhabitants since it the location of the site will be presented in was found roughly 100 feet from the peri­ the final article, and I am asking the members meter of the site. The Late Archaic inhabitants of the Archaeological Society of Ohio and apparently had trouble collecting flint, as others not to disturb it. they reworked many spearpoints into hafted The site covers about an acre, and is scrapers, thereby conserving materials. Four divided by a small creek that has eroded of the hafted (?) scrapers were even chipped away about 20% of the middle of the site. The from tips of spearpoints. midden is about two feet deep where no The stone artifacts are made from igneous erosion has occurred, and burned limestone rocks or gray slate. The unfinished bar or is found on most of the site at a depth of 15 gorget is made of slate. to 20 inches. The artifacts that have been Bone artifacts are not plentiful at the site. found at the site since May 1977 are the The bear tooth bead was found in what may following: be a small mound that was dug many years ago and lies on the perimeter of the site. The Flint tube was originally made by hollowing out a Drills 4 long bone. Drill fragments 14 Animal bones found at the site are mostly Hafted scrapers 33 deer, along with turtle shell, small mammal Hatred scraper fragments. ... 11 bones, and a few fish bones. Only one bat­ Spearpoints/knives 40 tered clam shell was found, but a hickory nut Spearpoint/knife tips 76 fragment was located among some of the Biface stem sections 94 ubiquitous burned limestone. This discovery Other biface fragments 100 shows an occupation of the site during Stone autumn. Hammerstones 3 Many human bones have been found in Pitted stones 8 the plow zone, indicating that the site had Crude slate discs 3 many shallow burials. Three nearly intact, Pestle fragments 3 juxtaposed skeletons have been excavated. Axe/celt fragments 12 The first of these was a 40 to 50 year old Unfinished bar or gorget 1 male (Fig. 1) found on July 9, 1977. No arti­ facts were with it, and most of the skull had Bone been plowed off. He stood about 5 feet 9 Antler tine spearpoint 1 inches tall and was buried in a flexed position Cut antler 1 with his hands in his lap 15 to 20 inches below Needle/awl fragments 2 the ground surface. A 35 to 50 year old fe­ Worked bone fragment 1 male (Fig. 2) was found 30 inches southeast Tube fragment 1 of the male skeleton on March 30, 1978. She Bear tooth bead fragment 1 was slightly crushed, but complete and about A majority of the hafted scrapers were 20 inches below ground surface. She was made from thick stemmed points, as were about 5 feet 5 inches tall, and was buried in at least 40% of the spearpoints/knives. Three the same position and direction as the male to five McWhinney Heavy Stemmed points, skeleton, except, one of her hands was under three Archaic Side-Notched points, one her chin and her head was facing a different Brewerton Eared point, two Lamoka points, direction. A 2.2 inch McWhinney Heavy one Fractured Base point, one Heavy Duty Stemmed point was found parallel to and 3 inches from her face. On April 16, 1978, a point, and one Diagonal Corner-Notched baby skeleton was found near the female's point have also been identified. Harrison

32 feet. Its femur was about 5 inches long, and at birth. It was in the same flexed position its head was the same dimension in diameter. and direction as the other two skeletons but It might have been hydrocephalic and died no artifacts were found with it.

North

McWhinney Heavy Stemmed Point I

Female

Infant Figure 1 (Sanders) Male Flexed burial found on July 9, Figure 2 (Sanders) Position of three skeletons at late Archaic 1977 at late Archaic site, Ohio County, Indiana. site.

33 HELP! by Martha Potter Otto Ohio Historical Society Columbus, Ohio 43211

Ever since it was founded in 1885, the projects such as working with a particular col­ Ohio Historical Society has been extensively lection or doing research for an exhibit, de­ involved in archaeological research, preser­ pending upon the individual's interests and vation, and interpretation throughout the skills. It is quite possible that volunteers can state. Indeed, state law specifically requires participate in an excavation project in the fall that the Society perform these functions. At or next spring or summer. We will make an the present time, the Department of Archae­ effort to schedule each person to work at a ology staff, exclusive of persons hired for spe­ time convenient for them although they will cific contract projects, numbers four people. be expected to work a minimum of 4 hours at These four persons are expected to maintain a time. Depending upon the availability of the Society's record and artifact collections, supervisory staff, we may open the lab on develop and maintain exhibits at the Ohio Saturday mornings to accommodate people Historical Center and at the Society's five who work during the week. archaeological state memorials in various If you are interested in participating in parts of Ohio, conduct field work including our volunteer program, please call(614/ salvage excavations, and provide information 466-1500, ext. 265) or write the Department on Ohio's prehistory to the general public. of Archaeology, Ohio Historical Society, 1982 For the past few years our job has been made Velma Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43211. easier by the assistance of numerous volun­ teers who have worked in our lab and on ex­ cavation projects. Looking into the future, however, it is clear that a group of volunteers well trained in both laboratory and field procedures would greatly enhance the Department's ability to carry out its functions, and, in so doing, could make a significant contribution to the preservation of Ohio's prehistoric cultures. With this in mind, I am inviting interested persons to join our training program that will begin in mid- October. Four 2-hour sessions will include a general orientation and discussion of field methods (Oct. 17); a review of Ohio prehis­ tory (Oct. 19); an introduction to laboratory procedures and restoration of artifacts and skeletal material (Oct. 24); and cataloguing (Oct. 26). The sessions will be held from 1:00 to 3:00 p.m. in the Department of Archae­ ology, Ohio Historical Center. The series will probably be repeated in January, March and even June 1979 so that persons unable to participate in October can join us later. Par­ ticipants will be given bibliographies and other handouts that will supplement our dis­ cussions and will hopefully provide useful information for future reference. Because of space limitations and our desire to give as much individual instruction as possible, each training class will be limited to 25 persons. Fig. 2 (Otto) Nancy Bletner, a Dept. of Archaeology volun­ After the orientation is completed, volun­ teer and OSU anthropology major organized an exhibit of teers will be invited either to do general lab Meso-American artifacts currently on display at the Ohio work or to become involved with specific Historical Center.

34 Fig. 1 (Otto) Volunteers, including high school and university students, housewives, and retirees, are helping Martha Otto ex­ cavate an Adena mound otherwise be destroyed by a housing development.

Artifacts from the Ochsner Collection

Bannerstones, tubes and copper artifacts from the collection of Eugene E. Ochsner, Johannesburg, Michigan. 1. Compact lime­ stone banner. Surface find, Albion and Abbey Roads, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, in 1933. 2. Banded slate tube, exact provenience unknown. Sandusky County, Ohio. 3. Banded slate, small tube, keeled on one side and grooved on the other. Surface find, Schaaf Road, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. 4. Banded slate ball-type banner. Surface find in 1895. Furnace Run, Boston, Summit County, Ohio. 5. Banded slate banner. Surface find, mouth of Caesar's Creek, Warren County, Ohio, north of Fort Ancient, in 1897. 6. Two copper ear spools and copper celt from Seip mound. Presented to Ochsner by H. C. Shetrone in 1930 in exchange for a com­ plete set of flint chipping tools (Erie) excavated in 1930 from the South Park site, Cuyahoga County, Ohio.

35 Vertebrate Fauna from the Tower site (33BL15) by Jeffrey D. Brown Regional Archaeological Preservation Office KSU-Tuscarawas Campus New Philadelphia OH 44663

The Tower site is a hilltop Monongahela What is somewhat startling is the high village in western Belmont County, C-14 representation of elk (46.81 %) within the total dated to A.D. 1290 ± 60 (DIC-783). The faunal amount of usable meat. Although derived sample is derived from excavations con­ from a minimum of three individuals, only ducted by the author (Brown 1978) and col­ deer and squirrel produced more mammal lections taken from the spoilpiles of old bones on the site. Clearly elk was a major potholes on the site. Work is continuing on staple of the aboriginal meat diet at this site. the site, so it is anticipated that a more com­ Surface collection of faunal material at the plete and detailed report will be forthcoming nearby Hunt site (33BL16) suggests that elk at some future date. was probably a major element in the total The Tower site vertebrate fauna consists assemblage there as well. This situation is of 10,472 bones either excavated during in pronounced contrast to major Fort Ancient 1975 or collected from the surface on other sites such as Blain (Prufer and Shane 1970), parts of the site. All excavated units were McCune (Murphy 1975: 279-308), Philo II 1 (Carskadden and Morton 1977), and Richards trowelled and the soil was sifted through /4 inch screen; all bone material was saved. (Shane 1976), where deer predominate, and Faunal remains from surface spoil piles were also to the unnamed Muskingum County hill­ collected after every rain, and by trowelling top site (Brown 1976), insofar as comparisons through some of the larger piles. This fact is with the small faunal sample from that site noted because it is felt a slight possibility are valid. exists that recovery of smaller remains from Percentages of elk versus deer at Monon­ spoil piles may have been incomplete, al­ gahela sites are rather variable: at Drew though not enough to bias the total sample (Buker 1970) there were 13 elk bones to to any significant extent. The sample is con­ 1057 deer; at Boyle site (Nale 1963) 149 elk sidered as a whole since both excavations and 435 deer; at Johnston site (Dragoo 1955) and artifacts from other parts of the site in­ 25 elk and 609 deer; and at McKees Rocks dicate a substantially homogeneous occupa­ (Lang 1968) 71 elk (21.7% of total meat) and tion. Internal statistical comparisons also 2190 deer (54.5% of meat). It is postulated failed to reveal any pronounced intra-sample that these differences may represent differ­ distinctions. The state of bone preservation ential availability of elk. With their much on the site is excellent. greater yield per animal, elk were probably Of the total of 10,472 bones, 1347 taken in preference to deer whenever pos­ (12.86%) were identifiable to the genus or sible. Land (1968: 64) has noted, "What few species level. Most of the remainder were data there are on the original elk population identifiable by class; 8131 were mammal, 983 . . . suggest that during the summer months were bird, and 11 were fish. The identified they formed small, widely scattered bands, species, percentages of total, minimum num­ collecting into herds with the advent of cold bers of individuals, and estimates of percent­ weather and seeking sheltered valleys where ages of usable meat are presented in Table 1. grass could be pawed from beneath the snow". With a preference for hilly or moun­ ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES tainous habitat, a higher frequency of elk Mammals: Of the identifiable bone at Tower remains on Monongahela and related sites in site, 70.44% is mammal, with whitetail deer the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau would thus alone comprising 45.28% of the total sample. be expected, reflecting upon availability. As­ Using White's (1953) method of calculating suming that the surrounding ecozone at pounds of usable meat per animal, deer ac­ Tower site was largely climax forest (Brown counted for about 31% of the total meat 1967) in a hilly region with few large streams supply from a minimum number of seven and no lakes, only a rather restricted range individuals. The few mandibles and absence of ecozones and food animals was readily of cranial elements do not preclude any state­ exploitable. It is interesting to note that the ments relative to seasonality of kills. only food mammals other than deer and elk

36 present in significant numbers are grey Fish: Remains of fish were scarce at Tower squirrel and raccoon, whose preferred habitat site, reflecting the low level of riverine re­ is mature deciduous forest or forest edge. source utilization. It is felt this low incidence As a climax forest environment was the pri­ accurately reflects the limited use of fish, mary focus of hunting activity, it would there­ as flotation of selected soil from features did fore seem that most hunting was carried out not turn up any small fish bone that might near the site. The relative frequencies of have otherwise been missed during excava­ identifiable deer elements are also suggestive tion. The only fish identified are suckers. of on-site butchering (Barber 1974b: 35), im­ plying that it was not necessary to carry kills CUT MARKS ON DEER AND ELK long distances. Cut marks from butchering and/or skinning Other than deer, squirrel is the most are generally expectable where found ac­ heavily represented mammal within the cording to the butchering techniques detailed archaeofauna, although it contributes a small by Guilday, Parmalee, and Tanner (1962). amount to the total meat available. Raccoon Marks were found on the following elements: and beaver contributed small but significant distal humerous (9 cuts, especially on the amounts of meat to the food supply. One lateral surfaces); proximal ulna (1); and proxi­ bear canine tooth and one mountain lion mal radius (1, for disarticulation of the foreleg proximal ulna were found; these animals at the "elbow"); scapula (1) and scapula blade would have contributed significant quantities (1, by axe?, for removal of the foreleg); distal of meat, but apparently were not commonly tibia (4), astragalus (1), and calcaneum (3, for taken. Note also the rarity or absence of disarticulation of the lower leg at the hock other larger carnivores such as wolf and joint); ribs (2), lumbar (?) vertebra (1), and bobcat. Although normally more scare than cervical vertebra (1, for dismemberment of the herbivores upon which they preyed, it the body carcass). Cuts on one axis and one still seems that there was little selective atlas are probably related either to body emphasis for carnivores. carcass butchering or to removal of the head. Birds: Turkey bones are the most plentiful In addition, cuts were also observed on one of the identified bird remains on the site, phalange, one distal femur, two cannon and a great many of the unidentified avian bones, and on the angle of one mandible. bones are also probably from this bird. Turkey Butchering cuts appeared on the following was the only bird significant as a food source, elk elements: axis (1, for removal of the head); and indeed was one of the more important astragalus (3, for disarticulation of the lower food animals at the site. Cut marks were leg from the hock joint); and scapula (1, for noted on one proximal radius, one distal dissection of the shoulder). One long longi­ humerous, and one (proximal) coracoid. tudinal cut was also noted on the parietal The only other birds upon which any of a skull. emphasis was placed are the passenger pigeon and bobwhite quail, which could BONE ARTIFACTS probably be anticipated considering the up­ Included here are several species not land location of the site. Again, localized otherwise represented in the faunal collec­ hunting for birds as well as animals appears tion. Four cut and drilled great blue heron to be the dominant pattern. (Ardea herodias) coracoids were found in Reptiles: The only reptile remains encoun­ one refuse deposit. One ornament was pro­ tered were turtle, which were plentiful duced on a Canada goose (Branta canadensis) throughout the site. All fragments that can phalange by drilling the prosimal end, and be specifically identified are box turtle; no one dog (Canis familiaris) and one wolf (?) aquatic species were found, as might be (Cam's lupus) tooth were found with roots expected since the Tower site inhabitants grooved for attachment or suspension. made little use of riverine resources. In light Summary of the large number of modified carapace A minimum of 26 species are represented fragments, it is conceivable that the primary by the 1347 bones identifiable to species. purpose in taking turtle was for use of the The majority of the faunal remains were re­ shell as a cup, spoon, or rattle. covered from excavations, but bones were Amphibians: The small number of toad bones also collected from spoil piles on various parts suggests that their presence is probably in­ of the site; the faunal assemblage can prob­ cidental to the aboriginal occupation of the ably be considered representative of the site. Toads are still common today on the animal resources exploited by the Indians hilltop. at Tower site.

37 Mammals, mainly deer and elk, supplied thesis, Department of Sociology and the majority of animal meat used on the site, Anthropology, Kent State University. however not enough mandibles were recov­ Buker, W.E. ered to deduce seasonality of kills. While 1970 The Drew site (36AL62). Pennsylvania emphasis was apparently placed on hunting Archaeologist 40 (3-4): 21-68. elk, comparisons with other site collections Carskadden, J., and J. Morton, eds. reveal variable elk frequencies at different 1977 The Richards site and the Philo phase sites, suggesting that hunting of elk was of the Fort Ancient tradition. Privately partially dependent on local availability. Al­ published, Zanesville, Ohio. though considerable numbers of squirrel Dragoo, D.W. bones were found, their contribution in 1955 Excavations at the Johnston site, Indiana pounds of meat was relatively minor. County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania From the birds, turkey and perhaps Can­ Archaeologist 25 (2): 85-141. ada goose supplied small but significant Guilday, J.E., P.W. Parmalee, and D.P. Tanner amounts of meat. Although available all year, 1962 Aboriginal butchering techniques at the Smith (1975) suggests that the preferred Eschelman site (36AL12), Lancaster hunting period for turkeys was autumn and County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania early winter, when the birds flocked to feed Archaeologist 32 (2): 59-83. on oak mast. The presence of migratory birds, Lang, R.W. turtles, toads (unless post-dating human oc­ 1968 The natural environment and subsis­ cupation of the site), clams, and nuts would tence economy of the McKees Rocks imply at least a spring-summer-fall site oc­ village site. Pennsylvania Archaeologist cupation. In keeping with the site's hilltop 38(1-4): 50-80. location away from major streams, only minor Murphy, J.L. use was made of riverine resources. A lo­ 1975 An archaeological history of the Hock­ calized pattern of faunal exploitation, relying ing Valley. Ohio University Press, primarily on game taken near the site, can Athens, Ohio. be inferred as predominant hunting pattern Nale, R.F. of the prehistoric Indians living at the Tower 1963 The salvage excavation of the Boyle site. site (36WH19). Pennsylvania Archaeolo­ gist 33 (4): 164-194. Bibliography Prufer, O.H. and O.C. Shane III Barber, M.B. 1970 Blain village and the Fort Ancient tradi­ 1974 Analysis of fauna from the Riker site. tion in Ohio. Kent State University Press, Ohio Archaeologist 24 (4): 42-44. Kent, Ohio. Braun, E.L. Shane, O.C. Ill 1967 Deciduous forests of eastern North 1976 A preliminary analysis of vertebrate America. Facsimile of 1950 Edition. faunal remains from the Philo II site, Hafner Publishing Company, New York. Muskingum County, Ohio. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 46 (3): 1-6. Brown, J.D. 1976 A Late Prehistoric hilltop site, Muskin­ White, T.E. gum County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 1953 A method of calculating the dietary per­ 26 (1): 24-28. centage of various food animals utilized 1978 The Tower site and Late Prehistoric by aboriginal peoples. American Antiq­ cultures in southeastern Ohio. Master's uity 18: 396-8.

38 TABLE 1: Vertebrate faunal remains from Tower site. ('Identifications and statistics are courtesy of Dr. Orrin C. Shane III) No. of %of Min. No. of %of Lbs. %of Species Bones Total Individuals Total Meat Total Elk Cervus canadensis 67 4.97 3 3.57 1050.0 46.81* Deer Odocoileus virginianus 610 45.28 7 8.33 700.0 31.21* Raccoon Procyon lotor 25 1.85 3 3.57 52.5 2.34* Bear Ursus americanus 1 .08 1 1.19 210.0 9.36* Mountain lion Felis concolor 1 .08 1 1.19 60.0 2.67* Grey fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus 6 .44 1 1.19 4.5 .20 Dog Canis familiaris 2 .15 1 1.19 15.0 .67 Beaver Castor canadensis 8 .59 1 1.19 31.5 1.40* Woodchuck Marmota monax 8 .59 3 3.57 16.8 .75 Cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus 9 .67 1 1.19 2.1 .09 Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis 147 10.91 10 11.91 10.0 .45 Chipmunk Tamias striatus 60 4.45 13 15.48 — — Eastern mole Scalopus aquaticus 1 .08 1 1.19 — — Meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus 1 .08 1 1.19 — — Small rodent Rodentia 3 .22 2 2.38 — — Total Mammal 949 70.44 49 58.33 2152.4 95.95 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 150 11 13 10.72 76.5 3.41* Passenger pigeon Ectopistes migra. 104 7 72 10 11.91 7.0 .31 Duck Anas sp. 1 .08 1 1.19 1.0 .05 Bobwhite Colinus virginianus 15 1 .11 3 3.57 2.1 .09 Hawk Accipiter sp. 1 .08 1 1.19 3.0 .13 Owl (Otus asio?) 2 .15 1 1.19 Pileated woodpecker Hylatomus pil. 1 .08 1 1.19 1.0 .05 Passerines Passeriformes 12 .98 2 2.38 Total Bird 286 21.24 28 33.34 90.6 4.04 Box turtle Terrapene Carolina 101 7.50 4 4.76 Total Reptile 101 7.50 4 4.76 Toad Bufo sp. 7 .52 2 2.38 Total Amphibian 7 .52 2 2.38 Sucker Catostomidae 4 .30 1 1.19 Total fish 4 .30 1 1.19 Grand Total 1347 100.00 84 100.00

Ident. %of Unident. %of %of Class Bones Total Bones Total Total Total Mammal 949 9.06 8131 77.65 9080 86.71 Bird 286 2.73 983 9.39 1269 12.12 Reptile 101 .96 — — 101 .96 Amphibian 7 .07 — — 7 .07 Fish 4 .04 11 .10 15 .14 Total 1347 12.86 9125 87.14 10472 100.00

39 Artifacts from the Ochsner Collection

Six selected pipes from the collection of E.E. Ochsner, Douglas Lake Road, Johannesburg, Michigan. 1. Crane effigy, tan grani­ tic stone containing mica flakes. Found in 1932 in association with a bundle burial on an Erie culture site, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. 2. Plain bowl, weathered limestone. Found in 1932 in association with a bundle burial, Erie culture site, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. 3. Unfinished, quartzite. Depres-ions pecked in top and side. No drilling started. Bowl nearly completely formed on out­ side. South Park site. Cuyahoga County, Ohio. 4. Pottery, historic Hopi. From burial eroded from talus slope, Oraibi, Arizona. 5. Catlinite, Jerome Point, Portage River near Oak Harbor, Ohio. Surface find, burial plus pipe plowed out of ground, 1931. 6. Fine grained sandstone, surface find, Blennerhassett Island, Ohio River. Turtle inscribed on one side, crossed lines at outer end of bowl Delaware?

40 The Plymouth Firepit: a Woodland occupation in Huron County, Ohio by Russell Alan Falquet1 William C. Haneberg2 Project Earth Study 407 Humiston Drive Bay Village OH 44140

During the Late Woodland time period, the possibility of a coexistence between the southern Huron and northern Crawford aboriginal inhabitants of the area and the counties were marked by the presence of a previously-mentioned swamp forest is con­ large glacial lake bed plain and an extensive sidered. Being at such a high elevation, the muskeg environment that resulted from the crest of the kame provided an excellent over­ subsidence of glacial Lake Willard a few view of the area, even if an extremely high thousand years earlier. At the present time, rate of erosion from the crest is considered. this area is in the process of undergoing an In short, a model of the area would have the extensive archaeological, geological, and kame as the dominant feature, surrounded paleoenvironmental survey as a program un­ by a deciduous forest. At the western base der the authority of Project Earth Study (Fal­ of the kame, the marsh area Would have pro­ quet 1974, 1976). vided a bountiful hunting range, draining into Glacial Lake Willard accumulated in the the west branch of the Huron River to the flat plain bordered on the north and south, east. respectively, by the Defiance and Fort Wayne The Plymouth firepit was discovered in moraines. A date of 14,500 years B.P. has May 1975 by a Project Earth Study survey been estimated for the formation of the De­ crew in the freshly cut vertical wall of the fiance moraine (Forsyth 1959) but no solid gravel pit, approximately 5 meters in height. dates concerning the lifespan of glacial Lake At the time of discovery, the pit appeared Willard have yet been determined. The re­ as a thin band of charcoal 7.5cm thick. Al­ treat of glacial ice from the area resulted in though the deepest portion of the pit was the establishment of a local sequence of floral only 25cm below the modern surface, it was and faunal succession. The ecosystems learned that at least 60cm of overburden had formed by this succession had a carrying been removed in preparation for the mining capacity directly proportional to its distance operations. from the glacial front. Preliminary palynologi- The hearth was originally near 1 meter in cal analysis from the Willard mastodon site, diameter, but extensive mining operations 3.5 kilometers north of the firepit, have pro­ had destroyed nearly three-fourths of the pit. duced a floral chronology of the area. These Its construction was relatively uncomplicated, analyses (Benninghoff, personal communica­ consisting of a series of medium-sized tion 1976) have identified the evolution of a igneous rocks overlying a bed of hot coals coniferous forest, indicative of an arctic cli­ in a shallow (30-35cm) depression. A fire was mate, shortly after the glacial retreat. This started, and was overlain with rocks once it forest eventually evolved into an oscillating reached a fairly stable stage of heat produc­ hardwood swamp forest, leaving behind a tion. These rocks, being excellent conductors 35cm thick deposit of hard, dark clay. Local of heat, provided an extremely efficient cook­ residents have bestowed the name of "black­ ing surface. A carbon-14 date of 785 ± 1-25 jack" upon it, in reference to its dark gray years B.P. (GX-4340; Geochron Laboratories, color. The floral composition of this area Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts) has been during Late Woodland times is believed to assigned to this pit, based on charcoal sam­ have been much the same as it is today, that ples taken from the lower level of the hearth. of a hardwood forest. The actual excavation of the pit was in a The eastern shore of glacial Lake Willard block-like manner, with the surrounding area is marked by the presence of a large glacial being removed before the pit proper was kame, at present rising 20 meters above the uncovered. This method was utilized in an lake bed plain. This area would have been a attempt to examine the habitation layer in preferred location for a campsite, as its ele­ the vicinity of the pit. A number of small vation made it particularly safe from flooding. charcoal deposits were uncovered, but the The importance of this fact is magnified when small size of these smears indicates that they

41 were simply remnants of hot coals, food­ created by mining operations, this debitage stuffs, or other materials that were scattered cannot be directly associated with the firepit. from the fire. With the surrounding soil re­ It is, however, possible that the two are moved, the pit was then excavated in vertical related. slices from north to south. It should be noted This firepit does not represent an exten­ that the extreme southern portion of the pit sive village or campsite, but is indicative of remained unexcavated due to its perilous a short pause of perhaps two or three days position on the edge of the cliff in which it in the travels of a wandering Woodland family. was discovered Even though this site may not seem impres­ Three chipped stone tools fashioned of sive upon first inspection, it should be re­ igneous cobbles were also found in associa­ membered that it was this type of small, tion with the Plymouth firepit. One of these overlooked encampment that determined the tools, approximately 6cm in length and 7cm destiny of Ohio's Woodland cultures. in width (Fig. 1), appears to have two concave The authors would like to extend their striking surfaces, probably resulting from re­ sincere appreciation to Miss Kathleen Op- peated hammering on a fairly hard surface. penlander of North Olmsted High School for This tool, formed from light brown quartzite, her typographical and editorial assistance in is pentagonal in shape. The largest of the preparing the manuscript. Thanks are also three tools is a dark gray igneous material, extended to the Martha Holden Jennings and has a beveled striking surface 4.5cm in Foundations and to the Cleveland Founda­ length (Fig. 2). The formation of the bevel tion for their continued financial support. resulted in an excessive amount of chippage on the lower half of this implement, which Falquet, Russell Alan also has the shape of an irregular pentagon. 1974 Preliminary geological and archaeologi­ cal survey: Willard Marsh area, Huron Its overall dimensions are 7.5cm by 9cm. County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 24 The third implement is made of a similar dard (4). gray material, and is 6.5cm by 7cm (Fig. 3). 1976 The paleoecology of glacial Lake Wil­ Although this tool does not demonstrate as lard: a summary of progress, Summer high a level of chippage as he previous piece, 1975. Ohio Archaeologist 26 (2). a worked edge is clearly visible. These tools Forsyth, J.L. do not possess the size necessary to classify 1959 The beach ridges of northern Ohio. Ohio them as primitive axes or sledges, but they Geological Survey Information Circular would have performed admirably as small 25. Columbus, Ohio. hammers used for the crushing or grinding of bones and nuts, or similar purposes. Although 1 much of the surrounding area has been de­ The senior author is an instructor of Earth Science in the North Olmsted Public School System, and Director stroyed, a small amount of flint chippage was of Project Earth Study. encountered at the base of the gravel pit 'The junior author is the Head Field Assistant of Project wall. Due to the tremendous disturbance Earth Study.

fli .... 4 V

%* Hi ' Fig. 1 (Falquet and Haneberg): Artifact associated with Fig. 2 (Falquet and Haneberg): Artifact associated with the Plymouth firepit. the Plymouth firepit.

42 Fig. 3 (Falquet and Haneberg): Artifact associated with the Plymouth firepit.

Book Review

OHIO SLATE TYPES by Robert N. Converse show nearly every kind of prehistoric banner- has been revised and reprinted. Now con­ stone, pendant, gorget, and ceremonial arti­ taining 105 pages, it is the most comprehen­ fact. Front and back cover are in full color. sive publication of its kind. 56 types of slate Now available from the Archaeological So­ and stone artifacts are pictured and described ciety of Ohio, 35 W. Riverglen, Worthington, with accompanying distribution maps. Over Ohio. Price $7.00 100 illustrations of more than 400 artifacts

Some Ashland County Field Finds by Kathy Secrist, Rt. 2, Perrysville, Ohio

The artifacts in the accompanying photo­ graph were found this year in a cornfield not far from Greentown, in Ashland County, Ohio. This is my third year of collecting and all my pieces are personal finds.

Fig. 1 (Secrist) Top, left, triangular point. Top, probably an Archaic point. Middle row, left to right, Kirk serrated point, Vosburg corner notched point, hafted scraper made from an Adena point. Bottom row, possibly a transitional point, and a paleo point.

43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY

The An haeoloqn al Society of Ohio is organized IQ discover and conserve an ha©1>l ign i1 sites and /uhin the State of Ohio to see* and pro- i i,.'itfi understanding among student i • Sectors of an haei ^ IQM at wiatei ial pr< rfes and non-professional including individuals mu seums and institutions of learning and to dissemi r>ate km iwledge • in the subject ol an hai Men bership in this soi lety BhaN be open I |i iodi haractei interested in an haeology ,-M.M img ol AmciK ,ii) Indian artifai is I written application and paymei dues