Diffuse Muscle Weakness: the Toxicologist's Approach
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(RSV) Infection? an Analysis Using the Pediatric Investigators Collaborative Network on Infections in Canada (PICNIC) RSV Database
Does Ribavirin Impact on the Hospital Course of Children With Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection? An Analysis Using the Pediatric Investigators Collaborative Network on Infections in Canada (PICNIC) RSV Database Barbara J. Law, MD*; Elaine E. L. Wang, MDCM‡; Noni MacDonald, MD§; Jane McDonald, MDi; Simon Dobson, MD¶; Francois Boucher, MD#; Joanne Langley, MD**; Joan Robinson, MD‡‡; Ian Mitchell, MD§§; and Derek Stephens MSc‡ ABSTRACT. Objectives. To determine the relation- 20.6%, 20.9%, 15.5%, 15.2%, and 13.3%, respectively. ship between receipt of aerosolized ribavirin and the Across the subsets ribavirin use ranged from 36% to 57% hospital course of high-risk infants and children with of ventilated patients and 6% to 39% of nonventilated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory infec- patients. For nonventilated patients in each subset the tion (LRI). median RSV-attributable hospital length of stay (RSV- Methods. The 1993–1994 Pediatric Investigators Col- LOS) was 2 to 3 days longer for ribavirin recipients and laborative Network on Infections in Canada (PICNIC) the duration of hypoxia was significantly increased. Du- RSV database consists of prospectively enrolled children ration of intensive care unit (ICU) stay was also increased with acute RSV LRI, admitted to nine Canadian pediatric for all ribavirin-treated subgroups except those with tertiary care centers. After excluding cases with compro- CHD. In contrast, for ventilated patients, ribavirin ther- mised immunity and/or nosocomial infection, subsets apy was -
Anorexia/Cachexia Heart Failure Symptom Management Guideline for Adults, Age 19 and Older in British Columbia
Anorexia/Cachexia Heart Failure Symptom Management Guideline For adults, age 19 and older in British Columbia What is anorexia? Anorexia is a syndrome characterized by some or all of the following symptoms: loss of appetite, nausea, early satiety, weakness, fatigue, food aversion, and significant physical and/or psychological symptoms. Causes of anorexia are multifactorial and include fatigue, dyspnea, medication side-effects, nausea, depression, anxiety and sodium restricted diets, which may all be found in patients with heart failure. What is cachexia? Cachexia is a syndrome characterized by severe body weight, fat and muscle loss and increased protein catabolism due to underlying disease. The prevalence of cachexia is 16–42% in the heart failure population and is associated with a 50%, 18 month mortality risk independent of variables such as ejection fraction, age and functional ability. How is cachexia diagnosed? Chronic condition with >5% weight loss in <12 months; or body mass index (BMI) <20kg/m2; and 3 out of 5 additional criteria: 1) Fatigue, 2) Decreased muscle strength, 3) Anorexia, 4) Low muscle mass, 5) Abnormal biochemistry *Blood testing to diagnose cachexia in advanced stages of disease is not advocated. Reminder: Malnutrition also affects prognosis in patients with heart failure and is often found in early transitions of the disease. However this symptom management guideline will focus on the assessment and treatment of anorexia and cachexia. Approach to Managing Anorexia/Cachexia Assessment History: When did weight loss begin? How much weight was lost? Obtain baseline (dry) weight. How is [the patients] appetite? What do they eat or drink on a typical day? How has weight loss affected mood? Ask about: nausea, early satiety, dyspnea, poor oral hygiene, dysphagia, malabsorption, bowel habits. -
The Medical Management of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva: Current Treatment Considerations
THE MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF FIBRODYSPLASIA OSSIFICANS PROGRESSIVA: CURRENT TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS The International Clinical Consortium on Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva1 May 2011 From The Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Corresponding Editor: Frederick S. Kaplan, M.D. Isaac and Rose Nassau Professor of Orthopaedic Molecular Medicine Director, Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders The Perelman School of Medicine - The University of Pennsylvania Department of Orthopaedic Surgery 3737 Market Street – Sixth Floor Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Tel: (office) 215-294-9145 Fax: 215-222-8854 Email: [email protected] Reprint Requests: [email protected] Associate Editors: Eileen M. Shore, Ph.D. Robert J. Pignolo, M.D., Ph.D. [Kaplan FS, Shore EM, Pignolo RJ (eds), name of individual consortium member, and The International Clinical Consortium on FOP. The medical management of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: current treatment considerations. Clin Proc Intl Clin Consort FOP 4:1-100, 2011] 1See Section X (pages 84-100) for Complete Author Listing. ` 1 ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………… 5 I. THE CLINICAL AND BASIC SCIENCE BACKGROUND OF FOP……………..…………….. 6 A. Introduction………………………………………………………………..…..…..…………………. 6 B. Classic Clinical Features of FOP……………………………………………………..……………. 6 C. Other Skeletal Anomalies in FOP…………………………………………………………… 6 D. Radiographic Features of FOP……………………………………………………….…….... 7 E. Histopathology of FOP Lesions………………………………………………………………. 7 F. Laboratory Findings in FOP………………………………………………………………… 8 G. The Immune System & FOP…………………………………………………………………. 8 H. Misdiagnosis of FOP………………………………………………………………………………… 8 I. Epidemiologic, Genetic & Environmental Factors in FOP……………………..…………. 9 J. FOP & the BMP Signaling Pathway………………………………………………………… 9 K. The FOP Gene………………………………………………………………..………………. 9 L. Structural and Functional Consequences of the FOP Mutation…………………………… 10 M. -
Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy Description Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, also known as Kennedy disease, is a disorder of specialized nerve cells that control muscle movement (motor neurons). These nerve cells originate in the spinal cord and the part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord (the brainstem). Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy mainly affects males and is characterized by muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy) that usually begins in adulthood and worsens slowly over time. Muscle wasting in the arms and legs results in cramping; leg muscle weakness can also lead to difficulty walking and a tendency to fall. Certain muscles in the face and throat (bulbar muscles) are also affected, which causes progressive problems with swallowing and speech. Additionally, muscle twitches (fasciculations) are common. Some males with the disorder experience unusual breast development ( gynecomastia) and may be unable to father a child (infertile). Frequency This condition affects fewer than 1 in 150,000 males and is very rare in females. Causes Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy results from a particular type of mutation in the AR gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called an androgen receptor. This receptor attaches (binds) to a class of hormones called androgens, which are involved in male sexual development. Androgens and androgen receptors also have other important functions in both males and females, such as regulating hair growth and sex drive. The AR gene mutation that causes spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy is the abnormal expansion of a DNA segment called a CAG triplet repeat. Normally, this DNA segment is repeated up to about 36 times. -
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
FACT SHEET SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a Motor Neuron Disease. It is caused by the mutation of the Survival of SYMPTOMS IN INFANTS • Muscle weakness. Motor Neuron (SMN) gene. It occurs due to the loss of • Muscle atrophy (wasting). motor neurons within the spinal cord and brain. It results • Poor muscle tone. in the progressive wasting away of muscles (atrophy) and • Areflexia (delayed reflexes). muscle weakness. SMA can affect people of all ages, races • Weak cry. or genders; however, the majority of cases occur in infancy • Difficulty sucking or swallowing. or childhood. There are four types of SMA. • Feeding difficulties. FORMS OF SMA • Weak cough. • Lack of developmental milestones (inability to lift head TYPE I (ACUTE INFANTILE) or sit up). • Also called Wernig-Hoffman Disease. • Limpness or a tendency to flop. • Most severe form of SMA. • Accumulations of secretions in the lungs or throat. • Usually diagnosed before six months of age. • Those affected cannot sit without support, lungs may SYMPTOMS IN ADULTS not fully develop, swallowing and breathing may be • Muscle weakness. difficult and there is weakness of the intercostal muscles • Muscle atrophy (wasting). (muscles between the ribs). • Weak tongue. • 95 per cent fatal by 18 • Stiffness. • Cramps. TYPE II (CHRONIC INFANTILE) • Fasciculation (twitching). • Usually diagnosed before the age of two, with the • Clumsiness. majority of cases diagnosed by 15 months. • Dyspnea (shortness of breath). • May be able to sit without assistance or even stand with support. DIAGNOSIS • Increased risk for complications from respiratory • A diagnosis can be made by an SMN gene test which infections. -
Myalgia As the Revealing Symptom of Multicore Disease and Fibre Type Disproportion Myopathy C Sobreira*, W Marques Jr, a a Barreira
1317 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.74.9.1317 on 21 August 2003. Downloaded from SHORT REPORT Myalgia as the revealing symptom of multicore disease and fibre type disproportion myopathy C Sobreira*, W Marques Jr, A A Barreira ............................................................................................................................. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:1317–1319 toms of CFTDM are more uniform. However, some patients Background: Multicore disease and congenital fibre type exhibit unusual phenotypes such as rigid spine syndrome,10 11 disproportion myopathy are diseases assigned to the significant dysmorphic features,12 or very mild symptoms.13 heterogeneous group of congenital myopathies. Although Cramps are uncommon complaints in patients with multi- hypotonia and muscle weakness appearing in early life core disease or CFTDM and exercise related muscle pain has are the commonest manifestations of these diseases, not been associated with multicore disease. Aimed at contrib- distinct phenotypes and late onset cases have been uting to better delineating the phenotypic expression of these described. myopathies, we present the clinical cases of patients suffering Objective: To report the occurrence of myalgia as the late onset, generalised muscle pain, whose muscle biopsies revealing symptom of multicore disease and fibre type dis- revealed the distinguishing features of either multicore proportion myopathy. disease or CFTDM. Methods: The clinical cases of three patients with fibre type disproportion myopathy and one with multicore CASE REPORTS disease are described. Skeletal muscle biopsies were Patient 1 processed for routine histological and histochemical A 24 year old man was referred to a neurologist owing to studies. exercise related myalgia involving both the upper and lower Results: The clinical picture was unusual in that the symp- limbs. -
Influenza Vs. Cold Vs. Pertussis
Influenza vs. Cold vs. Pertussis Symptom Influenza ("Flu") Colds (Viral URI) Pertussis Usually present & high (102-104°F or Uncommon Uncommon Fever 39-40°C); typically lasts 3-4 days If present, typically low-grade If present, typically low-grade Chills Common Uncommon Rare Headache Very common Uncommon Uncommon Aches and pains, muscle Very common Slight to Moderate Uncommon aches, chest discomfort Often severe Mild; Moderate - severe; Fatigue and weakness Mild Usually appears well between can last up to 14-21 days coughing attacks Extreme exhaustion Very common early in illness Extremely Rare Rare Stuffy or runny nose Common Very common Common, early in the disease Sneezing Sometimes Common Common, early in the disease Sore throat Common Common Uncommon Variable character; fits / paroxysms and Hacking cough, often nocturnal cough are common; generally Non-productive ("dry") cough is Character productive; usually responds to not responsive to cough medications; typical cough medications "whooping" may or may not occur Variable; mild to severe; Severity Moderate Mild to Moderate infants appear quite ill and may present Cough with cough or apnea Persistent cough, almost always >1 Typically 3-7 days; Duration Typically 3-7 days week, usually 2-6 weeks, sometimes occasionally to 14 days 10+ weeks Paroxysms Common; Uncommon Rare (coughing fits) often leads to vomiting or gagging From start of catarrhal phase (before 1 day before symptom onset Variable; typically 4-7 days after cough) to 21 days after cough onset* Infectious Period and 3-7 days after symptom onset; can be longer Most efficient spreading after cough onset *or until taking 5 days of appropriate anti-pertussis antibiotics Iowa Department of Public Health 12/10/04. -
Sinusitis, NIAID Fact Sheet
January 2006 Sinusitis OVERVIEW You’re coughing and sneezing and tired and achy. You think that you might be getting a cold. Later, when the medicines you’ve been taking to relieve the symptoms of the common cold are not working and you’ve now got a terrible headache, you finally drag yourself to the doctor. After listening to your history of symptoms, examining your face and forehead, and perhaps doing a sinus X-ray, the doctor says you have sinusitis. Sinusitis simply means your sinuses are infected or inflamed, but this gives little indication of the misery and pain this condition can cause. Health experts usually divide sinusitis cases into • Acute, which last for 4 weeks or less • Subacute, which lasts 4 to 8 weeks • Chronic, which usually last up to 8 weeks but can continue for months or even years • Recurrent, which are several acute attacks within a year, and may be caused by different organisms Health experts estimate that 37 million Americans are affected by sinusitis every year. Health care providers report nearly 32 million cases of chronic sinusitis to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention annually. Americans spend $5.8 billion each year on health care costs related to sinusitis. What are sinuses? Sinuses are hollow air spaces in the human body. When people say, “I'm having a sinus attack,” they usually are referring to symptoms in one or more of four pairs of cavities, or sinuses, known as paranasal sinuses . These cavities, located within the skull or bones of the head surrounding the nose, include • Frontal sinuses over the eyes in the brow area • Maxillary sinuses inside each cheekbone • Ethmoid sinuses just behind the bridge of the nose and between the eyes • Sphenoid sinuses behind the ethmoids in the upper region of the nose and behind the eyes Each sinus has an opening into the nose for the free exchange of air and mucus, and each is joined with the nasal passages by a continuous mucous membrane lining. -
(CATR) Practice 4 “Cold Or Flu?”
CUNYASSESSMENT TEST IN READING (CATR) Practice 4 “Cold or Flu?” Read the passage below and then answer the multiple choice questions which follow. Check your answers with the answer key. Every winter, at least in cold climates, people begin to become ill, with sneezing, sore throat, and stuffed-up head a few of the most common symptoms. Sometimes other conditions, such as severe cough, are also present, and people wonder whether they have simply caught a cold or are suffering from flu. Since the two illnesses have several common characteristics, the confusion is understandable. Colds are generally rather mild annoyances, but flu can be quite serious and lead to pneumonia. So it is wise to be aware of the differences. Sneezing, stuffy nose, and sore throat are the most common symptoms of colds, and they are often, but not always, present with flu as well. Chest discomfort and coughing may also accompany both ailments, but in flu they have a tendency to become severe, with heavy, hacking coughing that may last for weeks afterward. The symptoms which mark the presence of flu, which are rarely if ever present with the common cold, are headache, high fever, aches and pains all over the body, a general weakness, and exhaustion. Often the illness begins with vague body pains and headache, then quickly escalates as the victim’s temperature becomes elevated and extreme fatigue sets in. Sufferers may find themselves in bed for several days, sleeping much of the time and battling temperatures of 102-104 degrees. Waking moments may be spent coughing uncontrollably. -
2019-Weakness-And-Fatigue.Pdf
Scottish Palliative Care Guidelines – Weakness and Fatigue Weakness and Fatigue Introduction Fatigue is a persistent, subjective feeling of tiredness, weakness or lack of energy related to advanced chronic illness. It has many contributory causes, although the exact aetiology is poorly understood. Patients may use many terms to describe their experience of fatigue. Fatigue is a common symptom in progressive chronic disease. The severity and impact of fatigue may change in the course of the disease trajectory. It is frequently regarded as more distressing than pain by patients. It is often under-recognised by professionals. Fatigue may be unrelated to level of activity and not fully alleviated by rest or sleep. It is multidimensional, affecting physical function, cognitive ability, social, emotional and spiritual wellbeing. Reduced physical function limits participation in preferred activities and activities of daily living. Cognitive involvement limits activities such as reading, driving and social interaction. Fatigue can influence the patient’s decision-making about future treatment and may lead to refusal of potentially beneficial treatment. It is important to recognise that towards the end of life there will be a time point when intervention is no longer appropriate and may be distressing. At this stage, fatigue may provide protection and shielding from suffering for the patient. Assessment • All palliative care patients should be assessed for fatigue and its effects. • Explore the person’s experience and understanding of fatigue. • Acknowledge and validate the reality and significance of the symptoms. • Be aware that patients may have multi-morbidities impacting on fatigue, for example cardiac/respiratory disease, renal or hepatic impairment, malignancy, hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, adrenal insufficiency, neurological conditions. -
Understanding Fibromyalgia and Its Resultant Disability
IMAJ • VOL 13 • DeceMber 2011 REVIEWS Understanding Fibromyalgia and its Resultant Disability Ivy Grodman1, Dan Buskila MD2, Yoav Arnson MD1, Arie Altaman MD PhD1, Daniela Amital MD MHA3 and Howard Amital MD MHA1 1Department of Medicine B, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel 2Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine H, Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel 3Department of Psychiatry, Ness Ziona Mental Health Center, Ness Ziona, Israel a role in pain signaling, integration and modulation, suggest- KEY WORDS: fibromyalgia, central sensitization, disability, sleep ing that fibromyalgia patients have an enhanced sensitivity disturbance, pain to pain. IMAJ 2011; 13: 769–772 In addition, central sensitization is another mechanism to explain this increased perception of pain in fibromyalgia patients. Central sensitization includes spontaneous nerve activity, expanded receptive fields (resulting in a larger geographic distribution of pain), and augmented stimulus he introduction of the American College of Rheumatology responses within the spinal cord [10]. This pathway involves T fibromyalgia classification criteria 20 years ago heralded two triggering an N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, decades of professional acceptance and enhanced multidisci- which is thought to be involved in this abnormal temporal plinary research in the pathogenesis and therapy of fibromyalgia summation of pain stimuli [11]. [1]. Whereas the initial criteria included tenderness on pres- Muscular pathology has also been implicated in the patho- sure (tender points) in at least 11 of 18 defined anatomic sites physiology of tender points in the fibromyalgia syndrome. -
Lung Function, Respiratory Muscle Strength, and Thoracoabdominal Mobility in Women with Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Lung Function, Respiratory Muscle Strength, and Thoracoabdominal Mobility in Women With Fibromyalgia Syndrome Meire Forti MSc, Antonio R Zamune´r PhD, Carolina P Andrade, and Ester Silva PhD BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is associated with a variety of symptoms, such as fatigue and dyspnea, which may be related to changes in the respiratory system. The objective of this work was to evaluate pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and thoracoabdominal mobility in women with FMS and its association with clinical manifestations. METHODS: The study included 23 women with FMS and 23 healthy women (control group). Pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and thoracoabdominal mobility were assessed in all participants. Clinical manifestations such as number of active tender points, pain, fatigue, well-being, and general pressure pain threshold and pressure pain threshold in regions involved in respiratory function were also assessed. For data analysis, the Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used. RESULTS: The FMS group showed lower values of maximum voluntary and cirtometry at the axillary ,(003. ؍ maximal inspiratory pressure (P ,(030. ؍ ventilation (P and xiphoid levels (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively) as well as higher cirtometry at the compared with the control group. However, there was no significant (005. ؍ abdominal level (P difference between groups for maximum expiratory pressure. In predicted percentage, maximal ,0.41 ؍ inspiratory pressure showed significant positive correlation with axillary cirtometry (r ,؊0.44؍ and negative correlation with the number of active tender points (r (049. ؍ P CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with FMS had lower .(049. ؍ ؊0.41, P؍ and fatigue (r (031. ؍ P respiratory muscle endurance, inspiratory muscle strength, and thoracic mobility than healthy sub- jects.