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HPV: CIB1 Is for EVER and EVER Luigi D

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HPV: CIB1 Is for EVER and EVER Luigi D INSIGHTS HPV: CIB1 is for EVER and EVER Luigi D. Notarangelo In this issue, de Jong et al. (https:// doi .org/ 10 .1084/ jem .20170308) identify bi-allelic loss-of-expression, loss-of-function mutations of the calcium- and integrin-binding protein 1 (CIB1) gene as a new cause of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) and demonstrate that the CIB1 interacts with the EVER1 and EVER2 proteins to form a complex involved in keratinocyte-intrinsic immune response to human β-papillomaviruses (β-HPVs). Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, tively, were identified in 2002 (Ramoz et al., double-stranded DNA viruses with a spe- 2002). Yet, the mechanisms through which cific tropism for mucosal and cutaneous ep- EVER1 and EVER2 control HPV infection, ithelium. Over 200 HPVs are known, which and why patients with mutations in these are grouped into different genera, species, genes are uniquely susceptible to persistent and types. In particular, cutaneous α-HPVs and severe β-HPV infection in particular, re- are responsible for common warts, whereas mained ill defined. mucosal α-HPVs are categorized into low- EVER1 and EVER2 are transmembrane risk and high-risk species, with the latter channel-like (TMC) proteins that are being associated with ano-genital squamous broadly expressed. No immunological ab- cell carcinoma (SCC) and head and neck normalities have been demonstrated in cancer (Cubie, 2013). The μ-, ν-, and γ-HPVs patients with TMC6 or TMC8 mutations, infect the skin epithelium and cause benign suggesting that the disease reflects impair- Insight from Luigi D. Notarangelo. papillomas. Finally, β-HPVs also have tro- ment of keratinocyte-intrinsic mechanisms pism for the cutaneous epithelium, but typ- of anti-viral response. By homology with reduced to 1.74 Mb by searching for common ically produce an asymptomatic infection in other TMC family members, it was hypothe- haplotypes. Finally, whole exome sequenc- the general population. By contrast, patients sized that EVER1 and EVER2 function as ion ing identified nonsynonymous CIB1 muta- with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) channels. Transfection studies suggested tions as the only very rare homozygous DNA manifest a unique susceptibility to symp- that they interact with the zinc transporter variants contained in this interval that were tomatic and life-long persistent β-HPV in- ZnT1, which resides in the endoplasmic re- common to all patients. Analysis of CIB1 fection, which often starts as flat warts but ticulum, implying a role in controlling zinc protein expression in lymphoblastoid cell frequently progresses to SCC and other non- homeostasis and free zinc intracellular dis- lines (LCLs), peripheral blood mononuclear melanoma forms of skin cancer, with a high tribution in keratinocytes, and through this cells, and primary keratinocytes from the mortality rate. mechanism a function as restriction factors patients showed that in all cases these were EV was described by Lewandowsky and against HPVs (Lazarczyk et al., 2008). In this loss-of-expression mutants. A strong signal Lutz in 1922. Lutz’s hypothesis that genetic issue, this hypothesis has been revisited and for the CIB1 protein was detected in normal predisposition may account for the wide- challenged by de Jong et al. epidermis and hair follicles. Interestingly, spread dissemination of warts in these In particular, de Jong et al. (2018) studied very low levels of CIB1 protein were also patients was further supported in 1933 by 24 patients with typical EV from six families demonstrated in LCLs from patients with Cockayne, who classified EV among inborn of various ethnicities. None of the patients EV due to TMC6 or TMC8 mutations, as well errors of the skin (Cockayne, 1933). This carried TMC6 or TMC8 mutations, and none as in the skin of newly generated Tmc6−/− recognition preceded the identification of of them had signs of T cell immunodefi- and Tmc8−/− mice. Stable reconstitution classical inborn errors of immunity affect- ciency, which may cause atypical forms of of EVER1 and EVER2 expression in TMC6- ing hematopoietic cells, such as Bruton’s EV-like disease. Consanguinity was known and TMC8-mutated LCLs, respectively, also X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Although for four of these families, and highly sus- rescued levels of the CIB1 protein without the disease was shown to be inherited as pected for two. Using genome-wide linkage affecting mRNA levels, strongly indicating an autosomal recessive trait, its molecular analysis and homozygosity mapping, the au- that expression of both EVER1 and EVER2 is basis remained undefined until mutations thors identified a 2.4-Mb interval on chro- required to maintain CIB1 protein stability. of the TMC6 and TMC8 genes, encoding mosome 15 that showed strong association Co-immunoprecipitation studies demon- for the EVER1 and EVER2 proteins, respec- with the disease. This interval was further strated that EVER1, EVER2, and CIB1 form Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Luigi D. Notarangelo: luigi.notarangelo2@ nih .gov. © 2018 Notarangelo This article is distributed under the terms of an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike–No Mirror Sites license for the first six months after the publication date (see http:// www .rupress .org/ terms/ ). After six months it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 4.0 International license, as described at https:// creativecommons .org/ licenses/ by -nc -sa/ 4 .0/ ). Rockefeller University Press https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20181207 2229 J. Exp. Med. 2018 Vol. 215 No. 9 2229–2231 CRPV E8 protein is essential for wart forma- tion and growth in vivo (Nonnenmacher et al., 2006). The Casanova group has there- fore postulated that the CIB1/EVER1/EVER2 complex acts as a restriction factor for HPV. In the case of infections sustained by α-, γ-, and μ-HPVs, expression of E5 and E8 proteins would allow these HPVs to escape the restriction activity of the CIB1/EVER1/ EVER2 complex. On the other hand, because β-HPVs do not express E5 and E8 proteins, they would not be able to induce clinical dis- ease in the general population. By contrast, in patients with TMC6, TMC8, or CIB1 muta- tions, lack of expression of the CIB1/EVER1/ EVER2 complex would make these patients susceptible to clinical disease upon infection with β-HPV. To explain unique susceptibil- ity to β-HPV infection in EV, the model pro- posed also requires the existence of other, yet unknown, CIB1/EVER1/EVER2-indepen- dent factors that specifically restrict infec- tion sustained by α-, γ-, and μ-HPVs. Such From de Jong et al. (2018). (A) In the general population, the CIB1/EVER1/2 complex restricts the transcrip- tion of the minichromosome of β-HPV, leading to the absence of clinical manifestation. The proteins E5 mechanisms may not necessarily be kerati- and E8 expressed by the other cutaneous HPVs (α2-, α4-, γ-, and μ-HPVs) are able to antagonize the CIB1/ nocyte specific but might also involve other EVER1/2 complex. However, additional restriction factors are probably contributing to the absence of HPV cell types, and their disruption could be lesions in the vast majority of people. (B) In EV patients, the lack of CIB1/EVER1/2 permits the transcription of β-HPV minichromosome, which leads to the development of EV lesions on the skin. However, the proba- involved in the atypical EV associated with ble presence of additional restriction factors against cutaneous HPVs other than β-HPVs accounts for their severe primary T cell deficiencies. normal control, which does not differ from the general population. The article by de Jong et al. (2018) also raises important questions. Several re- a multimeric complex. Importantly, while is of difficult interpretation, affected males striction mechanisms have been identified the Casanova group confirmed that over- are fertile. Finally, by interacting with α-in- that may operate in keratinocytes to con- expressed EVER1 and EVER2 interact with tegrins and with several serine/threonine trol HPV infection, including activation ZnT1 and regulate zinc-induced expression kinases, CIB1 has been shown to regulate cell of the DNA damage response, induction of GFP under the control of a metal-respon- adhesion, migration, and intracellular sig- of NF-κB–, TLR-, and c-GAS/STING-me - sive element, they failed to demonstrate naling (Leisner et al., 2016), and yet CIB1-de- diated signaling, and interferon-mediated similar effects for CIB1. Furthermore, both ficient keratinocytes showed no defects in responses (Steinbach and Riemer, 2018). intracellular levels of free zinc and zinc flux focal adhesion and in vitro cell migration. While CIB1-deficient keratinocytes have in- kinetics were normal in LCLs from patients A clue to a possible mechanism under- tact NF-κB activation in response to TNF-α with TMC6, TMC8, and CIB1 mutations, lying EV in patients with CIB1, TMC6, or and normal intracellular zinc homeostasis, challenging the hypothesis that EVER1, TMC8 mutations came from transfection the precise mechanisms through which the EVER2, and CIB1 may regulate cellular zinc experiments in keratinocyte HaCaT cells. In CIB1/EVER1/EVER2 complex operates re- homeostasis. particular, the Casanova group showed that main unknown. Furthermore, other HPV The finding that CIB1 mutations in hu- CIB1 interacts with the α-HPV16 E5, γ-HPV4 proteins, including β-HPV E1 and α-HPV16 mans are responsible for EV is surprising E8, and the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus E2, have also been reported to bind CIB1, for multiple reasons. CIB1 is ubiquitously (CRPV) E8 protein, which shares structural and yet the functional implications of these expressed, and yet no overt phenotype other similarities with HPV16 E5. Interestingly, interactions, and their possible relevance than EV has been reported in patients. Fur- interaction between the EVER1/EVER2/ to progression of HPV infection, are un- thermore, although Cib1−/− mice show no ZnT1 complex and the CRPV E8 protein had known.
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