348 SEPT. 4, 1920] CONJOINT BOARD IN ENGLAND. tM3NDAR

being subsequent to- tlle passing of the first examination. subjects are held at the'end of each academic year, and in The following examinations must be passed in due order: the-subjects of the second section each July. First Examtination.-The subjects are chemistry, The University Registry is at Cathays Park, Cardiff. physics, and biology. The Intermediate exa'mination in science-chemistry, physi a, and zoology-will, on pay- ment of the required additional fee, be accepted instead of this examination. Candidates on presenting them-selves for this examination are required to furnislh certificates of having attended for not less than one year approved courses of instruLction, after matriculation, in (i) chemistry, THERE are three medical corporations in England-the inorganic and organic; (ii) physics; (iii) biology. Royal College of of London, the Royal College Second Examination.-The subjects are anatomy and of Surgeons of England, and the Society of Apotliecaries of pllysiology. The candidate must have completed the London. The first two combine for certain purposes to tlhird winter session of professional study, must have form what is known as the "Conjoint Board." Details passed the First Examination, and must have attended concerning this body,- its component colleges, and the third (1) lectures on anatomy, and dissections during five terms; licensing body here follow. (2) lectures on physiology during four terms; practical, experimental, and chemical plhysiology during four terms, THE CONJOINT BOARD. and histology during one term. THIs body deals with the qualifications of all candidates Third Examination.-Tho subjects are and for the Licence of the Royal College of Plhysicians of pharmacology. Candidates must have completed the London and for the Membership of the Royal College of fourth year of medical study and the requisite courses in Surgeons of England. It prescribes for tllem certain these subjects, including post-mortem clerklslhip for three periods of study, and recommends those who satisfy it for months. the Licence and for the diploma of Membershiip respectively. Final Examination.-The subjects are (includ- The successful candidate is then entitled to register as ing forensic medicine, , mental diseases, and L.R.C.P.Lond., M.R.C.S.Eng. It performs the samne task diseases of children), , and (including in connexion with diplomas in State medicine and tropical *). Candidates must lhave completed the fifth diseases jointly issued by the two Colleges in question. -It year of study and must satisfy the examiners in all obliges all candidates to pass one of a large number of subjects at the same examination. examinations which it considers satisfactory tests of M.D.-Candidates for the degree of general education, and thereafter to pass five years in must have passed-the examination for the degrees of M.B., professional study at a recognized , allowing, C1.B. at least one -year previously, must present a thesis however, six montlhs to be spent at any institution which embodying observations in some subject approved by the may be recognized by the Board as giving efficient educa- Professor of Medicine, and must pass an examination in tion in chemistry and physics. A list of suclh institutions, the principles and practice of medicine. as also of the tests accepted in regard to general education, Ch.M.-Candidates for the degree of Master of Surgery can be obtained from the Secretary of the Board at the must have passed the examination for the degrees of M.B., Examination Hall, Queen Square, Bloomsbury, W.C.1. Ch.B. at least one year previously, and must, since taking the degrees of M.B., Ch.B., have held for not less than six PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATIONS. months a surgical appointment in a public hospital or other There are three examinations for the Conjoint diploma, public institution affording full opportunity for the study or L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., which are commonly known as of practical surgery. The subjects of examination are First Conjoint, Second Conj-oint, and Final.' systematic, clinical, and operative surgery,- surgical Fir8t Conjoint.-This examination is in tljree parts: anatomy, surgical pathology, and bacteriology. (1) Chemistry, (2) physics, (3) elementary biology. Other information concerning this university will be A candidate must present himself for examination in found in the section devoted to Provincial Medical Parts (1) and (2) togetlher until he has reached the required Schools. standard to pass in both, or in one of these parts, but he will not be allowed to pass in one part unless lhe obtains at the same time half the number of marks required to pass in the other part. A candidate may take Part (3) UNIVERSITY OF WALES. separately, or lhe may present himself for tlhe wlhole THE Supplemental Charter and statutes of the University examination at one time. of Wales provide for a Faculty of Medicine and for the Before admission to any part tlle candidate must slhow granting of .the following degrees: Bachelor in Medicine that he has undergone certain courses of theoretical and (M.B.), Bachelor in Surgery (B.Ch.), Master in Surgery practical instruction, but these courses need not be com- (M.Chl.), and Doctor in Medicine (M.D.). pleted witlhin one year, nor need tlley run concurrently, A candidate for the M.B., B.Ch. cannot be admitted to and they may be commenced or attended before the examination until tlle completion of not less than six candidate passes the required preliminary examination in academic years subsequent to matriculation in the uni- general education. A candidate referred in any part or versity, and of these years at least three must have been parts will not be admitted to re-examination for tlhree passed as a student in one of the constituent colleges of months. He must produce evidence of further instr'uction the university. He must also lhold an Arts or Science in the subjects in wlicih lie was referred. Those wlho are degree of the University of Wales, or of some otlher uni- already graduates in medicine, or wlho lhave -passed an versity approved for this purpose. Some of the courses of examination in tlhe same -subjects before a university study pursued for a B.Sc. or B.A. degree may be counted' board for a degree in medicine may obtain exe.mption from as part of the courses required for the degrees in the re-examination in those-subjects at this examiniation. Medical Faculty. Second Conjoint.- This examination is in two parts- Tlle courses for the M.B., B.Ch. are divided into two namely, Part (1 anatomy and physiology, Part (2) inateria, sections, of wlhich the first include the preliminary medica and pharmacology. A candidate must liave subj-ects-physics, chemistry, botany, zoology; and the attended at a recognized medical school lectures on anatomy, ancillary subjects-organic cllemistry, human anatomy, plhysiology, and a course of practical physiology 'and and physiology. Study of the preliminary subjects must histology, and have dissected for twelve monthis durinig tlhe extend over at least one academic year; study of the ordinary sessions. He must also attend tliree moiutlhs' ancillary snbjects must extend over at least two academic lectures or demonstrations in plharmacology, and receive years, and, excepting organic chemistry, cannot be com- instruction in practical plharmacy. Part (2) may be passed menced until all the preliminary courses lhave been at tlle same tinie as Part (1) or before or after that part, completed; hence the first section of the course nmust provided the conditions of admission to the wlhole examina- occupy not less than three years. The second section tion- lhave been fulfilled. The study of anatomy and includes courses in pathlology, bacteriology, phlarmacology, physiology before pa'sing in two of the 'three subjedts of medicine, surgery, and obstetrics, and cannot be com- the first examinatlon' is not rec6gnized. If rejected, a menced, except in the case of pharmacology, until thue candidate before being admitted to re-examination mtust 'eaminations relating to the prehmimnary aud ancillary continue hiis studies at a recognized medical school for not mseos have been passed. Examinationls in thle earlier less than thlree month's. r 349 ;EPT.4, !92Ot Cl-PT,THE49 119201SCOTTISHl UNIVERSITIES. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LTuBnT°mlMEDICALJTOURnrA 4

Final Conjoint.-This examination consists of three SOCIETY OF.APOTHECARIES OF LONDON. parts: Part 1, medicine, including medical anatomy, THIS body confers a registrable diploma in medicine, pathology, therapeutiles, forensic medicine, anZi public surgery, and midwifery, now known as the L.M.S.S.A. hlealth; Part 2, surgery, including patlhology, surgical ( in Medicine and Surgery of the Society of anatomy, and tlhe use of surgical appliance-; *Part 3, Apotlhecaries), on those successful at the following midwifery and gynaecology. The examination nay be examinations: passed at one time or in each part separately. Evidence Primzary Exantination.-This is divided into two parts, of atteindance at courses of instruction in the subjects of of whiclh Part I includes elementary biology, chemistry, tlhe tlhree parts must be produced, and also of having con- clhemical physics, practical chemistry, plharmacy. Part II dLtcted twenty labours. A candidate will be admissible to includes anatomy, physiology, and lhistology, and cannot Plat:ts 1, 2, and 3 of the Third or Final Examination at be passed before the completion of twelve months' practical the cxpiration of two years (twenty four months) from the anatomy with demonstrations. Candidates will be excused date of passing the Second Examiniation, and on production any or all the subjects of the primary examination on of the required certificates of study, provided that tlle producing evidence tllat they have passed equivalent examination is not completed before thie expiration of five examinations before an examnining body recognized by the years (five winter and five summiler sessions) from the date Society. Candidates referred in anatomy will be required of passing the Preliminary Examination. A rejected candi- to produce evidence of further work in the dissecting room date must produce evidence of further instruction during before being admitted to re-examination. at least three months. Flinal Examination.-This is divided into two sections, NOTE.-A person holding a Colonial, Indian, or foreign quali- the first of wllich is subdivided into three parts. Part I fication which entitles him to practise in the COUDtry where includes the principles and such qualification has been obtained is, after a course of study practicc of surgery, surgical anid examination equivalent to those required bv the Regu!a- patlhology, operative manipulation, surgical anatomy, tions of the two Royal Colleges, admissible to the Second and instruments and applia-nces. Part II includes: (a) The Thlird or Final Examinationis without anyv initerval. Members principles and practice of medicine (including thera- of an English, Scottislh, or Irisb university are under certain peutics, plharmacology, and prescriptions), pathology, and cornditions eligible for admission to the Third or Final Exami- morbid lnation two years after passing at their univ-ersity the subjects histology; (b) forensic medicine, lhygiene, theory inieluded in the First anid Second Examinationis of the Board. and practice of vaccination and mental diseases. Part III A member of an Indian, Colonial, or foreigni unliversity recog- includes midwiferv, gynaecology, and diseases of newborn nized for the purpose, who shall have passed examinations at cllildren, obstetric instruments and appliances. Section 2 his university for the degree of Doctor or Bachelor of Medicinie consists of clinical surgery and clinical medicine and or Surgery in the subjects of the First and Second Examinations of the Conjoint Board, will be eligible for admission to the Third medical anatomy. or final examination two years after passing in the said subjects. The fee for the primary exabmination is £5 5s. ; for the final, £15 15s. Further FEES. information may be obtained from First Examination, £10 10s. Re-examination in chemistry, the Secretary, Court of Examiners, Apothecaries' Hall, £3 3s.; re-examination in physics, £2 2s.; re-examination in Blackfriars, E.C. 4. biology, £2 2s- Second Examination, £10 10s. Re-examination in Part I, £6 6s.; re-examination in Part II, £3 3s. Third Examination, £21. Re-examination in Part I, medicine, £6 6s.; Part II, surgery, £6 6s.; Part III, midwifery and diseases of women, £4 4s. Members of English, Scottish or Irish uni- versities, £5 5s. for first admission to the examination, and £36 15s. for the diplomas. THERE are in Scotland four universities, each possessing ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF LONDON. a faculty of medicine, and having the right to confer THIS College has three grades-its Licentiates, its Mem- degrees which admit the holder to the Medical Register. bers, and its Fellows. The Licence is now only issued In essential points the regulations in their medical faculties tllrough the Conjoint Board. The Membership is only for undergraduates are much alike, so that a general granted to those who have passed the final examina- account can be given of all of them together. tions for the Licence, or &3ose wlho are registered The universities are those of Edinburgh, Glasgow, practitioners and graduates of a recognized university; Aberdeen, and St. Andrews. The provision each of the in any case they must be persons over 25 years of age, cities in which these universities are situated makes for who do not practise in partnership, dispense medi- tlle education of medical students will be found in the cines, or engage in trade. Candidates are examined in section on Medical Schools in Scotland; here it need pathology and the practice of plysic, partly in writina merely be said that degrees in medicine from Scotland as and partly viva voce. Those under 40 are also examined a whole have always enjoyed a hiigh repute. in Latin, and either Greek, French, or German. Tlle The degrees granted in medicine and surgery to candi- examination fee is £6 6s.; the Membership fee is £42, dates of either sex are four in number-Bachelor of or the difference between that sum and wlhat the candidate Medicine (M.B.), Bachelor of Surgery (Ch.B.), Doctor of has alreatdy paid if a Licentiate. The body of Fellows is Medicine (M.D.), Master of Surgery (Ch.M.) The two maintained by election from among the Members. former are not obtainable one apart from the other. Besides these degrees a diploma in and ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND. hygiene is obtainable from the University of Edinburgh, THis Colleae lhas two grades-Members and Fellows. The as also diplomas in and public health. As for Meinbers are admitted as stated in the section dealiug public health, registrable degrees in this subject are witlh the Conjoint Board. Tile Fellowship is granted granted both by the University of Edinburgh and tlhat after examination to persons at least 25 years of age who of Glasgow, while diplomas in public health may be have been engaged in professional studies for six years. obtained from the universities of St. Andrews and There are two.examinations for the Fellowship-the first Aberdeen. in anatomy and plhysiology, which may be passed after the PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION. thlird vinter session; the second, chliefly directed to There is a special preliminary exanination for medical suLraery, whichi may be passed after six years of pro- students, the subjects being Znglish, Latin, elementary fessioual study. Candidates must pass the Final Examina- mathematics, and either Greek or Frenclh or German. tion of the Examining Board in England and b3 admitted Candidates -are required to pass in all these subjects either Members of the College before admission to the Second at one or at not more than two examinations, but they Examination for the Fellowship, except in the case of can, present themselves as often as they please. Many graduates in medicine and surgery of not less than four corresponding tests held by other bodies are accepted as years' standing of universities recognized by tlle College the equivalent of tllis examination. for the purpose, who are required to attend, for one year After January 1st, 1921, the conditions for admission&of the surgical practice of a general hospital recognized by graduating students of medicine will be the same as those t14se. Colleg,e after obtaining thleir degrees. in the Faculties of Arts or Science (for degrees in pure l'ees.-AtI first examination: £8 8a.; for ry?exi4mnation, £5 5s.X science). At second exramination: £1212s. Dliploma. fee for non-members, PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION. The yegulations in £10 lOs. comply all elpeqks with thirnire', The College also issues a diploma 0L,D.S.) in deutistryr.- ments and recommendations- 9 the General edical